彩色多普勒超声对椎基底动脉供血不足的血流定量研究

目的：探讨椎基底动脉供血不足（VBI）与椎动脉（VA）血流动力学异常的关系。材料与方法：用彩色多普勒超声对379例VBI患者颅外段VA进行检测，指标：内径（D）、收缩期最大流速（Vmax）舒张期末流速（Vmin），平均流速（Vmean），单侧血流量（Q）、双侧Q总和，与1000例健康人进行比较。结果：VBI组的指标均与健康组差异显著（P＜0．05、P＜0．01），频谱有三种异常改变。结论：VBI多以一侧VA内径狭窄、流速减慢、流量减少为特点。     

彩色多普勒超声对椎动脉型颈椎病结构血液动力学分析

目的：应用彩色多普勒超声分析临床诊断为椎动脉型颈椎病患者的解剖学和血液动力学的改变。方法：选择临床诊断的椎动脉型颈椎病患者127例及正常对照组40例,彩色多普勒超声分别观察其二维结构及各项血流动力学指标并进行比较。结果：①病变组内径偏细（小于对照组）78例（其中单侧椎动脉内径偏细57例,双侧椎动脉偏细21例）,走形异常49例（其中走形弯曲44例,椎体外走形5例）;而对照组未见此改变。②病变组中,内径偏细病例血流速度明显低于对照组相应侧而阻力指数高于相应侧（P＜0.05）;走形异常患者与对照组血流动力学参数未见明显改变（P>0.05）,而行转颈试验后血流速度低于对照组、阻力指数高于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论：椎动脉型颈椎病是由于椎动脉内径偏细、走形异常等解剖原因引起的,最终导致椎动脉血供不足、阻力增高等血流动力学改变,彩色多普勒超声是诊断椎动脉型颈椎病的有效检查手段。     

彩色多普勒超声检测腔隙性脑梗死患者颅外段椎动脉血流的临床价值

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声对腔隙性脑梗死患者颅外段椎动脉血流的诊断价值.方法 56例腔隙性脑梗死患者和30例健康体检者为对照组,彩色多普勒超声检测其颅外段椎动脉的血管内径及血流参数.结果 与对照组比较,腔隙性脑梗死患者颅外段椎动脉管壁增厚不光滑,血管内径减小,收缩期峰值流速减低,阻力指数增大,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论 彩色多普勒超声可以客观评定颅外段椎动脉结构及血流状况,为伴有椎-基底动脉供血不足的腔隙性脑梗死患者的诊断提供依据.     

彩色多普勒超声对椎动脉走行变异诊断价值的研究

目的：研究椎动脉走行变异患者椎动脉血流动力学的超声诊断价值。方法：用彩色多普勒对颈椎病患者进行检测，从1161例颈椎病中筛选出113例椎动脉走行变异患者，对变异侧内径和血流参数与对照组进行统计学比较。结果：椎动脉走行变异其变异侧椎动脉超声表现为：管径较窄，PI和RI较高，流速较低。结论：彩色多普勒超声对椎动脉走行变异是一种理想的无创性诊断方法。     

彩色多普勒对颈部肿块的术前应用价值

目的：探讨彩色多普勒对颈部肿块的术前应用价值。方法：对14例颈部肿块患者进行术前彩色多普勒检查，观察肿块二维超声表现及彩色多普勒因流；患侧颈总动脉压迫训练后测定健侧颈内动脉及双侧椎动脉的最大血流速度及速度时间积分，计算每分血流量及流速和流量增加率，并与手术结果对比。结果：颈部常见各种肿块超声表现有所不同。健侧颈内动脉及双侧椎动脉较压迫训练前血流速度及血流量显著增加（P＜0．01）。结论：应用彩色多普勒方法可诊断颈部肿瘤和判断侧支循环建立状况，可基本替代颈动脉造影的检查。     

反复眩晕青年人椎动脉彩色多普勒检查分析

目的：探讨反复发作眩晕青年人椎动脉发育差异及血流动力学改变的多普勒检查特点。方法：选择65例1年内反复发作眩晕〉2次并％45岁的青年人为眩晕组,30例正常人为对照组,应用彩色多普勒检测2组被检者双侧椎动脉内径、收缩期最高流速及每分血流量,并进行统计学分析。结果：眩晕组中右侧椎动脉狭窄率明显高于对照组的同侧,两侧椎动脉内径、收缩期最高流速及血流量均明显低于对照组（均P＜0．01）。对照组椎动脉收缩期最高流速左侧〉右侧（P＜0．05）。结论：反复发作眩晕青年人中右侧椎动脉狭窄检出率较高,双侧椎动脉均较窄细;其双侧椎动脉供血不平衡可能是引起眩晕的主要原因之一。     

颅外段椎动脉彩超检测在椎基底动脉供血不足中的临床应用

目的 探讨椎基底动脉供血不足(VBI)患者颅外段椎动脉彩色多普勒超声声像图表现特征及其临床应用价值.方法 对100例VBI患者(VBI组)行颅外段椎动脉彩色多普勒超声检查并与100例健康体检者(对照组)作对照分析.结果 100例VBI患者中:颅外段椎动脉管腔狭窄者37例,彩色多普勒超声表现为狭窄处血流束变细,彩色血流紊乱,收缩期峰值流速降低,阻力指数显著增大;椎动脉完全闭塞者1例,闭塞段管腔内完全无血流信号;椎动脉走行迂曲者50例,彩色多普勒超声表现为彩色血流束呈弯曲状,弯曲局部为双色或多彩血流;椎动脉走行变异者1例.VBI组共检出异常血管89例,检出率89%,对照组检出异常血管17例,检出率17%,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),结论彩色多普勒超声可以显示颅外段椎动脉管壁的结构,判断椎动脉狭窄的程度和范围,检出椎动脉有无缺如、发育异常或走行变异.其操作简单、方便、准确、无创伤、可重复,对 VBI的诊断和治疗具有重要临床意义.     

颅外段椎动脉超声检测诊断椎动脉型颈椎病的临床意义

目的 探讨颅外段椎动脉彩色多普勒超声检测对椎动脉型颈椎病(CSA)的诊断价值.方法 应用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪观察63例CSA患者的颅外段椎动脉形态、走行、内径、收缩期峰值流速(Vmax),并与30例正常人进行对照分析.结果 63例CSA中38例椎动脉走行异常,25例一侧或双侧椎动脉狭窄;与对照组相比,CSA组椎动脉峰值流速明显减低(P＜0.05).结论 彩色多普勒超声能显示椎动脉形态和血流参数变化,为临床评价CSA治疗效果提供了有价值的依据.     

联合应用常规彩色多普勒超声和经颅多普勒超声探讨椎动脉发育不良患者血流动力学变化

目的联合应用经颅多普勒超声和常规彩色多普勒超声评价椎动脉发育不良患者血流动力学变化。方法选取91例椎动脉单侧发育不良患者,分别应用常规彩色多普勒超声、经颅多普勒超声扫查椎动脉的颅外段、颅内段,对比分析发育不良侧与正常侧椎动脉收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张末期流速(EDV)、阻力指数(RI),分析发育不良对椎动脉血流动力学的影响。结果发育不良侧椎动脉的收缩期峰值流速及舒张末期流速无论是在颅外段还是颅内段均较健侧降低,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000);发育不良侧椎动脉的阻力指数无论是在颅外段还是颅内段均较健侧升高,差异有统计学意义(P=0.004)。结论发育不良的椎动脉可以引起血流动力学变化。     

彩色多普勒超声测量椎动脉血流量对后循环缺血的诊断价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声测量椎动脉血流量对后循环缺血的诊断价值。方法选取临床拟诊为后循环缺血的患者58例（研究组）和无后循环缺血症状患者50例（对照组）,行颈部血管超声检查,测量椎动脉内径及血流量。后循环缺血患者并做头颅CTA检查。结果研究组椎动脉内径及血流量明显低于对照组,两组椎动脉内径及血流量比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;研究组伴有颈动脉硬化斑块者44例（77．5％）,对照组伴有颈动脉硬化斑块者21例（42％）,两组颈动脉硬化斑块发生率比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论彩色多普勒超声可较准确测量椎动脉内径及血流量,可作为后循环缺血无创伤性的检查手段,具有直接、准确、方便,可重复性等优点。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.