手术取栓联合腔内介入治疗急性深静脉血栓的临床分析

目的 总结手术取栓联合腔内介入治疗急性髂股深静脉血栓(DVT)的临床经验.方法 2008年10月至2010年12月,15例急性DVT患者接受手术取栓联合同侧髂静脉腔内支架植入术.男性6例,女性9例;年龄36～71岁,平均57.4岁.DVT位于左股、髂及下腔静脉内2例,双侧髂静脉1例,其余12例均在左髂股静脉.所有患者表现患肢明显肿胀,其中12例伴有患肢疼痛.DVT发病时间平均为3.3 d.诱发DVT的原因包括外科手术6例,DVT复发2例,其余7例病因不清.并发症包括消化道出血1例,胃溃疡1例,高血压3例,脑梗死1例.取栓之前均先经右股静脉穿刺植入下腔静脉滤器(包括1例双髂静脉血栓患者),取栓之后术中造影均发现髂静脉受压致重度狭窄或完全闭塞,均先行球囊血管成形后植入自膨式支架.结果 术中造影证实髂静脉压迫综合征12例,取栓后残留狭窄3例.共植入18枚自膨式支架,手术成功率15/15,30 d病死率为0;1例术后伤口出现血肿,保守治疗后痊愈.12例获得随访,随访时间为2～26个月,平均13.3个月.所有患者疼痛消失,仅2例表现为活动后患肢轻度肿胀.所有患者均未出现血栓复发.结论 手术取栓联合腔内介入治疗急性DVT安全有效,早期临床结果满意,并发症发生率低.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the clinical outcome of surgical venous thrombectomy and simultaneous stenting in patients with acute, symptomatic iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis ( DVT) .Methods From October 2008 to December 2010, a total of 15 patients with acute symptomatic DVT underwent combined surgical venous thrombectomy and endovascular stenting in ipsilateral iliac vein. There were 6 male and 9 female patients, with a mean age of 57. 4 years ( ranging from 36 to 71 years) . All patients underwent Duplex ultrasonography for diagnosis of DVT. The location of thrombosis was femoroiliocaval vein in 2 cases, bilateral iliac vein in 1 case and left iliofemoral vein in 12 cases. All patients had leg swelling and 12 cases had severe leg pain. The mean time of symptomatic DVT occurring at operation was 3. 3 d. The factors related to DVT were operation in 6 cases, DVT reoccur in 2 cases. Coexist diseases were digestive tract bleeding in 1 case, gastric ulcer in 1 case, hypertension in 3 cases and 1 case had cerebral infarction. The inferior vena cava filter was inserted before thrombectomy, iliac vein compression and residual stensosis were treated with a self-expandable stent after thrombectomy. Results Intraoperative venography showed severe venous stenosis in all patients including 80% of iliac vein compression syndrome, 18 self-expandable stents were inserted successfully, the procedural successful rate was 100% , the 30-day mortality rate was 0. One case was suffered from hematoma at incision after operation.3 patients were lost during follow-up. Median follow-up was 10. 3 months ( ranging from 2 to 26 months). There was no case of re-thrombosis. Leg pain was disappeared in all cases and only 2 patients showed slight leg swelling after excise. Conclusion Combined surgical thrombectomy and endovascular treatment for patients with acute symptomatic iliofemoral venous thrombosis is an effective and safe technique with low morbidity and good clinical results.     

手术取栓联合腔内介入治疗急性深静脉血栓的临床分析

目的 总结手术取栓联合腔内介入治疗急性髂股深静脉血栓(DVT)的临床经验.方法 2008年10月至2010年12月,15例急性DVT患者接受手术取栓联合同侧髂静脉腔内支架植入术.男性6例,女性9例;年龄36～71岁,平均57.4岁.DVT位于左股、髂及下腔静脉内2例,双侧髂静脉1例,其余12例均在左髂股静脉.所有患者表现患肢明显肿胀,其中12例伴有患肢疼痛.DVT发病时间平均为3.3 d.诱发DVT的原因包括外科手术6例,DVT复发2例,其余7例病因不清.并发症包括消化道出血1例,胃溃疡1例,高血压3例,脑梗死1例.取栓之前均先经右股静脉穿刺植入下腔静脉滤器(包括1例双髂静脉血栓患者),取栓之后术中造影均发现髂静脉受压致重度狭窄或完全闭塞,均先行球囊血管成形后植入自膨式支架.结果 术中造影证实髂静脉压迫综合征12例,取栓后残留狭窄3例.共植入18枚自膨式支架,手术成功率15/15,30 d病死率为0;1例术后伤口出现血肿,保守治疗后痊愈.12例获得随访,随访时间为2～26个月,平均13.3个月.所有患者疼痛消失,仅2例表现为活动后患肢轻度肿胀.所有患者均未出现血栓复发.结论 手术取栓联合腔内介入治疗急性DVT安全有效,早期临床结果满意,并发症发生率低.     

手术取栓联合腔内介入治疗急性深静脉血栓的临床分析

目的 总结手术取栓联合腔内介入治疗急性髂股深静脉血栓(DVT)的临床经验.方法 2008年10月至2010年12月,15例急性DVT患者接受手术取栓联合同侧髂静脉腔内支架植入术.男性6例,女性9例;年龄36～71岁,平均57.4岁.DVT位于左股、髂及下腔静脉内2例,双侧髂静脉1例,其余12例均在左髂股静脉.所有患者表现患肢明显肿胀,其中12例伴有患肢疼痛.DVT发病时间平均为3.3 d.诱发DVT的原因包括外科手术6例,DVT复发2例,其余7例病因不清.并发症包括消化道出血1例,胃溃疡1例,高血压3例,脑梗死1例.取栓之前均先经右股静脉穿刺植入下腔静脉滤器(包括1例双髂静脉血栓患者),取栓之后术中造影均发现髂静脉受压致重度狭窄或完全闭塞,均先行球囊血管成形后植入自膨式支架.结果 术中造影证实髂静脉压迫综合征12例,取栓后残留狭窄3例.共植入18枚自膨式支架,手术成功率15/15,30 d病死率为0;1例术后伤口出现血肿,保守治疗后痊愈.12例获得随访,随访时间为2～26个月,平均13.3个月.所有患者疼痛消失,仅2例表现为活动后患肢轻度肿胀.所有患者均未出现血栓复发.结论 手术取栓联合腔内介入治疗急性DVT安全有效,早期临床结果满意,并发症发生率低.     

手术取栓联合腔内介入治疗急性深静脉血栓的临床分析

目的 总结手术取栓联合腔内介入治疗急性髂股深静脉血栓(DVT)的临床经验.方法 2008年10月至2010年12月,15例急性DVT患者接受手术取栓联合同侧髂静脉腔内支架植入术.男性6例,女性9例;年龄36～71岁,平均57.4岁.DVT位于左股、髂及下腔静脉内2例,双侧髂静脉1例,其余12例均在左髂股静脉.所有患者表现患肢明显肿胀,其中12例伴有患肢疼痛.DVT发病时间平均为3.3 d.诱发DVT的原因包括外科手术6例,DVT复发2例,其余7例病因不清.并发症包括消化道出血1例,胃溃疡1例,高血压3例,脑梗死1例.取栓之前均先经右股静脉穿刺植入下腔静脉滤器(包括1例双髂静脉血栓患者),取栓之后术中造影均发现髂静脉受压致重度狭窄或完全闭塞,均先行球囊血管成形后植入自膨式支架.结果 术中造影证实髂静脉压迫综合征12例,取栓后残留狭窄3例.共植入18枚自膨式支架,手术成功率15/15,30 d病死率为0;1例术后伤口出现血肿,保守治疗后痊愈.12例获得随访,随访时间为2～26个月,平均13.3个月.所有患者疼痛消失,仅2例表现为活动后患肢轻度肿胀.所有患者均未出现血栓复发.结论 手术取栓联合腔内介入治疗急性DVT安全有效,早期临床结果满意,并发症发生率低.     

腔内治疗髂静脉梗阻合并急性深静脉血栓的临床经验

目的探讨腔内治疗髂静脉梗阻合并急性深静脉血栓(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)的临床效果。方法 2008年10月～2011年9月,19例急性DVT接受手术取栓联合同侧髂静脉腔内支架置入术。DVT位于左髂-股静脉及下腔静脉3例,双侧髂-股静脉2例,其余14例均在左髂静脉。均有患肢明显肿胀,其中12例伴患肢疼痛。DVT发病时间(3.2±1.3)d。取栓前均先置入下腔静脉滤器,取栓后即刻静脉造影发现髂静脉狭窄者先行球囊扩张再置入自膨式支架。结果 18例取栓后造影示髂静脉狭窄,其中髂静脉压迫综合征(iliac vein compression syndrome,IVCS)15例(78.9%),残留狭窄3例;1例未发现髂静脉狭窄。18例有狭窄者共置入22枚自膨式支架,手术均获成功。1例术后伤口血肿。随访16例,随访时间2～26个月(平均10.3月),疼痛症状均消失,2例行走后下肢轻度肿胀,均未出现血栓复发。结论腔内治疗髂静脉梗阻合并急性DVT安全、有效,早期临床结果满意。     

Treatment of acute iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis: a strategy of thrombus removal.

Patients with acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (DVT) suffer the most severe postthrombotic sequelae. The majority of physicians treat all patients with acute DVT with anticoagulation alone, despite evidence that postthrombotic chronic venous insufficiency, leg ulceration, and venous claudication are common in patients treated only with anticoagulation. The body of evidence to date in patients with iliofemoral DVT suggests that a strategy of thrombus removal offers these patients the best long-term outcome. Unfortunately, currently published guidelines use outdated experiences to recommend against the use of techniques designed to remove thrombus, ignoring recent clinical studies showing significant benefit in patients who have thrombus eliminated. Contemporary venous thrombectomy, intrathrombus catheter-directed thrombolysis, and pharmacomechanical thrombolysis are all options that can be offered to successfully remove venous thrombus with increasing safety. The authors review evidence supporting the rationale for thrombus removal and discuss the most effective approaches for treating patients with acute iliofemoral DVT.     

Left iliac venous thrombosis caused by venous spur: Treatment with thrombectomy and stent implantation

Purpose: To determine the frequency of iliac venous spurs in left iliofemoral venous thrombosis and to report the results of interventional management of venous spurs after transfemoral venous thrombectomy. Methods: From 1990 through 1996, 77 patients with acute iliac venous thrombosis (61 left and 16 right) underwent surgical treatment. Patients with malignant disease were excluded from this series. All patients had transfemoral venous thrombectomy with construction of an inguinal arteriovenous fistula and perioperative anticoagulation with heparin with a switch to warfarin sodium for at least 12 postoperative months. Immediate results of thrombectomy were documented by means of intraoperative completion venography. Arteriovenous fistulas were ligated 3 months after control arteriovenography. Since 1995 venous spurs eventually detected during thrombectomy were treated immediately by means of stent implantation. Results: Among 61 patients with left-sided thrombosis, intraoperative phlebography revealed common iliac venous obstruction suggestive of venous spurs in 30 patients (49%). In 16 of 22 patients (73%) with untreated spurs, postoperative rethrombosis of the iliac vein was documented despite adequate anticoagulation. Only one of eight patients (13%) with stented spurs had reocclusion (χ² test P < .01). Conclusion: Venous spurs are found among about half of patients with left-sided iliac venous thrombosis. As long as the underlying venous pathologic process is left untreated, thrombectomy will not restore patency. Stent implantation is a simple and safe means to correct central venous strictures and provides excellent long-term results. (J Vasc Surg 1998;28:492-7.)     

Iliofemoral venous thrombosis

Iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is associated with serious short- and long-term physical, social, and economic sequelae for patients. Most physicians treat patients with acute iliofemoral DVT in the same manner as they treat all acute DVT patients: with anticoagulation alone. Yet a growing body of evidence suggests that, in this subset of DVT patients, a treatment strategy that includes thrombus removal plus optimal anticoagulation significantly improves outcomes. This article reviews the evidence supporting this strategy and discusses current and promising techniques of thrombus removal, including contemporary venous thrombectomy, intrathrombus catheter-directed thrombolysis, and pharmacomechanical thrombolysis.     

Stent implantation after thrombectomy of pelvic veins. Indications, results

PURPOSE: Retrospective study on frequency of iliac venous stenoses that are cause (venous spur) or consequence (postoperative or postthrombotic) of iliofemoral thrombosis, and on the results of interventional treatment. METHODS: From 1990 through 1996, 76 patients were operated on for acute iliac vein thromboses. All patients had transfemoral venous thrombectomy with creation of an inguinal av-fistula. Immediate results of thrombectomy were documented by intraoperative completion venogram. Since 1995 venous spurs eventually detected during thrombectomy were immediately treated by stent implantation. Before scheduled closure of the av-fistula at three months, cross-over arteriovenography was performed. Additional significant iliofemoral venous stenoses were also treated interventionally at this time. RESULTS: 42 hemodynamically significant iliofemoral venous stenoses were found in 38 (50%) patients. Intraoperative phlebography revealed left common iliac vein obstructions suggestive of venous spurs in 30 patients (49% of left-sided thromboses). At three months, five patients (7%) had postthrombotic iliac vein stenoses, and seven patients (9%) had postoperative common femoral vein stenoses. A total of 26 stents were implanted into 20 stenoses (eight spurs, all postthrombotic and postoperative stenoses). There was an acute re-occlusion due to a technical error during stent implantation. In all other patients, the venous lumen could be completely restored. Three of four re-stenoses (at 3, 4, 7, and 12 months) were successfully treated by another intervention. We observed one late failure at 60 months. Cumulative primary (secondary) five-year patency rate (Kaplan-Meier) is 72% (88%). CONCLUSION: For venous spurs as well as for postthrombotic or postoperative venous stenoses, stent implantation can be recommended as a simple, safe, and durable means to prevent rethrombosis.     

机械性血栓抽吸术治疗髂股静脉血栓形成

目的:探讨机械性血栓抽吸治疗髂股静脉血栓形成的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析236例急性髂股深静脉血栓(DVT)患者的临床资料。均经健侧股静脉预防性放置下腔静脉滤器,在数字减影血管造影(DSA)透视下患侧股静脉插入12～14 F大腔鞘管,50 mL注射器负压抽吸髂股静脉血栓。112例合并髂静脉狭窄或闭塞患者,行经皮血管成形术(PTA)和支架植入;术后给予肝素抗凝。结果:出院时膝上、下15 cm处健、患侧周径差分别降为(1.34±0.57)cm和(0.93±0.42)cm,与入院时比较差异有统计学意义(t=19.37、23.99,P均<0.05);随访36个月,随访率97.88%(231/236)。术后水肿、色素沉着和溃疡等后遗症发生率12.99%(30/231)、8.23%(19/231)和0;随访疗效优92.21%(213/231)。支架植入患者随访均通畅。结论:机械性血栓抽吸治疗髂股DVT疗效显著,并发症少,住院周期短,能够明显降低后遗症的发生率。     

Long-term Results after Transfemoral Venous Thrombectomy for Iliofemoral Deep Venous Thrombosis

ObjectiveIn patients presenting with extensive venous thrombosis affecting the pelvic veins, transfemoral venous thrombectomy has been suggested as an effective treatment in selected patients. We present our experience of this technique as well as its long-term results.Patients and methodsBetween January 1998 and January 2008, a total of 83 patients underwent transfemoral venous thrombectomy in our Department of Vascular Surgery. In 22 cases, this was combined with angioplasty and stenting of an iliac vein stenosis. Isolated intra-operative thrombolysis was performed in eight cases to treat deep venous thrombosis (DVT) affecting veins distal to the common femoral vein. All patients suffered from a DVT involving the pelvic veins. A DVT involving all venous segments from the pelvis to the calf was present in 63% of cases. Patients were followed up at 3 months, 6 months and yearly thereafter by clinical and duplex ultrasound examination.ResultsIn all patients, the procedure was successful in achieving re-canalisation of the pelvic veins at the end of the operation. Perioperatively, there was no mortality and there was no case of clinically detected pulmonary embolism. Life-table analysis showed that, after a mean duration of 60 months following treatment, ～75% of the treated venous segments remained patent. Moderate post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS; clinical severity, etiology, anatomy and pathophysiology (CEAP) C2–C4) was present in 20% of cases; severe PTS (CEAP C5 and C6) did not occur in any of the treated patients.ConclusionsIt is safe and effective to treat extensive iliofemoral DVT using transfemoral venous thrombectomy and this prevents the development of severe PTS in the long term. The procedure is only feasible in a subset of patients with DVT, depending on the extent and the age of the thrombosis.     

Thrombolytic Therapy: The Treatment of Choice for Iliac Vein Thrombosis in the Presence of Kidney Transplant

A 49-year-old kidney transplant recipient was admitted with the diagnosis of acute iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis (DVT) extending into the external iliac vein in close proximity to the renal vein anastomosis. Thrombolytic therapy with urokinase was used and complete lysis of the thrombus was achieved within 36 hr. We feel that this method of therapy, rather than standard anticoagulation, represents the treatment of choice for acute DVT in the presence of a renal graft. Using this method we were able to salvage the kidney and avoid the complications of postphlebitic syndrome and pulmonary embolus.     

Long-term results of venous thrombectomy combined with a temporary arterio-venous fistula

Forty-one patients with acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis were randomised to conventional anticoagulation or acute thrombectomy combined with a temporary arterio-venous fistula (AVF) and anti-coagulation. Follow-up after 5 years in 22 medical and 19 surgical patients revealed slightly more asymptomatic patients (37 vs. 18%) and less frequent severe post-thrombotic sequelae (16 vs. 27%) in the surgical group (N.S.). The iliac vein was more frequently (P less than 0.05) normal following thrombectomy (71 vs. 30%) as demonstrated by radionuclide angiography, but occlusion plethysmography showed an outflow capacity (61 vs. 45 ml/min/100 ml) that was not significantly better. There was no obvious difference in muscle pump function (EVrel) and reflux (Q/EVrel) assessed by foot volumetry. Still, the ambulatory venous pressure was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in the surgical group. There was a tendency towards better results following thrombectomy in patients with fresh thrombosis and a successful initial procedure. Although the numbers of observations in many cases were too small to provide statistical evidence of benefit with venous thrombectomy + AVF, this procedure seems to improve the long-term outcome following acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis. Since the difference in outcome is not very striking, anticoagulation treatment is still an acceptable alternative.     

Spontaneous rupture of an iliac vein.

A 67 year old female was seen as an emergency some three days following a minor fall with spontaneous rupture of the left iliac vein. Emergency surgery consisted of repair of the venous rent, compartmentation of the vena cava, thrombectomy, and subsequently anticoagulation. Etiology of the rupture was considered to be the thrombosis in the proximal portion of the iliac vein which created a high venous pressure behind the thrombus.     

Venous thrombectomy in patients presenting with iliofemoral vein thrombosis after renal transplantation

In this study 14 patients presented with 15 episodes of iliofemoral vein thrombosis after renal transplantation. Seven patients (group 1) had viable renal grafts and were treated with conventional anticoagulation. Eight patients (group 2) had non-viable renal grafts and were subjected to graft nephrectomy and simultaneous venous thrombectomy without anticoagulation. The patients in group 2 had rapid resolution of the signs and symptoms of the iliofemoral vein thrombosis, and noninvasive vascular investigation at follow-up revealed competent and patent deep veins in all patients. In contrast, only 50% of the patients in group 1 had normal venous studies at follow-up. We recommend that renal transplant recipients who develop iliofemoral vein thrombosis and nonviable allograft postoperatively should be subjected to venous thrombectomy at the time of graft nephrectomy.     

急性髂股型下肢深静脉血栓形成Fogarty导管取栓与药物溶栓的疗效比较

目的探讨急性髂股型下肢深静脉血栓形成Fogarty导管取栓与药物溶栓的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2000年03月-2008年01月间治疗的175例髂股型下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床资料。本组应用Fogarty导管取栓85例,其中合并髂总静脉严重狭窄或闭塞的23例,术后给予尿激酶、低分子肝素溶栓抗凝治疗。采取药物溶栓治疗90例,给予尿激酶、低分子肝素治疗。结果治疗前两组患肢病程及肿胀差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。治疗后1月,双下肢的周径差,手术组由（4．3±1．6）cm下降为（0．8±0．5）cm,溶栓组由（4．0±1．9）cm下降为（1．8±1．3）cm。手术组治愈率71．8％,溶栓组治愈率38．9％,（χ2=5．362,P=0．021）。平均随访（28．5±11．3）个月．随访率70．9％。双下肢周径手术组下降为（0．5±0．2）cm,溶栓组下降为（1．2±0．5）cm。手术组治愈率75．8％,溶栓组治愈率45．9％,（χ2=11．556,P=0．001）。手术组的下肢深静脉血栓形成后遗症发生率低于溶栓组（P〈0．05）,手术组的静脉瓣功能异常的发生率低于溶栓组（P〈0．05）。结论急性髂股型下肢深静脉血栓形成Fogaay导管取栓疗效优于药物溶栓。     

Late results of surgical venous thrombectomy with iliocaval stenting

PURPOSE: Iliac vein occlusive disease leads to 73% of rethrombosis that occurs after venous thrombectomy when left untreated. The goal of this study is to present our long-term results of stenting of iliocaval occlusive lesions persisting after surgical venous thrombectomy. METHODS: From November 1995 to April 2007, 29 patients (19 women), with a median age of 38 years, had surgical venous thrombectomy with creation of an arteriovenous fistula and angioplasty and stenting. All were admitted for acute (<10 days) deep venous thrombosis (DVT) involving the iliocaval segment, of which eight had concomitant acute pulmonary embolism. Six patients had a history of DVT (2 with previous venous thrombectomy), two were pregnant, and three had postpartum DVT. No patients had short- or mid-term life-threatening factors. The underlying lesion was left iliocaval compression (May-Thurner syndrome) in 22 patients, chronic left common iliac vein occlusion in 3, residual clot in 3, and compression of the left external iliac vein by the left internal iliac artery in 1. RESULTS: Neither perioperative death nor pulmonary embolism occurred. Four early complications occurred after stenting (13.8%). Median hospital length of stay was 8 days (range, 5-22 days). Median follow-up was 63 months (range, 2-137 months). Three late complications occurred (10.3 %): one rethrombosis due to stent crushing during pregnancy and two restenosis, which were treated by iterative stenting. At the end of the follow-up, the median venous clinical severity score was 3 (range 1-12) and the venous disability score was 1 (range 0-2). Primary, assisted primary and secondary patency rates were, respectively, 79%, 86%, and 86% at 12, 60, and 120 months. Patients with patent iliocaval segments had significantly fewer infrainguinal obstructive lesions (4% vs 50%) and a higher rate of valvular competence (76% vs 0%) than those who experienced rethrombosis. Venous scores were also worse in patients with rethrombosis. CONCLUSION: Stenting is a safe, efficient, and durable technique to treat occlusive iliocaval disease after venous thrombectomy. Its use can prevent most of the rethrombosis that occurs after venous thrombectomy without major adverse effects.     

Aspirex机械清栓治疗创伤后急性下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床疗效

背景与目的 下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）行早期血栓清除减容可恢复静脉通畅及缓解症状,目前AngioJet是国内最常用的静脉血栓清除系统,而Aspirex应用较少,本研究探讨Aspirex机械血栓清除治疗在创伤后急性DVT患者中的疗效及安全性。方法 回顾性分析2016年5月—2020年8月在北京积水潭医院血管外科收治的54例创伤后急性DVT患者的病例资料。所有患者行下腔静脉可回收滤器置入术,其中有Dneali 35例（64.8%）、Celect 3例（5.6%）、Cordis 14例（25.9%）、Octoparms及临时滤器（贝朗）各1例（1.9%）。患者创伤经手术及固定治疗后均行彩超检查或造影明确为髂股静脉及下腔静脉血栓形成。其中,22例（40.7%）为髂股静脉血栓、4例（7.4%）为髂及下腔静脉血栓、11例（20.4%）为下腔静脉血栓、17例（31.5%）为股髂静脉及下腔静脉血栓。所有患者在局麻下行经腘静脉或股静途径Straub Aspirex机械血栓清除手术（PMT）,术中联合导管取栓（MAT）、导管接触性溶栓（CDT）、髂静脉球囊扩张及髂静脉支架置入术。统计技术成功率、即刻临床成功率（症状缓解率）、围手术期出血发生率及术后滤器取出率。术后随访1年,超声评价目标静脉通畅率及血栓后综合征（PTS）的发生率。结果 54例患者中,3例（5.6%）行单纯机械血栓清除手术,17例（31.5%）行血栓清除联合导管取栓术,3例（5.6%）行血栓清除联合置管溶栓术,18例（33.3%）行血栓清除联合导管取栓及置管溶栓术,12例（22.2%）行血栓清除联合导管取栓及髂静脉球囊扩张术,1例（1.9%）行血栓清除联合导管取栓及支架置入术。技术成功率及即刻临床成功率均为100%。12例（22.2%）血栓III级清除,33例（61.1%）为II级清除,9例（16.7%）为I级清除,血栓清除成功率为83.3%。围手术期1例（1.9%）出现脑出血,给予停止溶栓及抗凝,2周复查头颅CT见血肿吸收,无后遗症;2例（3.7%）出现鼻出血及穿刺点血肿,给予压迫后缓解,无症状性肺栓塞及死亡等发生。滤器留置时间为（61.4±84.8）d,51例（94.4%）患者尝试行滤器取出,所有患者均成功取出。术后无血栓复发,术后1年PTS的发生率为33.3%,目标静脉通畅率为75.9%。结论 对于创伤后急性髂股及下腔静脉DVT患者,应用Aspirex机械血栓清除疗效显著,较为安全可靠,与导管吸栓、CDT、髂静脉球囊扩张及支架置入结合应用可改善静脉通畅率。     

Treatment of May-Thurner syndrome with catheter-directed thrombolysis and stent placement, complicated by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

May-Thurner syndrome is an uncommon process in which the right common iliac artery compresses the left common iliac vein, resulting in left iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis and severe leg edema. We report the case of a 41-year-old female who presented with severe left leg edema present for 1 day. One week earlier she had experienced acute shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain. Duplex ultrasound revealed a left iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis. A computed tomography (CT) scan performed for abdominal pain revealed thrombosis of the entire left common and external iliac veins. A ventilation-perfusion scan diagnosed a pulmonary embolism. The patient was treated with systemic intravenous heparin and catheter-directed thrombolysis of the iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis. Complete thrombolysis and iliofemoral vein patency was achieved over 5 days. A persistent stenosis in the left common iliac vein consistent with May-Thurner syndrome was alleviated with percutaneous balloon angioplasty and placement of a Wallstent. Heparin therapy was terminated at the time of stenting because of suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. The patient was started on a continuous infusion of 10% dextran 40, and warfarin therapy was initiated. Heparin-induced antibodies were confirmed by a C-14 serotonin release assay. The endovascular reconstruction remains patent 4 months later. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia complicating endovascular reconstruction of the iliofemoral venous system in a patient with May-Thurner Syndrome is an uncommon occurrence. This case and a review of the literature are discussed.     

下肢深静脉血栓取栓术后复发与Cockett综合征的关系

目的:探讨下肢深静脉血栓取栓术后复发与Cockett综合征(左髂总静脉狭窄)的关系。方法:回顾性分析11年间收治的78例急性左下肢髂股静脉血栓行取栓术后复发的原因、手术方法及效果。结果:存在Cockett综合征者，若不处理左髂总静脉狭窄，取栓后复发率为47.6%(10/21)；若同时处理左髂总静脉狭窄，取栓后复发率为14.8%(4/27)；不存在Cockett综合征者，取栓后复发率为13.3%(4/30)。结论:Cockett综合征是下肢深静脉血栓取栓术后复发的重要原因；积极处理左髂总静脉狭窄，取栓后复发率明显下降。