缺血-再灌注损伤诱导大鼠视网膜AQP4内化及其溶酶体降解

目的 研究在急性高眼压作用后不同再灌注时间水通道蛋白4(aquaporin-4,AQP4)内化及其向溶酶体分选(降解)的规律,探讨AQP4的内化及其降解与视网膜胶质细胞水肿的关系.方法 取72只体质量190 ～ 210 g的雌性SD大鼠(8周龄),在其左眼建立急性高眼压模型,并根据再灌注时间分为0、1、2、4、8、12 h组(n=12),应用免疫荧光双标的方法鉴定视网膜内胶质细胞的分布部位,并检测各组大鼠视网膜AQP4与早期内涵体抗原1(early endosome antigen l,EEA1)、晚期内涵体标记物甘露糖-6-磷酸受体(mannose-6-phosphate receptor,MPR)及溶酶体相关膜蛋白-1(lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1,LAMP1)的共表达,分别计数AQP4阳性细胞及AQP4/EEA1、AQP4/LAMP1共表达细胞,计算其比例并进行统计学比较.结果 视网膜内星形胶质细胞位于神经纤维层及节细胞层,Müller细胞位于内核层；在高眼压介导的再灌注损伤0～8h,可见AQP4分别与EEA1、MPR有共表达,再灌注12 h则仅见AQP4与EEA1的共表达；再灌注l ～12h都可见AQP4与LAMP1的共表达,再灌注4h,胶质细胞中AQP4与LAMP1共表达细胞的比例达到最大值(55.60±13.03)％,与其他时间点相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),此后共表达细胞比例逐渐减少.结论 高眼压所致的视网膜缺血-再灌注损伤可诱导AQP4发生内化,内化的AQP4可分选至溶酶体降解.AQP4的内化/降解可能在视网膜水肿的发生、发展中起作用.     

缺氧对Müller细胞水通道蛋白4及血管内皮生长因子的影响

目的:观察缺氧条件下,体外培养的人视网膜Müller细胞上水通道蛋白4(AQP4)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达情况。方法:酶消化法培养人视网膜Müller细胞,免疫荧光和透射电镜进行细胞鉴定,CoCl2诱导细胞缺氧,RT-PCR测定视网膜Müller细胞AQP4和VEGF基因的表达。结果:免疫荧光显示95%以上细胞谷氨酰胺合成酶、神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白、中间丝波形蛋白呈阳性。Müller细胞AQP4 mRNA和VEGFmRNA的表达在缺氧条件下均升高,VEGF更明显,且呈部分浓度和时间相关性。缺氧12 h时VEGF mRNA表达达高峰,24 h时AQP4 mRNA达高峰。结论:AQP4和VEGF均与缺氧时的细胞水肿有关,二者关系密切,VEGF的作用较早且强。     

高糖对体外培养兔视网膜Müller细胞AQP4表达的影响

目的：观察体外培养兔视网膜Müller细胞在高糖条件下水通道蛋白-4（AQP4）表达的变化。方法：采用体外培养的兔视网膜Müller 细胞,分为正常对照组及高糖组（葡萄糖浓度：30、40和50 mmol•L^-1）,分别培养1、3和5 d;采用免疫细胞化学、流式细胞术及RT-PCR方法对Müller 细胞AQP4的表达情况进行检测。结果：高糖组Müller 细胞AQP4表达的绿色荧光明显弱于正常对照组（P<0.01）;流式细胞仪检测中波峰位置明显提前,AQP4表达强度较对照组明显减弱（P<0.01）,且随着葡萄糖浓度的增高和作用时间的延长,AQP4表达强度逐渐减弱;血糖浓度50 mmol•L^-1培养3 d时,RT-PCR半定量分析显示,AQP4 mRNA的表达比对照组明显降低（P<0.01）。结论：高糖能降低视网膜Müller细胞AQP4的表达,且随着葡萄糖浓度的增高和作用时间的延长,AQP4的表达强度也逐渐减弱;高糖时AQP4的表达下降可能是机体对糖尿病视网膜病变的一种保护性反应。     

高糖对体外培养兔视网膜Müller细胞AQP4表达的影响

目的：观察体外培养兔视网膜Müller细胞在高糖条件下水通道蛋白-4（AQP4）表达的变化。方法：采用体外培养的兔视网膜Müller 细胞，分为正常对照组及高糖组（葡萄糖浓度：30、40和50 mmol•L^-1），分别培养1、3和5 d；采用免疫细胞化学、流式细胞术及RT-PCR方法对Müller 细胞AQP4的表达情况进行检测。结果：高糖组Müller 细胞AQP4表达的绿色荧光明显弱于正常对照组（P<0.01）；流式细胞仪检测中波峰位置明显提前，AQP4表达强度较对照组明显减弱（P<0.01），且随着葡萄糖浓度的增高和作用时间的延长，AQP4表达强度逐渐减弱；血糖浓度50 mmol•L^-1培养3 d时，RT-PCR半定量分析显示，AQP4 mRNA的表达比对照组明显降低（P<0.01）。结论：高糖能降低视网膜Müller细胞AQP4的表达，且随着葡萄糖浓度的增高和作用时间的延长，AQP4的表达强度也逐渐减弱；高糖时AQP4的表达下降可能是机体对糖尿病视网膜病变的一种保护性反应。     

大鼠眼内组织水通道蛋白1的表达

目的：观察水通道蛋白1（AQP1）在正常大鼠眼内组织的表达部位.方法：雄性Wistar大鼠断头放血取出眼球,4%多聚甲醛固定,石蜡包埋.做矢状面5μm连续切片,每个标本切3张,分别用于AQP1免疫组化染色、阴性对照和HE染色,用已知有AQP1表达的大鼠肾脏肾小管切片为阳性对照.结果：光镜下观察AQP1免疫组化染色切片,细胞中出现棕色粗大颗粒为阳性,反之为阴性.大鼠眼内组织AQP1阳性表达部位有：（1）角膜内皮细胞;（2）虹膜上皮细胞;（3）晶状体上皮细胞;（4）睫状体非色素上皮（NPE）细胞;（5）视网膜神经节细胞层、内核层;（6）视神经胶质细胞.结论：AQP1在眼内与水代谢有关的多个部位呈阳性表达.     

牛视网膜色素上皮细胞Kir7.1 mRNA的表达

目的该研究在牛视网膜色素上皮细胞证明K 传导的分子基础.方法用RT-PCR和Northem blot探测视网膜色素上皮细胞和神经视网膜Kir7.1 mRNA和Kir4.1 mRNA的表达.结果RT-PCR显示在视网膜色素上皮细胞和神经视网膜均有Kir7.1 mRNA,Kir4.1mRNA仅表达在神经视网膜;Northem blot结果显示Kir4.1探针在神经视网膜而非视网膜色素上皮细胞得到一条期待大小的带,Kir7.1探针在神经视网膜和视网膜色素上皮细胞得到～1.5kb的带,并在视网膜色素上皮细胞强表达.结论Kir7.1而非Kir4.1是牛视网膜色素上皮细胞的主要K 传导.     

大鼠眼组织中水通道蛋白-4的表达

目的:观察水通道蛋白-4(AQP4)在大鼠眼虹膜睫状体及视网膜组织中的分布.方法:取6只正常 Wist-ar大鼠眼组织切片,行免疫组织化学染色,光镜下观察AQP4的分布.结果:睫状体上皮细胞AQP4呈阳性表达,睫状体及虹膜内血管内皮细胞均有AQP4阳性表达.视网膜内核层及神经节细胞层也可见AQP4阳性表达.结论:AQP4在大鼠睫状体上皮细胞及视网膜内核层、神经节细胞层分布,可能参与房水调节及神经节水代谢功能调节.     

胰岛素对视网膜Müller细胞生长活力的影响

目的:研究不同浓度胰岛素对视网膜Müller细胞生长活力的影响,探讨Müller细胞在视网膜神经损伤中的作用.方法:取兔视网膜Müller细胞进行培养及鉴定.取第3代细胞.应用MTT测定方法,测定1U/ml、4U/ml、8U/ml、12U/ml胰岛素分别在6小时、12小时、24小时对视网膜Müller细胞增殖的影响.结果:在胰岛素作用6h、12h时,均为4U/ml浓度组MTT值最高,与对照组的差异最显著(F值5.60、7.31,均P<0.001).结论:不同浓度胰岛素在一定浓度范围、一定作用时间内,对视网膜Müller细胞的生长有显著的促进作用.     

大鼠视网膜Müller细胞的培养与鉴定

目的:仿照前人建立的方法,优化SD大鼠视网膜Müller细胞体外培养的技术和方法,为后续相关研究建立实验室条件.方法:使用胰蛋白酶消化的方法分离新生SD大鼠视网膜Müller细胞,以DMEM为培养基体外培养,光镜观察.采用电镜观察及荧光免疫组织化学染色的方法进行鉴定.结果:培养的细胞贴壁生长,原代细胞胞体狭长,细胞质丰富,折光性好.电镜下可见特征性的中间丝(直径8～10 nm),细胞器丰富;荧光免疫组织化学显示细胞呈神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)阳性.结论:酶消化法培养SD大鼠视网膜Müller细胞是一种稳定、可靠的方法.     

色素上皮衍生因子对高糖刺激下大鼠视网膜Müller细胞形态及活性的影响

目的检测色素上皮衍生因子(PEDF)对高糖刺激下体外培养SD大鼠视网膜Müller细胞形态及活性的影响,探讨PEDF对Müller细胞的保护作用。方法实验分为对照组、高糖模型(HG)组、PEDF干预高糖模型(HG+PEDF)组。采用反复胰蛋白酶消化法培养纯化SD大鼠视网膜Müller细胞,免疫荧光双标鉴定纯度,应用倒置相差显微镜、透射电子显微镜、CCK-8试剂盒、SOD试剂盒及MDA试剂盒检测各组Müller细胞形态与活性的改变及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力与丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果对照组、HG组、PEDF+HG组细胞吸光度分别为0.67±0.03、0.54±0.03、0.63±0.03,SOD活力分别为(196.69±22.15)、(153.42±15.54)、(180.32±16.47)U/mg prot,M DA含量分别为(2.11±0.43)、(2.86±0.33)、(2.40±0.28)nmol/mg prot。与对照组相比,HG组Müller细胞形态发生明显改变,细胞活性及SOD活力降低(P<0.01),M DA含量升高(P<0.01);与HG组相比,PEDF+HG组Müller细胞形态改变较小,细胞活性升高(P<0.01),SOD活力升高(P<0.05),MDA含量降低(P<0.05)。结论外源给予PEDF可显著减轻高糖所致的Müller细胞形态、活性的改变及细胞损伤,对Müller细胞具有显著的保护作用。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.