浙江省伤寒副伤寒沙门菌耐药及分子分型

目的了解浙江省伤寒副伤寒沙门菌耐药及分子分型特点,为伤寒副伤寒防制工作提供依据。方法采用WHO推荐的改良K-B纸片法,对209株甲型副伤寒沙门菌和5株伤寒沙门菌进行14种抗生素敏感性试验;运用脉冲场凝胶电泳分型(PFGE)方法对119株甲型副伤寒沙门菌进行分子分型及流行病学特征分析。结果209株甲型副伤寒沙门菌对红霉素、萘啶酸和利福平100%耐药,对阿米卡星100%敏感,对环丙沙星的敏感率仅为58%;5株伤寒沙门菌对红霉素和利福平100%耐药,对头孢噻吩、头孢噻肟、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、氨苄西林、阿米卡星和阿莫西林/克拉维酸100%敏感;不同地区间的甲型副伤寒沙门菌对大部分药物敏感率一致,只有多西环素存在较大差异;119株甲型副伤寒沙门菌共产生20种PFGE带型,并主要集中在2种同源性较高的型别。结论2008年浙江省伤寒副伤寒以甲型副伤寒菌株为优势株,不同地区甲型副伤寒沙门菌对大部分抗生素敏感率一致;高发地区(台州)的菌株PFGE带型比较分散,可能与菌株变异有关。     

江苏省2012-2015年伤寒/副伤寒沙门菌耐药及分子分型研究

目的 回顾性分析2012-2015年江苏省伤寒/副伤寒沙门菌的耐药表型和分子分型特征。方法 采集江苏省伤寒/副伤寒监测病例的血液和粪便标本,分离培养伤寒/副伤寒沙门菌后进行生化鉴定和血清分型;采用Kirby-Bauer纸片法检测菌株对抗菌药物的敏感性;应用PFGE技术对伤寒和甲型副伤寒沙门菌进行分子分型。结果 134株伤寒沙门菌和甲型副伤寒沙门菌对萘啶酸的耐药率最高,分别为61.2%和86.7%,其余抗生素的耐药率均低于15.0%。伤寒和甲型副伤寒沙门菌中只耐1种抗生素的菌株最多,多重耐药菌在伤寒沙门菌中占2.6%,而在甲型副伤寒沙门菌中占13.3%。2015年伤寒沙门菌的全敏感菌株构成比较2012年增加了44.3%,同年副伤寒沙门菌中出现了耐5种和6种抗生素的多重耐药株。甲型副伤寒沙门菌可分为8种PFGE型别,多重耐药株与其他菌株条带相似性低,不同型别与耐药谱有对应关系;伤寒沙门菌可分为68种PFGE型别,不同型别间变异度较大,与耐药谱无对应关系。结论 2012-2015年江苏省伤寒/副伤寒沙门菌对抗生素的耐药性总体随时间降低,耐药种类数有所增加。伤寒沙门菌株PFGE带型呈现多样性,无耐药谱对应性;而甲型副伤寒菌株PFGE带型较少,有耐药谱对应性。需要加强重点地区重点型别菌株的监测。     

伤寒与甲型副伤寒沙门菌基因分型与耐药性研究

目的:通过追溯菌株的流行优势型,了解菌株的耐药性,分析流行因素,为查明宁波地区伤寒、副伤寒疫情回升原因提供科学依据。方法:水产品检测采用GB、PCR和mini VIDAS联合检测方法;病人、从业人员检测采用全国临床操作规程或GB方法;菌株鉴定采用VITEK、ATP方法;药物敏感试验采用K-B纸片扩散法;基因分型采用PFGE方法。结果:从11类1500份海产品中检出6株沙门菌,检出率为0.40%,其中甲型副伤寒沙门菌2株,检出率为0.13%,肠炎等沙门菌3株,检出率为0.20%,伤寒沙门菌1株,检出率为0.07%;住院病人及暴发疫情标本中分离到沙门菌593株,其中伤寒沙门菌25株,占4.22%,乙型副伤寒沙门菌1株,占0.17%,甲型副伤寒沙门菌567株,占95.62%;食品、公共场所从业人员检出甲型副伤寒沙门菌2株;病人胆汁中分离到甲型副伤寒沙门菌1株。182株甲型副伤寒沙门菌和3株伤寒沙门菌药敏试验显示,大多数菌株对常用多种抗生素均敏感,其中1株分离于水产品伤寒沙门菌出现多重耐药。14株伤寒沙门菌可分为3个PFGE型,364株甲型副伤寒沙门菌可分为12个PFGE型。结论:宁波地区伤寒、副伤寒疫情回升与食源性有关,同源性试验提示菌株来是同一克隆系的可能性较大,优势流行型为PFGE 2型,且发现宁波地区副伤寒疫情的流行强度与此型细菌相关。检出的伤寒、副伤寒沙门菌对氧哌嗪青霉素、妥布霉素及头孢哌酮等第3代头孢菌素药物显示良好的敏感性,可作为当前预防和治疗的首选药物。伤寒出现多重耐药株,应引起我们的关注。PFGE分型有助于病原的追溯,分析菌株的变迁,为流行病学进一步分析病因提供支持,在确定传播途径等方面具有重要意义。     

2008年-2010年上海市部分伤寒副伤寒沙门菌耐药分析及分子分型

目的:了解上海市2008年-2010年伤寒、副伤寒沙门菌的耐药及分子分型特点,初步掌握伤寒、副伤寒沙门菌的分子流行特点,为今后的防制工作提供科学依据。方法:采用WHO推荐的改良K-B纸片法,对18株伤寒、副伤寒沙门菌进行13种抗生素敏感性试验;运用脉冲场凝胶电泳分型(PFGE)方法对18株伤寒、副伤寒沙门菌进行分子分型及聚类分析。结果:18株伤寒副伤寒沙门菌对利福平100%耐药,对奈啶酸的耐药率为44.4%,其中伤寒沙门菌对奈啶酸的耐药率为37.5%,5株甲型副伤寒沙门菌对奈啶酸100%耐药,乙型副伤寒对奈啶酸无耐药株。所有菌株对其他11种抗生素均敏感;18株伤寒、副伤寒沙门菌共产生16种PGFE带型,有3株甲型副伤寒沙门菌表现为同一PFGE型别。结论:2008年-2010年伤寒、副伤寒沙门菌对抗生素的敏感性较高;甲型副伤寒沙门菌之间有较高的同源性,伤寒沙门菌的PFGE带型比较分散。     

广州市566株腹泻病例沙门菌的血清型分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解广州市近两年腹泻病例沙门菌分离株的血清型分布及耐药情况。方法 对广州市8家腹泻病监测医院2012年、2013年间上送的566株沙门菌进行血清分型,同时采用纸片扩散法(K- B法)对12种抗菌药物进行敏感性分析。结果 566株沙门菌分为62个血清型,前三位分别为鼠伤寒沙门菌41.52%（235/566）、肠炎沙门菌15.72%（89/566）和斯坦利沙门菌7.95%（45/566）。药敏分析显示菌株对头孢类抗菌药物敏感率达85%以上,对环丙沙星的敏感性也较高,为75.44%,而对氨苄西林、磺胺复合物、四环素、萘啶酸的耐药率达60%。耐3种及以上抗生素的菌株占71.02%（402/566）,出现ACSSuT+耐药谱（对氨苄西林、氯霉素、链霉素、磺胺复合物、四环素等5种或更多药物多重耐药）的总耐药率为27.39%（155/566）。鼠伤寒沙门菌ACSSuT+耐药率达44.68%（105/235）。结论 本地区沙门菌临床分离株以鼠伤寒沙门菌和肠炎沙门菌为主,菌株对头孢类抗菌药物的敏感性较高,但某些血清型菌株存在严重的多重耐药现象,其中鼠伤寒沙门菌是耐药最严重的血清型,应引起重视。     

2008—2013年北京市17株伤寒和副伤寒沙门菌耐药和分子分型研究

目的分析2008—2013年北京市17株伤寒、副伤寒沙门菌耐药及分子分型。方法对2008-2013年通过对北京市肠道门诊监测系统分离到的17株伤寒、副伤寒沙门菌进行生化鉴定、血清分型并运用纸片法进行药敏检测;利用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)进行分子分型。结果 17株伤寒、副伤寒沙门菌对三代头孢菌素类药物头孢他啶敏感率达100%,头孢噻肟和头孢曲松敏感率均为93.75%,对氟喹诺酮类药物环丙沙星敏感率为93.75%,萘啶酸耐药率达31.25%。其中16株伤寒、副伤寒沙门菌可分为15种PFGE带型,带型分布较分散。结论北京市伤寒、副伤寒沙门菌分离株对3代头孢类抗生素及环丙沙星敏感;PFGE分子型别较多,无聚集性。     

107株甲型副伤寒沙门菌对抗生素的敏感性分析

目的分析甲型副伤寒沙门菌对19种抗生素的敏感性,以便指导临床合理用药。方法从本院病人血液、骨髓中分离出甲型副伤寒沙门菌107株,采用ATB全自动鉴定及药敏测试仪测定此菌的体外药物敏感性。结果19种抗生素敏感性以阿莫西林+棒酸、哌拉西林+他唑巴坦、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、美罗培南、亚胺培南、氯霉素最高(100.0%);其次为环丙沙星(99.1%)、替卡西林+棒酸(98.5%)、哌拉西林(98.1%)、阿莫西林(97.2%)。结论临床治疗甲型副伤寒沙门菌感染时,应结合当地情况,根据药敏结果,合理选择抗菌药物。     

伤寒、副伤寒沙门菌耐药性以及viaB基因PCR分析

目的了解长沙地区伤寒、副伤寒沙门菌对抗生素的敏感性以及毒力基因的携带情况。方法纸片扩散法检测32株伤寒、副伤寒沙门菌对6种抗生素的敏感性;PCR扩增viaB基因片断进行检测。结果在测定的6种抗生素中,耐药性最高的为萘啶酸,耐药率达37.5%,而敏感性较高的为头孢噻肟和环丙沙星,敏感率分别为100%和93.8％。32株伤寒和副伤寒沙门菌经PCR检测后,有19株伤寒沙门菌在约469bp处,检测到阳性条带,其余1株伤寒以及12株副伤寒沙门菌未检出viaB毒力基因。结论第三代头孢和第三代的喹诺酮类抗生素仍可作为临床治疗伤寒副伤寒的首选药物,但应注意喹诺酮类药物的耐药趋势;Vi毒力基因在伤寒沙门菌中普遍存在,可广泛应用于疫苗制备和伤寒沙门菌的快速检测。     

浙西南地区腹泻患者肠道沙门菌的流行菌型分析

目的 探讨肠道中沙门菌的年龄分布情况、迁移率及耐药性,为临床的治疗提供参考依据。方法 回顾性分析本院2006年—2021年518株沙门菌的分布情况和耐药性,药敏试验采用K-B法和MIC法,判别依据CLSI的规定。结果 518株沙门菌中,儿童组分离到396株沙门菌,占76.5%;成人组分离到68株沙门菌,占13.1%;老年组分离到54株沙门菌,占10.4%;血清型均以鼠伤寒沙门菌为主,其次为肠炎沙门菌、乙型副伤寒沙门菌、伦敦沙门菌等;耐药率较高的抗菌药物是氨苄西林（76.4%）、复方新诺明（42.1%）、氯霉素（39.2%）,耐药率较低的是哌拉西林他唑巴坦（0.8%）、头孢吡肟（5.0%）、头孢他啶（7.9%）、环丙沙星（7.1%）、头孢噻肟（17.6%）;未检出对亚胺培南的耐药菌株。结论 沙门菌感染在过去几年中存在增加趋势,增加的群体主要是0岁～14岁的儿童,主要的血清型是鼠伤寒沙门菌血清型,抗菌药物以三代头孢菌素及β-内酰胺酶抑制剂为佳。     

一起甲型副伤寒沙门菌暴发的脉冲场凝胶电泳分型及其耐药性

目的了解2006年福建省某市甲型副伤寒沙门菌暴发流行的分子型别和耐药情况，为流行病学调查和疾病控制提供依据。方法采用脉冲场凝胶电泳方法和WHO推荐的药敏纸片法对甲型副伤寒沙门菌病人分离菌株进行分子分型和药敏试验。结果35株病人分离株PFGE图谱一致，与江西和福建省往年分离株的带型相似度为100％，与天津的分离株带型相似度96．5％。药敏结果显示，35株病人分离株对氨苄西林、阿莫西林＋棒酸、头孢噻肟、头孢泊肟、头孢他啶、氯霉素、环丙沙星和庆大霉素均为敏感，对头孢噻呋和四环素的敏感率在80％以上，对链霉素的敏感率为48．6％，对复方磺胺甲嘌唑的敏感率为5．7％，对萘啶酸、磺胺药和甲氧苄啶均为耐药。结论本次流行菌株的PFGE分子型别为常见甲型副伤寒沙门菌代表性带型。     

Fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi A in Bangalore, India

Fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi A is being increasingly reported. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin and gatifloxacin against S. typhi and S. paratyphi A were compared. Fifty blood culture isolates, 25 S. typhi and 25 S. paratyphi A, were studied. The MICs were determined by the agar dilution method. Disc diffusion was done for the fluoroquinolones and other antibiotics. Nalidixic acid resistance was seen in 21/25 S. paratyphi A and 17/25 S. typhi isolates, and these had higher MICs to fluoroquinolones. Five S. typhi and six S. paratyphi A were fully resistant to ciprofloxacin (MIC >2 microg/l). No multidrug resistance was seen in S. typhi. The absence of multidrug resistance and presence of fluoroquinolone resistance warrants a review of therapy for enteric fever.     

Emerging trends in enteric fever in Nepal: 9124 cases confirmed by blood culture 1993-2003

This was a retrospective study in an urban hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal to determine the changing burden of salmonella septicaemia, the proportion of Salmonella paratyphi A, and the emergence of drug-resistant organisms. The participants were outpatients and inpatients over the period 1993-2003, and the main outcome measures were blood culture isolates and antibiotic sensitivity testing. The results showed that of 82467 blood cultures performed, a bacterium was isolated from 12252. Salmonella accounted for 9124 (74.5%) of the positive blood cultures: 6447 (70.7%) were Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. typhi) and 2677 (29.3%) were Paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A). In comparing the period 1997-2000 to the period 2001-2003, we found that, as a proportion of total blood cultures taken, salmonella septicaemia more than doubled, from 6.2 to 13.6% (P<0.001). From the first half of the study (1993-1998) to the second half (1999-2003), S. paratyphi A as a proportion of all salmonella isolates rose from 23 to 34% (P<0.001), which paralleled its increased resistance to ciprofloxacin. Despite the introduction of new antibiotics, enteric fever continues to grow as a cause for hospital presentation in Nepal. Salmonella paratyphi A contributes an increasingly large proportion of cases, and ciprofloxacin resistance is also emerging more rapidly in S. paratyphi A.     

Evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of the public health management of cases of infection due to Salmonella typhi/paratyphi in North East London

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the public health management of cases of Salmonella typhi/paratyphi in North East London in relation to national Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS) guidelines and to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of current practice. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective case-note review of laboratory-diagnosed cases of infection due to S. typhi/paratyphi in North East London in the 36 months from January 2002 to June 2004. RESULTS: Eighty-one cases were diagnosed with infection due to S. typhi/paratyphi during the study period. Sixty-seven cases (83%) were notified to the relevant local authority and 38 of these had at least the minimum number of follow-up samples recommended in national guidelines. A total of 251 contacts were screened with between one and six stool samples. One contact was identified who appeared to be a chronic carrier of S. typhi. The cost of identifying one person with a positive stool sample was estimated to be pounds sterling 3463 and the cost of detecting one probable chronic carrier was estimated at pounds sterling 17315. CONCLUSIONS:: There have been considerable difficulties in ensuring that case follow-up and contact screening is carried out according to national guidelines in North East London. Amongst those screened, the detection of excretors of pathogenic organisms was low. No chronic carriers were detected amongst the contacts of cases that acquired their infection abroad. Screening all such contacts is difficult to carry out and appears to be an inefficient use of resources.     

fliC基因在快速分型鉴定伤寒沙门菌和甲型副伤寒沙门菌的应用

目的:探讨沙门菌1相鞭毛蛋白抗原fliC基因在快速分型鉴定伤寒沙门菌和甲型副伤寒沙门菌的应用。方法:根据伤寒沙门菌和甲型副伤寒沙门菌1相鞭毛蛋白fliC-d和fliC-a基因以及菌体抗原rfbS基因的核酸序列,设计针对fliC-d、fliC-a及rfbS基因的3对特异性引物,采用多重PCR法进行检测。结果:实验结果显示,伤寒沙门菌和甲型副伤寒沙门菌分别在750 bp和329 bp处扩增出2条特异性目的条带,在258 bp处扩增出1条相同条带,非伤寒沙门菌株和甲型副伤寒沙门菌株均为阴性。结论:fliC基因检测可用于伤寒沙门菌和甲型副伤寒沙门菌的分型鉴定,而rfbS基因则无助于分型鉴定。     

Typhoid and paratyphoid fever in adults in the Internal Medicine Department at Libreville (Gabon)

We carried out a retrospective study of 150 files of patients suffering from typhoid or paratyphoid fever, confirmed bacteriologically, between January 1992 and December 1996 at Libreville. Young adults were the most frequently affected. These infections were associated with unstable living conditions and lack of cleanliness. Neurological (17%), digestive (12%) and cardiovascular (3%) complications were the principal factors aggravating the disease. The following serotypes were identified: Salmonella typhi (47%), S. paratyphi B (25%), S. paratyphi C (20%) and S. paratyphi A (8%). Salmonellosis was associated with schistosomiasis (13%), nematodiasis (2.3%), sickle-cell anemia (7%) and HIV infection (8%). The mortality rate was 3.3%. Fluoroquinolones are the molecules of choice for treating typhoid and paratyphoid fevers.     

Pneumonia in a traveller coming back from Asia

A case of Salmonella paratyphi A infection was diagnosed late in a patient treated for febrile pneumonia after his returning from India. This case was remarkable in two aspects: first, it illustrated the reemergence of S.paratyphi A infections in people having traveled to India, with increasing fluoroquinolone resistance, and second the difficulty of diagnosing this disease, since the patient was initially treated for pneumonia and flu-like syndrome. Salmonella typhi or paratyphi infections should be evoked in case of persistent fever in patients having traveled to endemic areas, even if digestive signs are absent. Furthermore, choosing an empiric antibiotic treatment with fluoroquinolones could lead to treatment failure if the patient traveled in a country where fluoroquinolone resistance is high, as in Asia and especially in India.     

江苏省伤寒病原菌、耐药性及噬菌体分型研究

目的:开展对伤寒病原学和耐药性监测以及伤寒噬菌体的分型研究,摸清伤寒流行规律,为制定防治措施提供依据。方法:伤寒沙门菌分型用血清凝集法;药敏试验用WHO推荐的改良K—B法;噬菌体分型用96型伤寒Vi-II型噬菌体分型法。结果:血清学分型为:伤寒、副伤寒甲、副伤寒乙分别占75.1%、12.2%、0.9%,其他型占11.8%。561株伤寒杆菌噬菌体分型率为81.3%,分出25个噬菌体型,其中以D1型、M1型、D2、型J、1型、E1型为主要流行型,分别占18.6%、15.6%、15.4%、12.7%和11.0%。另外,E4、K3和32型在国内和省内为首次报道。不同年份、不同流行地区分型率以及强势噬菌体型分布不同。对磺胺甲基异噁唑、红霉素伤寒耐药菌株分别占96.5%、89.5%;而甲型副伤寒100.0%为耐药株。对复方新诺明伤寒、甲型副伤寒杆菌耐药株分别占79.4%、58.3%。M1型多重耐药现象依然严重。结论:疫情强度与强势流行株及强势株的耐药有关;伤寒沙门菌对多粘菌素B、丁胺卡那、庆大霉素、氯霉素、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、头孢他定药物敏感,其结果可供临床治疗与现场防治用药参考。     

2004～2010年福建省伤寒、副伤寒流行特征分析

[目的]了解福建省伤寒、副伤寒(伤寒)发病规律,掌握流行趋势,为制订伤寒的防治对策提供科学依据。[方法]对2004～2010年福建省伤寒疫情资料进行分析。[结果]2004～2010年福建省累计报告伤寒3 341例,年均发病率为1.33/10万。伤寒发病率(/10万),2004～2010年分别为1.80、1.42、1.51、1.08、1.23、1.18、1.13(P<0.01)。2004～2010年年均发病率(/10万),最高的是宁德市(2.88)、龙岩市(2.80)、厦门市(2.77);男性为1.44,女性为1.22(P<0.01);0～4岁为2.86,5～14岁为1.25,15～34岁为1.31,35～54岁为1.17,55～74岁为1.13,≥75岁为1.19。2004～2010年的3 341例伤寒病人中,5～10月发病的占61.33%;农民占22.96%,学生占15.41%,散居儿童占10.98%。2006年厦门市城区内发生伤寒流行,1月1日至7月31日报告病例190例,分离菌株中主要为甲型副伤寒沙门菌,流行原因为养殖地贝类被污染。其他病例均为散发。2006～2010年累计从伤寒病人分离出伤寒病原菌102株,其中伤寒沙门菌占30.39%,甲型副伤寒沙门菌占53.92%,乙型副伤寒沙门菌占13.73%,丙型副伤寒沙门菌占1.96%。[结论]2004～2010年福建省伤寒发病率维持在较低水平,5岁以下儿童和青壮年为发病的重点人群。