影响Blom-Singer发音管发声质量的原因分析

目的 了解影响Blom-Singer发音管发声障碍的各种相关因素。方法 回顾性分析1996年4月～2006年10月108例喉全切除术后行Blom-Singer发音管重建喉发声功能患者的临床资料,其中施行Ⅰ期Blom-Singer发声重建术96例,Ⅱ期Blom Singer发声重建术12例,并对其发声效果进行追踪观察。结果 96例行Ⅰ期发音管重建术中,22例发声质量差（22/96,23%）;12例行Ⅱ期发音管重建术中,8例发声质量差（8/12,67%）。两种术式的总失败率为（30/108,28%）。结论 Ⅰ期Blom-Singer发声重建术较Ⅱ期Blom-Singer发声重建术成功率高。术后发声质量的效果与环咽肌的处理、气管食管壁的完整性、气管造瘘口的大小、咽瘘、食管下咽腔狭窄及肺功能等因素密切相关。     

咽食管括约肌切开术在喉全切除术后发音重建中的作用

目的：探讨咽食管括约肌切开术对减少咽食管括约肌失弛缓对喉全切除术后安装Blom-Singer发音管发音重建的影响。方法：喉全切除术后，咽食管括约肌收缩或是痉挛都会不同程度地影响食管的气流并阻碍发音。咽食管括约肌的解剖位置是环咽肌以及其上的下咽缩肌的一部分和颈段食管上段的一部分。手术操作是在喉全切除术中、术后于气管造瘘口外上方切除长5cm，宽1cm的咽食管括约肌。结果：33例喉全切除术的患者进行咽食管括约肌切开术后有32例发音成功，发音重建的成功率是97％。其中包括12例喉全切除术中I期进行环咽肌切开术，21例是Ⅱ期进行咽食管括约肌切开术的，后者又有9例是安装Blom-Singer发音管后发音不能再行咽食管括约肌切开术的。患者3年存活25例，5年存活18例。同期行喉全切除术和咽食管括约肌切开术的12例患者，Kaplan-Meier法统计3年生存率81．82％，5年生存率42．86％。结论：咽食管括约肌切开术能提高Blom-Singer发音管发音重建的成功率。     

喉全切除术后Blom-Singer发音管的临床应用

目的：分析Blom-Singer发音管在喉全切除术患者中的应用效果。方法：1995－1999年期间为18例因喉癌行喉全切除的患者安装了气管食管发音管，12例行一期发声重建术，6例行二期发声重建术，全部采用Blom-Singer发音管，结果：本组病例均随访3－5年，无死亡，本组成功者14例，成功率为77．8％，带管时间8－19月不等，平均为12月，换管次数最多的为6次。无严重并发症，失败者均为二期手术者，结论：凡喉全切除术者均可行一期发声重建术，二期手术的适应症必须严格控制，应重视术后发声训练，对于食管发声无效的喉全切除患者，气管食管发声重建术是一种有效的补充方法，能提高生活质量。     

下咽、颈段食管癌手术切除后保留喉功能与发声重建

目的：探讨下咽、颈段食管癌根治术患者喉功能保留与发声重建的手术方法。方法：对16例下咽、颈段食管癌患者手术切除肿瘤后，实施保留全喉及部分喉切除喉功能重建；全喉切除后Blom-Singer 1期、2期发声重建术，同时下咽及颈段食管缺损分别采用胃－咽吻合、前臂游离皮瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣、胸三角皮瓣、胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣，颈前肌皮瓣、喉气管粘膜瓣等方法进行整复。保留全喉8例，保留部分喉喉重建3例，全喉切除后行Blom-Singer发声重建1期4例，2期1例。结果：16例中除1例术后14d心脏病变发死亡外，均恢复了吞咽功能，13例恢复发声功能，6例恢复了全喉功能，2例恢复了部分喉功能（不能拔管）。5例行Blom-Singer发声重建者，均发声成功。结论：依据患者病变部位、肿瘤分期、身体状况、年龄等因素，切除肿瘤后采用不同的手术方法行喉功能保留及发声重建，可提高患者术后生存质量。     

喉全切除术后Blom-Singer法发音重建术并发症分析及处理

目的 探讨喉全切除术后安放Blom-Singer发音管发音重建术的并发症及处理策略。方法 回顾性分析1986年11月—2004年6月期间151例喉全切除术后患者安装Blom—Singer发音管的临床资料。结果 所有病例均随访6个月～15年。151例中，138例获得满意的发音效果，发音总成功率91．4％；出现并发症15例，发生率9．9％，其中造口肉芽增生6例，4例行激光切除，2例三氯醋酸烧灼去除，其中有2例发音失败；早期感染2例且并发咽后壁脓肿，其中1例累及上纵隔，均经局部切开负压引流及应用抗生素治愈；2例管周漏液，取出发音管一段时间后，造口缩窄，重新置入发音管；发音管脱落2例，重新置入；造口狭窄1例，行造口扩大术得以解决；发音管食管端鸭嘴部真菌生长1例，制霉菌素清洗，后更换发音管；误吸1例，封闭造口后患吸入性肺炎。15例并发症中成功治疗12例，余3例发音失败。结论 气管食管穿刺安放Blom-Singer发音管帮助喉全切除患者恢复语言功能，并发症少，成功率高，发声质量好，目前已成为一种最常用的手术方法。     

咽食管括约肌切开术在喉全切除术后发音重建中的作用

目的　探讨咽食管括约肌切开术对减少咽食管括约肌失弛缓对喉全切除术后安装Blom Singer发音管发音重建的影响。方法　喉全切除术后 ,咽食管括约肌收缩或是痉挛都会不同程度地影响食管的气流并阻碍发音。咽食管括约肌的解剖位置是环咽肌以及其上的下咽缩肌的一部分和颈段食管上段的一部分。手术操作是在喉全切除术中、术后于气管造瘘口外上方切除长 5cm ,宽 1cm的咽食管括约肌。结果　 3 3例喉全切除术的患者进行咽食管括约肌切开术后有 3 2例发音成功 ,发音重建的成功率是 97%。其中包括 12例喉全切除术中I期进行环咽肌切开术 ,2 1例是Ⅱ期进行咽食管括约肌切开术的 ,后者又有 9例是安装Blom Singer发音管后发音不能再行咽食管括约肌切开术的。患者 3年存活 2 5例 ,5年存活 18例。同期行喉全切除术和咽食管括约肌切开术的 12例患者 ,Kaplan Meier法统计 3年生存率 81 82 % ,5年生存率 42 86%。结论　咽食管括约肌切开术能提高Blom Singer发音管发音重建的成功率。     

喉全切除术后安装发音假体失败原因分析

目的 探讨喉全切除术后患者Ⅱ期行气管食管穿刺造瘘安装发音假体行发音重建后发音失败的原因,并找出有效的解决措施.方法 34例喉癌、下咽癌患者.喉全切除术后6个月,安装发音假体7天后不能发气管食管音,观察其发音不成功的原因并作相应处理.结果 34例发音失败者中,14例是因为环咽肌或咽下缩肌痉挛所致,切断咽缩肌或行咽缩肌神经丛切除术后.12例发音成功;11例因发音假体大小不合适,更换合适的发音假体后,10例发音良好;9例因造瘘口感染、瓣膜粘连闭合等,经对症处理后均能发出气管食管音.发音不成功的原因可概括为:①咽周嗣肌肉痉挛;②白色念珠菌沉积于瓣膜上或造瘘口感染;③发音假体大小不合适,太长或太短;④发音假体瓣膜变质、粘连闭合等.结论 喉全切除术后安装发音假体失败的主要原因是并发症,可行选择性咽缩肌切断术或咽丛神经切断术、更换发音假体、抗炎治疗等,经过训练,可获得气管食管音.     

喉全切除术后气管食管穿刺发声重建的远期效果

目的：探讨气管食管穿刺(TEP)安放Blom-Singer发音管发声重建在喉全切除术后患者中的远期效果。方法：回顾性分析134例资料完整的喉全切除术后TEP安放Blom-Singer发音管发声患者的临床资料。应用多维语音分析系统(MDVP)对其中18例发音管发声患者的声学参数进行检测分析。结果：所有病例均随访2～15年。1986～1989年12例中7例获得满意结果,成功率58．3％。1990年以后的122例中,114例效果满意,成功率93．4％,总成功率90．3％。MDVP检测的发音管发声主要声学参数值都远远偏离正常。常见并发症有瘘口肉芽增生,早期感染,气、食管瘘口过大出现漏液等。结论：TEP安放发音管,操作简单,并发症少,成功率高,质量好,远期效果稳定,是一种目前让无喉患者开口讲话较好的手术方法。咽、食管括约肌切开术能提高BlomSinger发音管发声重建的成功率。     

喉全切除后Blom—Singer技术发音重建的应用

从1997年开始，对9例喉全切除后行发音重建术，其中4例采用Blom-Singer技术，5例在Blom-Singer技术基础上进行改良，即在行气管食管穿刺术的同时，立即装上发音管。结果所做9例发音全部成功，随访6－27月，平均20个月后，采用听距法评定发音效果，行Blom-Singer技术者，Ⅰ级：2例：Ⅱ级：2例。改良法者，Ⅰ级：人例；Ⅱ级：3例。改良法缩短了手术时间，减少手术步骤，降低费用，发音效果一致。     

全喉切除安装Blom－Singer发音管的临床应用

目的：为无喉患者重建发音功能。方法：常规全喉切除后，切开咽缩肌在气管后壁做一长4mm横切口，切透气管食管间膜部，形成一气管瘘道，将Blom-Singer发音管安置在瘘道中，用手指堵压气管造口，即可发音。结果：31例中25例能发音，成功率为80．65％，发音音质好，流畅，时值长，最长者已3年，无需更换发音管。发音仍十分满意。结论：该手术是一种效果令人满意的全喉切除发音重建方法。     

改良Amatsu法全喉切除术后的发音重建

目的：对全喉切除术后Ⅰ期气管食管造瘘术式发音重建进行临床评价。方法：用改良Ａｍｓｔｓｕ法对２０例患者实施全喉切除术后Ⅰ期发音重建术。结果：２０例全喉切除术后发音重建术患者随访１￣８年,最终有１６例获得发音功能。结论：全喉切除术后一期完成气管－食管造瘘发音重建术,适用于所有的全喉切除术或同期作根治性颈廓清术及术后放疗的患者,能较好地解决全喉切除术后发音问题。     

A new prosthesis for voice rehabilitation after laryngectomy

Summary Since the first laryngectomy, several surgical and prosthetic techniques have been developed in order to restore voice. Problems encountered with these techniques include: Leakage through the tracheoesophageal fistula, spontaneous closure of the fistula, dislodgement of the prosthesis, and the use of adhesives for fixation. We now introduce a new silicone voice prosthesis that overcomes these problems. The prosthesis is easily inserted as a one-stage procedure during total laryngectomy. Successful acquisition of voice was achieved in 30 of 33 patients, irrespective of preoperative or postoperative radiotherapy. Average device life proved to be approximately 100 days. The high rate of success with minimal morbidity merits further investigation of this one-stage voice rehabilitation technique.     

Voice rehabilitation with Provox2 voice prosthesis following total laryngectomy for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effectiveness of the Provox2 voice prosthesis for voice rehabilitation following total laryngectomy. METHODS: From September 2000 to December 2004, the Provox2 voice prosthesis was used for voice rehabilitation in 32 patients following total laryngectomy. The quality of speech with the Provox2 voice prosthesis was analyzed using the HRS rating scale, the maximum phonation time (MPT), incidence of complications and the in situ lifetime. The rate of speech restoration was further analyzed in 129 patients with total laryngectomy from 1996 to 2004. RESULT: Twenty-nine of 32 patients were able to restore speech using the Provox2 voice prosthesis, a speech restoration rate of 90.6%. The maximum phonation time (MPT) was measured in 18 patients using the Provox2 voice prosthesis. The mean MPT was 15.1 s, with a range of 8-28 s. MPT was not influenced by age, concurrent radiotherapy treatment, the location of the primary tumor or use of reconstructive surgery. The average lifetime of the Provox2 in patients with laryngeal carcinoma (12 patients) and hypopharyngeal carcinoma (17 patients) was 27.2 and 16.6 weeks, respectively, which was significantly different (P=0.024, non-parametric Mann-Whitney's U-test). The rate of speech restoration by the use of esophageal speech, and insertion of an artificial larynx was 62.7% for laryngeal carcinoma (59 cases) and 38.6% for hypopharyngeal carcinoma (70 cases), which was also significantly different (P<0.01, chi-square test). CONCLUSION: Provox2 voice prosthesis speech was very useful due to the higher rate of speech restoration, longer phonatory time, and better intelligibility. It was also thought that voice prosthesis speech was useful in conjunction with esophageal speech and an artificial larynx depending on the patient's condition or wishes.     

Postlaryngectomy voice restoration using a voice prosthesis: a single institution's ten-year experience

We describe the speech rehabilitation outcome of patients treated with total laryngectomy or total laryngopharyngectomy and insertion of Provox voice prostheses (Atos Medical AB, H?rby, Sweden) at the Helsinki University Central Hospital. We performed a retrospective chart review of 95 patients (88 men and 7 women; mean age, 63.5 years) who underwent insertion of a voice prosthesis in the period 1992 to 2002. Eighty-one percent (77/95) of the patients underwent a primary prosthesis insertion at the time of laryngectomy. A head and neck surgeon, a laryngologist, and a speech therapist rated the long-term tracheoesophageal speech of 78% (74/95) of the patients as good or average. The main causes for replacement of the device were obstruction, leakage or inadequate size of the prosthesis, and granulation or leakage around the fistula. According to our 10-year experience, use of the Provox prosthesis is an effective method of postlaryngectomy voice rehabilitation, and it continues to be our preferred method of voice restoration in the majority of cases.     

Surgical voice restoration after total laryngectomy: long-term results

Tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) with a voice prosthesis has been the preferred treatment for speech rehabilitation of total laryngectomies at the Dr. Peset Hospital since 1984. This study reviews 350 consecutive patients over a 15-year period. There were 334 patients with primary and 16 with secondary TEP. Long-term tracheoesophageal speech was achieved in approximately 70% ¶of our patients. Problems related to or affecting TEP for voice restoration were studied. The different types of problems identified occurred in proportions ranging from 0.6% to 18%. Most of them were easily managed, but problems such as salivary leakage and dislodging of the prosthesis led to tracheoesophageal tract closure in 30% of the patients.     

The development of successful tracheoesophageal voice restoration

Effective treatment for laryngeal cancer concerns the preservation of voice. Progress has been made in treatment, rehabilitation,restoration of the airway, and nonsurgical treatments. With the introduction of tracheoesophageal speech and the voice prosthesis,many treated patients acquire socially acceptable speech after total laryngectomy and maintain satisfactory quality of life.     

Voice rehabilitation after laryngectomy with voice prostheses. Results of a prospective follow-up study]

Although the results of surgical rehabilitation by means of voice prostheses are on the average better than rehabilitation via oesophageal speech, the tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP)-technique has so far not been widely used in Germany. The majority of hospitals still prefer the "traditional" method of voice rehabilitation using oesophageal speech. The present prospective study was undertaken to compare the results of postlaryngectomy vocal rehabilitation, if patients were offered the surgical voice rehabilitation via voice prosthesis as an alternative to oesophageal speech. Taking into account all the patients who underwent laryngectomy from 1989 until 1990 in Tübingen, primary surgical voice rehabilitation was performed in 44 out of 54 patients (81.5%). Interestingly enough, 34 patients who underwent laryngectomy were able to perform communication via the telephone on the day of their discharge. Moreover, one-third of the laryngectomised patients showed a significant increase in speech intelligibility within the first six months after laryngectomy. 36 patients with laryngectomy were able to attain proficiency 6 months after surgery. In 12 patients the prosthesis had to be removed, since either phonation was impossible or patients successfully learned and preferred oesophageal speech. In conclusion, independent of the method of voice rehabilitation (prosthesis, electrolarynx, oesophageal speech), our results support the hypothesis that a voice rehabilitation regimen will yield a higher rehabilitation rate of patients if rehabilitation via surgical voice is offered as an alternative to learning the oesophageal voice. Therefore, it seems to be advisable that patients are allowed to have the choice between surgical rehabilitation and oesophageal speech restoration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Assessment of irregular voices after total and laser surgical partial laryngectomy

OBJECTIVES: To assess the merits of computer-aided voice analysis procedures for very irregular voices of patients after total and laser surgical partial laryngectomy, and to characterize qualitative differences in speech and voice function between these 2 groups of patients. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: University hospital in G?ttingen, Germany PATIENTS: Twenty-nine patients with advanced laryngeal carcinomas (T3-T4; according to the Union Internationale Contre le Cancer, TNM staging system, stages III-IVa) were examined: 18 patients with tracheoesophageal speech (voice prosthesis) after total laryngectomy and 11 patients who underwent partial transoral resection of the larynx (by means of laser microsurgery without surgical voice rehabilitation). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Speech intelligibility was measured by a standardized and validated telephone test, and voice quality was determined by 2 computerized voice analysis systems (multidimensional voice program and G?ttingen hoarseness diagram). RESULTS: The telephone test demonstrated a significantly better speech performance of the patients who had undergone organ-preserving surgery. The voices of both patient groups were too irregular for a qualitative differentiation with the multidimensional voice program. The multidimensional voice program results also failed to show significant correlations to speech intelligibility. The G?ttingen hoarseness diagram showed significantly more regular voices in patients with partial laryngectomy than total laryngectomy. These results were correlated with speech intelligibility. CONCLUSIONS: The G?ttingen hoarseness diagram is suitable for a qualitative assessment even of irregular voices. Voice prosthesis offers a voice quality that at best approaches that of patients with partial laryngectomy.     

喉全切除术后一期气管食管瘘发音重建术

目的保存和恢复喉全切除术后患者的生理功能,提高其术后生活质量。方法在1995～2002年期间对38例喉癌病人喉全切除术后施行了天津睦郎式一期气管食管瘘发音重建术,并进行了相关的临床研究。男性29例,女性9例,年龄34岁～83岁。其中24例施行食管肌瓣成形术改良术式。结果28例手术获得成功,重获具有实用价值的发音功能。平均最长发音持续时间为11．36秒。原术式(天津睦郎式)的63．6％(7／11)和改进术式的76．4％(13／17)无术后误咽发生。结论利用声谱记录对重建音声和正常音声等进行了比较和分析,认为气管食管瘘发音的音质较为理想。     

Success and predictability of provox prosthesis voice rehabilitation

OBJECTIVES: To determine the success rate and relating clinical factors of voice prosthesis rehabilitation and to analyze the discrimination ability of the multidimensional Harrison-Robillard-Shultz Tracheoesophageal Puncture Rating Scale (HRS Rating Scale). DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. SETTING: University Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: From 1992 through 1998, 87 patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and/or hypopharynx underwent primary tracheoesophageal puncture after total laryngectomy. Clinician otolaryngologists and speech/language pathologists independently used the HRS Rating Scale for success assessment of voice prosthesis rehabilitation. RESULTS: Age, sex, tumor localization, tumor stage, and radiation therapy had no influence on the success of voice prosthesis rehabilitation. Overall, voice rehabilitation success rates between 40% and 62% were achieved. Speech/language pathologists and clinician otolaryngologists evaluated the same patient group without significant statistical differences. The HRS Rating Scale analysis showed an equal distribution of the subscale parameter care in functional and nonfunctional speakers and a strong correlation between the subscale parameters quality and use. CONCLUSIONS: Because of its safety and simplicity, tracheoesophageal puncture has become a state of the art method for voice rehabilitation after total laryngectomy. The short-term superiority of voice prosthesis in voice rehabilitation over esophageal speech rehabilitation must be seen in light of comparable long-term success rates of the 2 methods.