医院重症监护室呼吸机相关性肺炎的病原学及其耐药性分析

目的探讨医院重症监护室(ICU)患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的病原学特点及其耐药性,指导临床合理用药。方法回顾性分析医院ICU收治的采用机械通气超过48 h的患者253例,确诊为VAP的患者共53例,对所有患者进行呼吸道分泌物细菌培养及抗菌药物敏感性分析。结果VAP患者病原学检查共培养出107株病原菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌占71.03%,前3位分别为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌;革兰阳性球菌占24.30%,前3位分别为金黄色葡萄球菌、肠球菌、表皮葡萄球菌;真菌占4.67%,以白色念珠菌为主。最主要的3种革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、氨曲南、左氧氟沙星耐药性较低,最主要的3种革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁耐药性最低。结论医院ICU中VAP病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,呈多重耐药性,临床需动态监测VAP病原菌及其耐药性,促进临床合理用药。     

我院中心ICU感染病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨西安交通大学第一附属医院中心ICU病房患者感染病原菌类型、分布及耐药情况,为指导医院感染病原菌耐药性监测和临床合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对该院2013年1月～2016年12月中心ICU住院患者送检标本中的病原菌进行培养、分离及鉴定,采用纸片扩散法、E-test法或全自动细菌分析仪测定细菌对不同抗菌药物的敏感性。结果共分离出3 526株病原菌,包括革兰阴性杆菌2 446株(69.4%)、革兰阳性球菌659株(18.7%)和真菌421株(11.9%)。革兰阴性杆菌主要为鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌。革兰阳性球菌主要为屎肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌和溶血葡萄球菌。耐碳青霉烯类(亚胺培南)鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌的检出率分别为92.9%和56.8%。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌分别占76.1%和63.6%。多重耐药葡萄球菌主要为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(65.9%)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(>90%),其对万古霉素、替加环素和利奈唑胺的敏感率为100%。肠球菌属的整体耐药性十分严重,屎肠球菌比粪肠球菌的耐药率高。真菌主要为白色假丝酵母菌,对抗真菌药物的敏感率为90%。结论中心ICU患者医院感染的致病菌主要为革兰阴性杆菌,且主要为多重耐药的非发酵革兰阴性杆菌。ICU应加强对病原菌的耐药性监测,并根据药敏结果指导临床合理应用抗生素。     

重症监护病房病原菌分布特点及耐药性分析

目的了解2015年我院重症医学科(ICU)危重患者临床常见病原菌及对抗菌药物的耐药性。方法收集分离的539株病原菌、并进行细菌分布和耐药性分析。结果539株病原菌中以G-菌为主,占71.8%,其次为G 菌,占22.6%。最常见的G-菌是鲍曼不动杆菌。泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的检出率达50.5%,鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药性为98.1%。铜绿假单胞菌对所测药物的耐药率波动在11.9%-35.6%。最常见的G 菌是金黄色葡萄球菌。其中耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MＲSA)的检出率分别为89.6%,未发现对万古霉素和利奈唑胺产生耐药性的葡萄球菌。屎肠球菌对所测抗菌药物的耐药性均明显高于粪肠球菌。结论我院ICU患者感染病原菌耐药性问题严重,尤其是多耐药革兰阴性杆菌。应加强病原菌微生物检测及耐药性监测。     

2010年～2013年某院细菌耐药情况的分析

目的分析我院2010年²013年细菌耐药性情况。方法以2010年2013年细菌耐药性情况。方法以2010年²013年我院抗菌药物的临床应用情况和细菌耐药性分析结果为研究对象,分析临床分离菌的耐药相关性。结果 695份送检对象共检出155株病原菌,其中大肠埃希菌32株(20.6%),铜绿假单孢杆菌30株(19.0%),鲍曼不动杆菌17株(11.7%),肺炎克雷伯菌12株(8.6%),金黄色葡萄球菌7株(5.1%);其中革兰阴性球菌110株,比例71.4%,以大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单孢杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主,革兰阳性球菌22株,比例14.2%,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,真菌23株,比例15.4%。结论要根据抗菌药物的临床应用情况和细菌的耐药性做到合理用药,降低滥用危害。     

某院普外科Ⅱ类手术切口手术患者并发术后感染的病原菌分布与耐药性分析

目的：分析医院普外科Ⅱ类手术切口术后感染患者切口分泌物的病原菌分布及其药敏试验结果。方法：选取2019年12月—2021年12月于兴国县人民医院行手术（Ⅱ类切口）治疗的74例术后发生切口感染的患者为研究对象,采集其切口分泌物进行细菌培养与药敏试验,分析其感染的病原菌分布及其耐药情况。结果：74例普外科Ⅱ类手术患者的74份切口分泌物标本共分离出89株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌52株（占58.43%）,主要为大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌,革兰阳性菌35株（占39.32%）,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和肠球菌属,以及真菌2株（占2.25%）;患者切口分泌物检出主要革兰阴性菌大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢唑林、环丙沙星、庆大霉素、氨苄西林、头孢吡肟的耐药率较高,对阿米卡星、头孢克肟、哌拉西林-舒巴坦钠的耐药率较低,对亚胺培南、美罗培南的耐药率为0.00%;主要革兰阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和肠球菌属对青霉素G、克林霉素、苯唑西林的耐药率较高,对万古霉素、四环素、林可霉素的耐药率较低。结论：普外科Ⅱ类手术切口术后感染患者切口分泌物检出病原菌多为革兰阴性菌,其对...     

呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病原菌分布特点及耐药性,指导临床合理用药。方法对97例呼吸机相关性肺炎患者下呼吸道分泌物进行细菌定量培养及抗菌药物敏感性测定。结果 VAP患者共分离出113株病原菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌70株(61.94%);革兰阳性杆菌27株(23.89%);真菌感染16株(14.16%)。检出前五位分别是,鲍曼不动杆菌18株(15.93%)、真菌16株(14.16%)、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌14株(12.39%)、铜绿假单胞菌12株(10.62%)、金黄色葡萄球菌11株(9.73%)。鲍曼不动杆菌仅对阿米卡星有较高的敏感性,对亚胺培南及其他药物耐药;洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对亚胺培南和头孢他啶较敏感,对其他抗生素有较高的耐药性。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、阿米卡星、头孢他啶有较高的敏感性,对氨苄西林、氨曲南、哌拉西林有较高的耐药性。结论 VAP感染以革兰阴性杆菌为主,耐药率较高,根据细菌培养和药物耐药性分析结果合理选用抗菌药物,对治疗VAP患者具有重要意义。     

血流感染病原菌分布及耐药特性分析

目的了解血流感染主要病原菌的分布特点及对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,以指导临床合理用药。方法对2006年1月—2011年6月期间本院临床各科室送检的血培养标本采用美国Bactec9120全自动血培养仪进行培养,Vitek-32型仪进行菌种鉴定,纸片扩散法测定菌株对抗菌药物的敏感性,头孢西丁法检测耐甲氧西林葡菌球菌,WHONET5.6软件分析数据。结果共分离出598株病原菌,其中革兰阳性球菌282株,占47.2%;革兰阴性杆菌289株,占48.3%,真菌15株,占2.5%。最常见的感染菌分别为大肠埃希菌、表皮葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌及鲍曼不动杆菌。金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌检出率分别为63.9%和87.9%,其对青霉素耐药率均>95.0%,均未发现对万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药株。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药率最低,对氨苄西林耐药率分别为93.8%和100%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药率为16.7%,而鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率高达63.6%,鲍曼不动杆菌对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均>60%。结论本单位血流感染以大肠埃希菌和葡萄球菌为主。表皮葡萄球菌较金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性严重,非发酵菌比肠杆菌科细菌耐药性严重,尤其是鲍曼不动杆菌引起的血流感染无经验抗菌药物可选,必须在药敏试验指导下用药。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎的病原菌分布特点和耐药性分析

目的:分析呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)感染病原菌的分布特点和耐药性。方法:采集46例VAP患者下呼吸道分泌物,采用全自动细菌鉴定仪及药敏试验仪进行病原菌培养和药敏试验。结果:46例VAP患者共收集98株VAP病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌68株(69.4%);革兰阳性菌17株(17.3%);真菌感染13株(13.3%)。铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希氏菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌是主要VAP病原菌,对头孢他啶和氨苄青霉素均表现为较高的耐药性;除不动杆菌外,其他7种VAP病原菌对哌拉西林和头孢唑林耐药性低;8种VAP病原菌对亚胺培南耐药性低。结论:VAP的主要病原菌为革兰阴性杆菌,并存在较严重的耐药现象,进行病原菌培养和药敏试验对合理选用抗菌药物治疗VAP患者具有重要意义。     

痰培养病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解昆明市第三人民医院三年来下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性.方法 收集合格痰标本进行常规培养和鉴定及药敏试验,鉴定和药敏采用德灵Microscan WalkAway 40 SI进行.ESBL检测采用纸片扩散法确认结果,2005年1月～2007年8月共培养致病菌1058株.检出比较高的细菌依次是大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼/溶血不动杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌.革兰氏阴性杆菌表现对多种抗生素耐药,其中产ESBL酶的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌所占的比例在增高.耐甲氧西林的表皮葡萄球菌在革兰阳性球菌所致的感染中占较高比例,且表现为对多种抗生素耐药.结论 革兰氏阴性杆菌是下呼吸道感染的主要病原菌,耐药现象严重,产ESBL的菌株增加导致对多种抗生紊耐药,耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌的感染应引起重视.     

急诊重症监护室呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床特点及病原学分析

目的分析急诊重症监护病房呼吸机相关肺炎（VAP）临床特点及病原学的耐药性,为合理应用抗生素、预防和减少VAP的发生提供指导依据。方法以2008-02～2011-02急诊重症监护室VAP患者为对象,回顾性分析其临床特点、病原菌谱及其耐药性。结果共分离出细菌164株,其中革兰阴性（G-）杆菌112株（68.29%）,革兰阳性（G＋）球菌52株（31.71%）。铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及白色念珠菌。合并真菌感染率达32.20%（38/118）。鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率较低,铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药率较低。未发现耐万古霉素G＋菌。结论急诊重症监护室内VAP病原菌以G-菌为主,混合感染比例高,耐药问题严重。加强机械通气患者综合管理措施,防与治相结合,有助于提高机械通气患者的救治成功率。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.