非小细胞肺癌免疫检查点抑制剂相关性肺炎研究进展

摘 要：免疫检查点抑制剂主要包括细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原4（CTLA-4）抗体和程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1（PD-1）及配体（PD-L1）单克隆抗体,在非小细胞肺癌治疗中表现出良好疗效。免疫检查点抑制剂相关性肺炎（checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis,CIP）临床发生率低,但易造成免疫治疗延迟或终止,严重可导致死亡。接受免疫检查点抑制剂治疗后出现新发呼吸道症状的患者必须高度怀疑肺炎。该综述简要介绍了CIP的流行病学、机制和临床特点等,并讨论CIP的治疗策略。     

放疗联合免疫检查点抑制剂在晚期非小细胞肺癌中的研究进展

非小细胞肺癌（Non-small cell lung cancer，NSCLC）占肺癌总数的85%左右，且多数确诊时疾病已出现进展或转移，放射治疗是主要的治疗手段之一；免疫检查点抑制剂（immune checkpoint inhibitors，ICIs）是免疫治疗中最常见的一种，已逐渐成为晚期NSCLC综合治疗的重要组成部分。近年研究发现，放疗在抗肿瘤免疫调节中发挥重要的作用，可提高免疫治疗疗效和敏感性，而免疫治疗可增强放疗的免疫效应，从而增强抗肿瘤效果（即放疗和免疫治疗具有协同作用），开辟了肿瘤治疗的新时代：免疫-放射治疗。然而，在晚期NSCLC中，放疗和ICIs联合的有效性和安全性尚无定论，二者联合作用时放疗剂量、放疗分割方式、联合治疗的时机和治疗疗效的预测因子等仍有争议。本文通过对两种治疗方式联合的分类、影响因素和临床应用等方面进行综述，以期为寻找非小细胞肺癌的最佳治疗策略提供参考。     

免疫检查点抑制剂联合治疗在小细胞肺癌中的研究进展

小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer，SCLC)以其恶性程度高、易转移、易复发、易耐药等特点成为预后差的难治性癌症，故极大地限制了新型治疗方法和药物的出现。免疫检查点抑制剂（immune checkpoint inhibitor, ICI)的问世打破了SCLC几十年来所依赖的依托泊苷联合铂类的传统治疗模式，具有显著的治疗效果和广阔的应用前景。同时，ICI单药治疗效果不佳的问题也浮出水面。因此，ICI与不同机制的ICI、传统化疗药物、放射治疗、靶向药物、以及多种治疗方案联合应用方案应运而出，以达到发挥协同作用、优势互补、降低不良反应等目的。本文对ICI单药或联合治疗SCLC的现有进展、不足以及未来的发展方向进行了阐述，以期对临床工作和研究有所启示。     

放疗联合免疫检查点抑制剂治疗非小细胞肺癌的研究进展

肺癌是世界范围发病率和死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤,非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)约占85％,其中30％～40％的患者确诊时为局部晚期,40％的患者为转移性肺癌.肺癌的治疗需要采用综合治疗手段,放疗作为传统治疗手段之一,在各期肺癌的治疗中发挥着重要作用.免疫检查点抑制剂(imm...     

晚期非小细胞肺癌免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的研究进展

近年来,免疫检查点抑制剂（immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs）及其与传统化疗、放疗等治疗方式的结合为晚期非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）患者带来了重要突破,提供了新的治疗选择和希望。本综述主要阐述ICIs在晚期NSCLC中的不同治疗策略及其疗效和安全性。     

双免疫检查点抑制剂联合治疗在非小细胞肺癌中的研究进展

近年来,免疫检查点抑制剂广泛应用使得包括非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)在内的多种实体肿瘤的治疗模式发生了巨大变革,免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitor,ICI)在肿瘤治疗中的作用日益凸显,包括程序性死亡受体1(programmed cell death 1,PD-1)、程序性死亡配体1(programmed cell death ligand 1,PD-L1)、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4,CTLA-4)抗体在内的免疫药物,可以阻断效应T细胞上癌症来源的抑制信号,从而有效的清除残余的癌细胞及微小病灶,预防肿瘤的复发和转移。为了使更多患者受益,正在研究双免疫联合的治疗策略。本文旨在对双免疫联合治疗的机制、联合治疗模式、有效性及安全性进行综述。     

免疫检查点抑制剂疗效预测生物标志物在非小细胞肺癌中的研究进展

目的 免疫检查点抑制剂已被证实为包括肺癌在内的多种肿瘤有效的治疗策略。临床实践中发现,多数肿瘤患者并不能从免疫治疗中获益,甚至出现免疫超进展现象。现对免疫疗效预测标志物的研究进展进行综述,以期为肿瘤精准化治疗提供思路。方法 以“immune checkpoint inhibitors, non-small cell lung cancer, biomarkers, immunotherapy”为关键词,检索2010-2022年PubMed收录的相关文献。纳入标准：对接受免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的非小细胞肺癌患者疗效进行预测的生物标志物相关文献。排除标准：综述文献、Meta分析和病例报告。最终纳入62篇文献。结果 目前常用预测标志物各有优劣,PD-L1表达水平、肿瘤突变负荷和驱动基因突变是临床上应用较为广泛的标志物,能够较好地预测免疫检查点抑制剂疗效;外周血标志物、肠道菌群及当下新兴标志物目前缺乏临床相关证据,但发展潜力较大,有望与其他标志物综合预测免疫疗效。结论 目前单个标志物难以达到令人满意的预测效能,未来临床实践中综合使用多项标志物或许能够更加有效地预测免疫检查点抑制剂疗效。     

非小细胞肺癌免疫检查点抑制剂疗效预测标志物研究进展

近年来,免疫靶向治疗成为针对肿瘤微环境干预治疗异军突起的新领域。免疫检查点筛选及免疫检查点抑制剂转化性研究方兴未艾,也逐渐挑战非小细胞肺癌传统治疗。但在泛瘤种、未加选择人群中,仅仅约1/5左右患者可从免疫检查点抑制剂获益。因此,如何筛选免疫检查点抑制剂疗效预测相关标志物,成为当前关注焦点。本文针对预测相关标志物包括PD-L1表达、肿瘤突变负荷、微卫星不稳定、驱动基因状态、DNA损伤修复相关基因突变情况等与免疫检查点抑制剂疗效相关研究进展进行梳理,并结合当前存在的问题提出未来可能的探索方向。     

放疗联合免疫检查点抑制剂在非小细胞肺癌中的临床研究进展

肺癌是癌症相关死亡病因最高的恶性肿瘤,其中非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）约占所有肺癌的85%,超过50%的NSCLC患者确诊时伴有远处转移。NSCLC的综合治疗需要采用手术、放疗、化疗、靶向治疗及免疫检查点抑制剂等方式。放疗作为传统治疗手段之一,在各期NSCLC的治疗中均发挥着重要作用,其免疫调节效应备受关注;免疫检查点抑制剂（ICIs）的应用显著改善了晚期和局部晚期NSCLC患者的预后,但获益人群有限。目前放疗联合ICIs的治疗模式成为研究热点,本文就放疗联合ICIs在NSCLC治疗中的研究进展作一综述。     

Biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibition in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

The emergence of immunotherapy has dramatically changed how non–small cell lung cancer is treated, and longer survival is now possible for some patients, even those with advanced disease. Although some patients achieve durable responses to checkpoint blockade, not all experience such benefits, and some suffer from significant immunotoxicities. Given this, biomarkers that predict response to therapy are essential, and testing for tumor programmed death ligand 1(PD-L1) expression is the current standard. The extent of PD-L1 expression determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) has demonstrated a correlation with treatment response, although limitations with this marker exist. Recently, tumor mutational burden has emerged as an alternative biomarker, and studies have demonstrated its utility, irrespective of the PD-L1 level of a tumor. Gene expression signatures, tumor genotype (such as the presence of an oncogenic driver mutation), as well as the density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment also seem to affect response to immunotherapy and are being researched. Peripheral serum markers are being studied, and some have demonstrated predictive ability, although most are still investigational and need prospective validation. In the current article, the authors review the biomarker PD-L1 as well as other emerging and investigational tissue-based and serum-based markers that have potential to better predict responders to immunotherapy.     

Current status and future perspectives of immune checkpoint inhibitors in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a type of neuroendocrine neoplasms with high aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Chemotherapy has been the standard first-line therapy for SCLC over the past several decades. In recent years, results of randomized phase III CASPIAN and IMpower-133 trials indicated that the combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with platinum-etoposide chemotherapy improved the overall survival (OS) of patients with extensive stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC), which has transformed the treatment model for ES-SCLC. ICIs combined with chemotherapy has become the new first-line standard treatment of ES-SCLC with the latest research results from CASPIAN and ASTRUM-005 studies. This review summarizes the recent progress of ICIs in the treatment of ES-SCLC and expounds the mode and efficacy of immunotherapy for ES-SCLC. Future research focused on exploring basic SCLC biology and identifying novel predictive biomarkers in response to ICIs in ES-SCLC is essential. Double-ICIs treatment strategies, bispecific antibodies, and ICIs combined with other therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy, represent a new modality and show great promise for the treatment of ES-SCLC, which should achieve greater therapeutic effects through multiple synergistic mechanisms.     

晚期非小细胞肺癌免疫检查点抑制剂治疗全程管理

以免疫检测点抑制剂（ICI）为代表的免疫治疗是晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）治疗的重要手段之一,它们通过释放免疫检查点介导的免疫抑制,恢复机体免疫平衡,提高了抗肿瘤有效率,使晚期NSCLC 患者的预后得到了显著改善。然而,晚期NSCLC的ICI 治疗过程中仍然存在许多尚未解决的问题。本文将围绕ICI 治疗晚期NSCLC的全程管理展开论述,包括ICI 治疗疗效预测、特殊人群筛查、药物选择、新型药物研发,以及ICI 治疗停止后的重启、耐药及免疫相关不良反应（irAE）的处理等,以期为晚期NSCLC患者的ICI治疗提供指导。     

晚期非小细胞肺癌抗血管生成治疗联合免疫检查点抑制剂的研究进展

近年来,转移性或局部晚期非小细胞肺癌的治疗取得了较大的进展,特别是在一线治疗或治疗后出现进展的患者。通过联合治疗提高疗效已成为该领域的主要研究方向,对于没有驱动基因突变或对靶向治疗无效的患者,这种探索尤为迫切。有证据表明促血管生成因子具有免疫抑制活性,这使得研究人员开始评估抗血管生成药物联合免疫检查点抑制剂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的潜在协同作用。本文就抗血管生成药物联合免疫检查点抑制剂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的理论基础及临床研究进行综述。     

Immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced non–small cell lung cancer

The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of cancer has led to major changes to the therapeutic landscape of lung cancer. Improvements in overall survival relative to standard chemotherapy have been observed in the first‐line and second‐line therapy settings for patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who are treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Consequently, every patient with advanced‐stage NSCLC is now a candidate for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. However, it is clear that the benefit from therapy is not universal, and identification of biomarkers to select therapy has assumed importance. In addition to programmed cell death receptor ligand 1 expression, both tissue‐based and blood‐based markers are under evaluation to select patients. In an era of increasing costs of care and potential for toxicities related to immune checkpoint inhibition, proper patient selection is critical to the optimal use of this new class of agents. In addition, development of novel combination approaches has also emerged as an important way to improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition. Studies in earlier stages of NSCLC are already underway with the hope of improving the cure rate. In this article, the authors review the current landscape of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of advanced NSCLC. Cancer 2018;124:248‐61 . © 2017 American Cancer Society.     

Predictive impact of antibiotics in patients with advanced non small-cell lung cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors

Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology - In this study, we test the hypothesis that the use of ATB reduces the efficacy of PD(L)1-targeting mAb. We included patients with locally advanced, inoperable...