周期蛋白E与胃肠道肿瘤

周期蛋白E（cyclinE)表达异常在许多肿瘤形成中起重要作用。分析cyclinE的结构，功能，作用机理及其与视网膜母细胞瘤蛋白（pRB)，周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制因子（cyclin-dependent kinases in-hibitors,CKIs)之间的关系，有助于说明cyclinE对胃肠道肿瘤的发生机制，而且cyclinE与胃肠道肿瘤临床病理分期及患者的预后有关，cyclinE可能成为肿瘤免疫治疗靶基因。     

P27蛋白与调控因子cyclinE在结肠肿瘤组织中的表达

背景与目的:细胞调控与肿瘤发生、发展的关系是肿瘤研究的一个热点,肿瘤细胞调控因子也是肿瘤的重要预后因子。P27蛋白和cyclinE是细胞周期负性调控因子,到目前为止它们在肿瘤中所起的作用尚未十分清楚。本研究拟探讨P27蛋白与cyclinE在结肠肿瘤组织中的表达特征,以及与肿瘤特异性生长因子(tumorspecialgrowthfactor,TSGF)的关系。方法:正常结肠组织23例,结肠息肉28例(炎性息肉13例,腺瘤性息肉15例),结肠癌18例。上述病例常规病理检查确诊。用免疫组化方法检测所有标本中P27蛋白与cyclinE的表达以及与TSGF的关系。结果:P27蛋白和cyclinE在正常结肠组织、炎性息肉和腺瘤性结肠息肉组织中呈阳性表达,主要位于腺细胞的胞浆和细胞外基质。在结肠癌组织仅有少量表达,并且仅在少数腺样细胞的胞浆内。TSGF在结肠癌组织中的含量(117.30±57.02)明显高于正常组织(64.16±27.50)(P<0.01),但与炎性息肉组织(92.50±47.90)相比,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:P27蛋白和cyclinE参与肿瘤的调控过程,P27蛋白和cyclinE表达下降提示结肠癌的可能。     

细胞周期素E和P53蛋白在胃癌组织中表达及预后意义

目的 :研究细胞周期素E(cyclinE)和P53蛋白在胃癌组织中的表达水平及其与生物学行为和对预后的作用。方法 :应用免疫组化方法检测 1 2 8例胃癌组织中cyclinE和P53蛋白表达水平。 结果 :本组 1 2 8例中 ,cyclinE蛋白阳性 57例 ,占 44 .5 % ;P53蛋白阳性 67例 ,占 52 .3 % ,P53 +/cyclinE +者 48例 ,占 37.5 %。胃癌组织中cyclinE和P53蛋白表达水平与肿瘤大小、浸润深度、局部淋巴结转移、脉管侵犯和远处转移均相关。单因素生存分析显示 ,cyclinE阳性表达组五年生存率 (5 .3 % )显著低于cyclinE表达阴性组 (36 .6 % ,P <0 .0 0 1 ) ,P53蛋白表达阳性的病例五年生存率 (7.8% )显著低于P53表达阴性的病例 (2 2 .6 % ,P <0 .0 0 1 ) ,cyclinE和P53均阳性的病例五年生存率 (2 .3 % ) ,明显低于其他组的病例 (2 7.3 % ,P <0 .0 0 5)。COX模型多因素分析显示 ,cyclinE蛋白表达水平是独立的预后指标 ,P53蛋白表达水平不能作为独立的预后指标。结论 :CyclinE在胃癌中表达具有一定的预后意义 ,P53蛋白在胃癌中表达与肿瘤的生物学行为有关     

p27和cyclin E蛋白表达与膀胱移行细胞癌生物学行为的关系

目的　探讨细胞周期蛋白p2 7和cyclinE表达与膀胱移行细胞癌生物学行为的关系。 方法　对 12 1例膀胱移行细胞癌进行组织病理学分级及分期 ,另取 10例正常膀胱组织作对照 ,采用免疫组织化学SABC法检测各例组织中 p2 7和cyclinE蛋白表达水平 ,并分析其表达与临床病理特征的关系。结果　p2 7和cyclinE蛋白阳性表达率分别为 42 .1% ( 5 1/12 1)和 3 4.7% ( 4 2 /12 1)。p2 7和cyclinE蛋白表达均与肿瘤的组织学分级显著相关 ,但与病理分期无关。p2 7蛋白与cyclinE蛋白表达呈负相关 (P<0 .0 5 )。p2 7阴性组中 ,cyclinE阳性患者 5年生存率低于cyclinE阴性者 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;p2 7阳性组中 ,cyclinE表达状况与患者 5年生存率无显著相关。结论　p2 7和cyclinE是评估膀胱移行细胞癌预后的有价值的指标     

人骨肉瘤中P27和cyclinE蛋白的表达

目的 探讨P27和cyclinE蛋白在人骨肉瘤中的表达及其在骨肉瘤发生、发展中的作用。方法 采用免疫组化S-P法检测30例骨肉瘤和10例骨软骨瘤中P27和cyclinE蛋白的表达。结果 在骨肉瘤和骨软骨瘤两组中的P27蛋白阳性表达率分别为33.3％和80.0％,两者差异显著(P<0.05)。而且,两组中P27蛋白表达强度的差异有显著性(P<0.05)。在骨肉瘤和骨软骨瘤两组中的cyclinE蛋白阳性表达率分别为93.3％和30.0％,两者差异显著(P<0.05)。两组中cyclinE蛋白表达强度的差异有显著性(P<0.05)。在骨肉瘤中P27和cyclinE蛋白的表达强度呈显著负相关(r_s=-0.432,P<0.05)。结论 P27蛋白在骨肉瘤中低表达,cyclinE蛋白在骨肉瘤中高表达,两者有相关性,均与骨肉瘤发生、发展有关。     

p27和cyclin E在胆囊癌中表达及与临床病理关系的研究

目的 :探讨p2 7蛋白及细胞周期素E(cyclinE)与胆囊癌发生和发展的关系。方法 :应用免疫组化SABC法检测 5 4例胆囊癌、4 8例胆囊腺瘤及 5 0例胆囊正常黏膜中p2 7及cyclinE表达情况 ,同时结合临床病理资料进行分析。结果 :5 4例胆囊癌中 ,8例 (15 % )p2 7高表达 ,4 4例 (81 4 8% )cyclinE表达 ;4 8例胆囊腺瘤中 ,2 9例 (6 0 % )p2 7高表达 ,2 7例 (5 6 2 5 % )cyclinE表达 ;5 0例胆囊正常黏膜中 ,35例 (70 % )p2 7高表达 ,2 6例 (5 2 % )cyclinE表达。p2 7蛋白在胆囊癌中的表达明显降低 ,三者之间差异有极显著意义 ,P <0 0 0 5。另外 ,p2 7在胆囊癌中表达与癌细胞的分化程度差异有显著意义 ,P <0 0 5 ;低分化癌p2 7表达较低 ,高分化与低分化的p2 7表达差异有显著意义 ,P <0 0 5。p2 7低表达的患者 1年生存率显著降低。cyclinE在胆囊癌中表达与癌细胞的分化程度和肿瘤的病理分期有关。p2 7和cyclinE在胆囊癌中表达存在着相反的联系。结论 :p2 7是细胞周期的负调控因子和潜在的肿瘤抑制因素。p2 7蛋白的降低和cyclinE的过表达在胆囊癌的发生中可能起着重要作用。p2 7是胆囊癌预后的一个可靠指标。     

cyclinE、CDK2在子宫平滑肌肿瘤中的表达

引言子宫平滑肌肿瘤(uterine smooth muscletumors,USMTs)是妇女最常见的肿瘤。细胞周期素(cyclinE)是G1期的周期蛋白,与细胞周期素依赖性激酶2(CDK2)在G1期末结合而发挥作用,促进细胞进入S期。近年来,在多种肿瘤的研究中发现有cyclinE、CDK2表达的异常,但其在USMTs中的研究,国内文献尚未见报道。增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)是反映细胞,特别是恶性肿瘤细胞增殖活性的一个指标。本研究拟通过免疫组织化学方法探讨cyclinE、CDK2及PCNA在USMTs中的表达及临床意义。1资料与方法1.1临床资料选取华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院病理科1992年7月~2004年10月存档的因USMTs而手术切除子宫的蜡块标本75例,其中,良性子宫平滑肌瘤(usual leiomyoma,UL)35例,交界性子宫平滑肌瘤(borderline leiomyoma,BLM)22例,子宫平滑肌肉瘤(leiomyosarcoma,LMS)18例。于手术室另取正常子宫平滑肌组织(Myometrium,M)20例,4%多聚甲醛固定,石蜡包埋常规处理。1.2试剂鼠抗人cyclinE单克...     

乳腺癌转移相关基因表达蛋白组织微阵列的研究

[目的]分析c鄄erbB2、p53和cyclinE在乳腺癌组织中的表达以及这些蛋白表达之间的相关性及与患者预后的关系。[方法]有淋巴结转移的乳腺癌病例100例,制作成组织芯片,进行c鄄erbB2、p53和cyclinE免疫组化染色,根据染色指数对乳腺癌原发灶和转移灶进行统计学分析,分析这些指标间相关性及与患者预后的关系。[结果]100例乳腺癌标本中,转移灶c鄄erbB2、p53和cyclinE的表达均高于原发灶肿瘤组织的表达(P<0.05)。这三者之间染色指数,统计学分析显示彼此之间具有相关性。c鄄erbB2、p53和cyclinE与患者之间的预后之间没有明确的相关性。[结论]c鄄erbB2、p53和cyclinE相关基因在调控乳腺癌转移上具有协同作用,c鄄erbB2、p53和cyclinE蛋白增加,促进了肿瘤的转移和浸润。     

胰腺癌p27~ (kip1)、cyclinE和增殖细胞核抗原的表达及与临床病理关系研究

 目的　探讨 p2 7kip1、cyclinE蛋白和PCNA在胰腺癌发生发展中的作用。 方法　应用免疫组化SP法 ,对 32例胰腺癌及癌旁组织中 p2 7kip1、cyclinE蛋白和PCNA表达进行检测。 结果　p2 7kip1蛋白阳性表达率在胰腺癌组织中为 5 6 .3% ,显著低于癌旁组织 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,并与癌组织分化程度及淋巴结转移相关 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;cyclinE和PCNA阳性表达率在胰腺癌组织中分别为6 8.8%和 71.9% ,均显著高于癌旁组织 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,并与癌组织分化程度和淋巴结转移均相关 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　p2 7kip1、cyclinE和PC NA可能在胰腺癌发生发展中发挥重要作用。     

HPV16/18在膀胱癌中表达及其与bFGF、cyclinD1和cyclinE的相关关系

目的探讨人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)16/18与膀胱癌发病之间关系及其作用机制.方法应用免疫组化方法检测78例膀胱癌标本和11例正常膀胱组织中HPV16/18、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)、细胞周期蛋白(cyclin)D1和cyclinE的表达及相关关系.结果膀胱癌中HPV16/18阳性率为65.4%,显著高于正常的27.3%;而且与肿瘤病理分级、分期相关,但与肿瘤复发无相关.膀胱癌中HPV16/18与bFGF及cyclinD1表达之间有显著相关性,但与cyclinE表达之间无显著相关性.结论HPV16/18感染参与膀胱癌发病过程,而且通过多途径发挥作用.     

Familial breast cancers without mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 have low cyclin E and high cyclin D1 in contrast to cancers in BRCA mutation carriers.

PURPOSE: We analyzed the expression of critical cell cycle regulators cyclin E and cyclin D1 in familial breast cancer, focusing on BRCA mutation-negative tumors. Cyclin E expression in tumors of BRCA1 or BRCA2 carriers is higher, and cyclin D1 expression lower, than in sporadic tumors. In familial non-BRCA1/2 tumors, cyclin E and cyclin D1 expression has not been studied. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Cyclin E and cyclin D1 immunohistochemical expression was studied in tissue microarrays consisting of 53 BRCA1, 58 BRCA2, 798 familial non-BRCA1/2, and 439 sporadic breast tumors. RESULTS: In univariate analysis, BRCA1 tumors had significantly more frequently high cyclin E (88%) and low cyclin D1 (84%) expression than sporadic (54% and 49%, respectively) or familial non-BRCA1/2 (38% and 45%, respectively) tumors. BRCA2 tumors had significantly more frequently low cyclin D1 expression (68%) than sporadic or familial non-BRCA1/2 tumors and significantly more frequently high cyclin E expression than familial non-BRCA1/2 tumors. In a logistic regression model, cyclin expression, early age of onset, and estrogen receptor (ER) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) status were the independent factors most clearly distinguishing tumors of BRCA1 mutation carriers from other familial breast cancers. High cyclin E and low cyclin D1 expression were also independent predictors of BRCA2 mutation when compared with familial non-BRCA1/2 tumors. Most interestingly, lower frequency of high cyclin E expression independently distinguished familial non-BRCA1/2 tumors also from sporadic ones. CONCLUSIONS: Cyclin E and cyclin D1 expression distinguishes non-BRCA1/2 tumors from both sporadic and BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated tumors and may reflect different predisposition and pathogenesis in these groups.     

Cyclin E deregulation alters the biologic properties of ovarian cancer cells

We have previously shown that the low molecular weight (LMW) forms (trunk 1 and trunk 2) of cyclin E are biochemically hyperactive and induce G1/S progression in normal epithelial cells. Here we investigate the biologic consequences of LMW cyclin E expression in ovarian cancer cells. Using a panel of ovarian carcinoma tumors we find that cyclin E overexpression is invariably due to the presence of LMW forms and that expression of these forms appears to correlate with more advanced grade and stage of disease. Despite similar expression of p21 and p27, cyclin E overexpressing tumors have higher kinase function. Using an isogenic ovarian cancer model, we find that clones that overexpress the trunk 1 (T1) protein have a 10-fold increase in cyclin E kinase function, a 20% increase in S-phase fraction, a 10-15% decrease in doubling time and a 20% increase in colony formation compared to parental cells that express only the FL cyclin E protein. T1 clones were resistant to G1 arrest but more sensitive to cisplatin. Therefore, in ovarian tumors, the presence of LMW cyclin E forms confers altered biologic properties. Our data provides a potential mechanism for the poor prognosis of patients with LMW cyclin E expressing tumors.     

Cyclin E expression, a potential prognostic marker for non-small cell lung cancers.

Cyclin E is a G1 cyclin that has been shown to be one of the key regulators of the G1-S transition and could consequently be a deregulated molecule in tumors. In the present study, we have characterized cyclin E expression by immunohistochemistry in 217 resected non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) and found large variations in cyclin E expression among tumors. High-level cyclin E expression (a cyclin E-labeling index > or =30%), observed in 115 (53%) of 217 NSCLCs, was more frequently found in tumors from smokers than from nonsmokers (P = 0.001), in squamous cell carcinomas than in nonsquamous cell carcinomas (P = 0.0002), and in pT2-4 tumors than in pT1 tumors (P = 0.04) by the chi2 test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis for the correlation between cyclin E expression and various characteristics showed a significant association of high-level cyclin E expression with squamous cell carcinomas (P = 0.005). Patients with tumors having high-level cyclin E expression survived a significantly shorter time than patients with tumors having low-level expression, both among the 151 patients with potentially curatively resected NSCLCs (5-year survival rates, 48 and 63%, respectively; P = 0.03) and the 103 patients with p stage I NSCLCs (5-year survival rates, 57 and 81%, respectively; P = 0.007). High-level cyclin E expression was also a significant and independent unfavorable prognostic factor in both patients with potentially curatively resected NSCLCs (P = 0.01) and in those with p stage I NSCLCs (P = 0.03) by Cox's proportional hazards model analysis. These findings indicate that cyclin E may play a pivotal role for the biological behavior of NSCLCs, and that a high level of cyclin E expression may be a new prognostic marker for NSCLCs.     

Oncogenic potential of cyclin E in T-cell lymphomagenesis in transgenic mice: evidence for cooperation between cyclin E and Ras but not Myc

To study the oncogenic activity of cyclin E in an in vivo system we generated transgenic mice expressing high levels of cyclin E in T-lymphocytes by using a construct containing the CD2 locus control region. These animals were neither predisposed to develop any tumors spontaneously nor showed an increased incidence when crossbred with Emu L-myc transgenic mice but developed hyperplasia in peripheral lymphoid organs at later age with an incidence of 27%. When treated with the DNA methylating carcinogen N-methylnitrosourea (MNU) that provokes the development of T-cell lymphomas, CD2-cyclin E transgenic animals came down with T-cell neoplasia showing a significant higher incidence (54%) than normal non transgenic controls (31%). In one of eight tumors that arose in normal MNU treated mice we could find an expected activating point mutation in the Ki-ras gene (12.5%). In contrast, the same mutation occurred in five of 16 tumors from CD2-cyclin E transgenic mice (31.2%). Whereas cyclin E overexpression alone did not lead to an increased CDK2 activity we observed in all tumors that emerged from either MNU treated normal mice or treated CD2-cyclin E transgenics a downregulation of p27KIP1 and a higher histone H1 kinase activity in CDK2 immunoprecipitates compared to normal tissue. These findings demonstrate that high level expression of cyclin E can predispose T-cells for hyperplasia and malignant transformation. However, the results also suggest that this activity of cyclin E is manifest only when other cooperating oncogenes in particular ras genes are present and activated. This would be consistent with our previous finding that cyclin E and Ha-Ras cooperate in focus formation assays in rat embryo fibroblasts.     

Cyclin E and p27 protein content in human renal cell carcinoma: clinical outcome and associations with cyclin D

Aberrations in the G1-S transition have been observed in several malignancies, suggesting that cell cycle defects are linked to the activation of oncogenes and inactivation of suppressor genes involved in the transformation process. The frequency of G1/S aberrations in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has not been fully clarified. We have therefore analyzed the cyclin E content, using Western blotting, in 79 RCC and 12 corresponding kidney cortex tissues as well as the fraction of p27-positive cells in 73 RCCs, using immunohistochemistry. Most of the tumors (65%) exhibited higher cyclin E levels than corresponding normal kidney cortex tissues. However, only a small fraction of the tumors (3 of 80) had excessive levels of cyclin E when cyclin E levels were compared with proliferation. Cyclin E levels higher than the median value were associated with aneuploidy (p = 0.025), high stage (p = 0.027), high grade (p = 0.013) and high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR; p = 0.005). Cyclin E was further inversely correlated with cyclin D1 (p = 0.023) and positively correlated with cyclin D3 (p = 0.003). Most tumors (76%) demonstrated a normal fraction of p27-positive cells. There was an inverse correlation between p27 positivity and tumor size (p = 0.007), despite a lack of correlation between p27 and proliferation. Patients with p27 low tumors had a poor survival (p = 0.002). There was no correlation between p27 and cyclin E levels. In summary, the results suggest that protein expression of cyclin E and/or p27 is linked to tumor behavior.     

Specific Overexpression of Cyclin E·CDK2 in Early Preinvasive and Primary Breast Tumors in Female ACI Rats Induced by Estrogen

Overexpressed Aurora A, amplified centrosomes, and aneuploidy are salient features of estrogen-induced mammary preinvasive lesions and tumors in female August--Copenhagen Irish (ACI) rats. Intimately involved in these events are cyclins and their associated cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) partners. Cyclin E1·CDK2 overexpression plays an important dual role in late G1/S phase of the cell cycle in cancer cells. It increases DNA replication providing growth advantage to cancer cells and facilitates aberrant centrosome duplication, generating chromosomal instability and aneuploidy leading to tumor development. Presented herein, a 24.0- and 45.0-fold elevation in cyclin E1 and CDK2 was found in 17β-estradiol (E(2))-induced ACI rat mammary tumors (MTs), respectively. Cyclin E·CDK2 positive staining was confined to the large round cells found within focal dysplasias, ductal carcinomas in situ, and invasive MTs. Co-immunoprecipitation and in vitro kinase activity of these tumors revealed that these cell cycle entities are functional. When mammary tissue derived from untreated normal, E(2)-induced hyperplasia and primary tumors were normalized to cyclin E1 levels, low molecular weight (LMW) cyclin E1 forms (33- and 45-kDa) were detected in all of these tissue groups. Moreover, increasing concentrations of protease inhibitor in tissue lysates resulted in a marked reduction of LMW forms, indicating that the presence of cyclin E1 LMW forms can be markedly reduced. Significant increases in cyclin E1 mRNA (2.1-fold) were detected in primary ACI rat E(2)-induced breast tumors, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed a 20% amplification of the cyclin E1 gene (CCNE1). Collectively, these results support the involvement of cyclin E1·CDK2 in centrosome overduplication during each stage of E(2)-induced mammary tumorigenesis.     

Prognostic implication of cyclin E expression and its relationship with cyclin D1 and p27Kip1 expression on tissue microarrays of node negative breast cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Altered expression of cell-cycle regulators is prevalent in clinical breast cancer. This study was performed to analyze the impact of cyclin E expression to the outcome of breast cancer together with cyclin D1 and p27Kip1. METHODS: The correlation between cyclin D1/E and p27Kip1 expression was analyzed in tissue arrays of 175 node-negative breast cancers treated by the same chemotherapy composed of fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate. Data from the immunohistochemical assays of three molecules were correlated and were analyzed with clinical outcome of the patients. RESULTS: Cyclin E expression was observed in 48 (27.4%) of 175 breast carcinomas. Cyclin E expression was significantly increased in young age patients and poorly differentiate tumors. Expression of cyclin E was significantly increased in cyclin D1 expressing tumors (P = 0.034). p27Kip1 expression was preserved above the 50% level in 87 tumors (49.7%) and was inversely correlated with cyclin E expression (P = 0.042). Ki67 labeling index was significantly increased in cyclin E-expressing tumors (P = 0.033) and was inversely related with p27Kip1 expression. In multivariate survival analysis, cyclin E expression was significant for the prediction of poor survival of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Cyclin E expression was associated with poor prognosis and intimately correlated with the expression of cyclin D1 and p27Kip1. Integration of TMA technology allowed a high-throughput analysis for correlating molecular in situ findings with clinico-pathologic information.