甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移的CT特征及临床意义

目的：探讨甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移的CT特征性表现,提高甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移的诊断正确率,为外科手术方案和手术范围选择提供可靠依据。方法回顾分析经手术病理证实的共334例甲状腺乳头状癌患者的CT影像资料,对其中141例发生颈部淋巴结转移的病例进行统计学分析。结果141例患者中包括仅有中央区（Ⅵ区）淋巴结转移79例,CT诊断符合为60例;中央区及侧颈区（Ⅱ～Ⅴ区）均转移者62例, CT诊断符合51例。结果采用χ2检验。102例淋巴结密度、强化程度与甲状腺癌相似,其中23例伴有囊变坏死,14例伴有颗粒状钙化灶,7例并发喉返神经侵犯或气管、血管侵犯。结论甲状腺癌转移淋巴结好发部位为中央区;但侧颈区亦同样常常有转移,应高度重视。转移淋巴结的CT扫描特征：淋巴结明显强化,强化程度与甲状腺乳头状癌保持一致,可发生囊性变或坏死,以及出现颗粒状钙化灶,CT检查对临床手术方案制定具有重要指导意义。     

甲状腺癌术后复发的CT表现

目的 分析甲状腺癌术后复发的ＣＴ表现,了解甲状腺术后复发的特点。方法 回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的甲状腺癌主后复发患者４２例,包括乳头状癌２５例,滤泡癌９例,髓样癌６例,透明细胞癌２例。结果 甲状腺床局部复发２３例,其中侵犯颈动脉１０例,气管、食管１７例,喉及下咽２例,９例滤泡癌中８例局部复发,７例肿特明显强化。对侧甲状腺复发１２例,病理类型与原发甲状腺癌一致。颈部淋巴结转移３１例,乳头状癌颈剖淋     

MSCT在甲状腺乳头状癌诊断中的应用

目的:探讨128层CT对甲状腺乳头状癌的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析48例经手术病理证实的甲状腺乳头状癌的CT资料,主要对原发病灶及颈部转移淋巴结的CT表现进行分析。结果:大部分甲状腺乳头状癌境界不清楚,瘤周"半岛状"瘤结节强化15例,瘤周残圈征17例,晕环征10例。合并钙化者21例,其中细颗粒状钙化11例,粗颗粒状钙化5例,混合性钙化5例。48例中33例发生颈部淋巴结转移,增强扫描后淋巴结明显强化,囊性变7例,合并壁结节6例,11例病灶内见钙化,其中细颗粒状钙化6例。结论:甲状腺乳头状癌的CT表现有一定特点,128层CT薄层重建及增强扫描能够更好地评价原发病灶及淋巴结转移。     

甲状腺乳头状癌及淋巴结转移的CT表现

目的:评价甲状腺乳头状癌及淋巴结转移的CT特点。方法:回顾性分析我院手术病理证实的53例甲状腺乳头状癌伴淋巴结转移的CT表现。结果:44例为单发病灶,9例呈多发病灶;25例单发病灶和9例多发病灶表现为边缘模糊;25例肿块内见有钙化,14例颗粒状钙化,5例乳头状钙化,6例不规则钙化。49例转移淋巴结边缘规则,另4例边缘模糊或呈融合趋势;转移淋巴结有明显钙化的25例(颗粒状钙化19例,乳头状钙化4例,不规则钙化2例);22例淋巴结有囊性变,13例囊壁内见有乳头状强化。结论:甲状腺体积增大,肿块呈浸润性生长,边界不清的伴有颗粒状钙化的,是诊断甲状腺乳头状癌的重要指征;若同时伴有颈部淋巴结囊性变、囊壁内乳头状结节及颗粒状钙化,是诊断甲状腺乳头状癌的最可靠征象。     

甲状腺乳头状癌的64层螺旋CT诊断

目的:探讨64层螺旋CT在甲状腺乳头状癌的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析36例经手术病理证实的甲状腺乳头状癌的64层螺旋CT资料,主要对原发病灶及颈部转移淋巴结的CT表现进行分析。结果:36例均为单发病灶,左叶17例,右叶19例,大部分病灶境界不清楚增强后表现为囊性伴壁结节灶5例,其余表现为不均匀强化,有5例周围可见晕环征,合并钙化者17例,其中细颗粒状钙化4例,粗颗粒状钙化8例,混合性钙化5例。36例患者中30例发生颈部淋巴结转移,增强后淋巴结强化明显,囊性变7例,合并壁结节4例,11例病灶内见钙化,其中细颗粒状钙化4例。结论:甲状腺乳头状癌CT表现有一定的特点,64层螺旋CT多维重建能够更好地评价原发病灶及淋巴结转移。     

16层螺旋CT在甲状腺乳头状癌的诊断价值

目的：总结甲状腺乳头状癌16层螺旋CT表现,提高其诊断准确性。方法回顾性分析52例经手术病理证实的甲状腺乳头状癌的16层螺旋CT表现。结果大部分甲状腺乳头状癌境界不清楚,瘤周“半岛状”瘤结节强化13例,瘤周“残圈征”14例。合并钙化者28例,其中细颗粒状钙化15例,粗颗粒状钙化8例,混合性钙化5例。52例患者中31例发生颈部淋巴结转移,增强后淋巴结明显强化,囊性变5例,合并壁结节4例。结论甲状腺乳头状癌16层螺旋CT表现有一定的特点,16层螺旋CT对甲状腺乳头状癌的定性、显示肿瘤与周围重要器官的关系方面非常有价值。     

甲状腺癌的CT诊断

目的分析甲状腺癌及其颈部转移淋巴结的ＣＴ表现，探讨肿瘤侵犯周围重要器官的诊断指征。方法回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的５２例甲状腺癌的术前ＣＴ表现。结果５２例原发肿瘤均密度不均，３２例边缘不规则（８２．５％），１１例原发肿物及５例转移淋巴结内有细颗粒状钙化，４例原发肿瘤及６例转移淋巴结内有囊性变伴囊壁高密度乳头状结节，手术证实气管受侵２２例；１０例ＣＴ示气管内壁呈锯齿状，５例肿物突入气管腔内而明确诊断。食管受侵２１例，颈动脉受侵１０例。以肿物包绕食管１／２周或颈动脉１／３周以上为侵犯的诊断指标，敏感性分别为７１．４％、１００．０％；特异性分别为９６．３％、９５．２％。结论原发肿物及转移淋巴结内颗粒状钙化及囊性变伴高密度乳头状结节是甲状腺癌（特别是乳头状癌）的特征性密度变化。ＣＴ增强扫描对诊断甲状腺癌及评价其与周围结构的关系和制定手术方案十分重要     

甲状腺癌颈部转移性淋巴结的CT表现

目的研究甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结转移的CT表现。方法18例经手术或活组织检查证实的甲状腺癌颈淋巴结转移患者，包括17例腺癌和1例鳞状细胞癌均经CT平扫和增强扫描。对所有患者颈淋巴结转移的CT表现作回顾性分析。结果CT增强扫描显示，所有患者颈淋巴结转移表现为明显均匀强化，其强化程度与正常血管及甲状腺相接近。其中，8例伴有淋巴结内细颗粒状钙化。转移性淋巴结主要分布于Ⅵ和Ⅶ区，其次为Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ区。结论增强CT上所显示的明显均匀强化和部分伴有淋巴结内钙化是诊断甲状腺癌颈淋巴结转移的有意义特征。     

甲状腺癌的CT诊断及误诊分析

目的分析甲状腺癌的CT表现，探讨CT在甲状腺癌的诊断价值及误诊原因。方法回顾性分析32例甲状腺癌患者术前CT资料及术后病理检查结果。结果32例中24例癌性病灶边缘不规则，10例为囊性伴高密度乳头状结节，9例出现钙化，13例侵犯周围组织器官，14例颈部淋巴结转移。术前误诊8例，误诊为腺瘤4例，结节性甲状腺肿3例，弥漫性甲状腺肿1例。结论肿瘤突破被膜向周围浸润，转移淋巴结内颗粒状钙化，肿物囊性变伴高密度乳头状结节是甲状腺癌的特征性表现；而肿瘤较小，边缘清晰或合并其他甲状腺疾病是误诊的主要原因。     

甲状腺癌的超声表现及病理学基础的对比分析

目的:探讨甲状腺癌的超声表现及其组织病理学基础.方法:对51例甲状腺癌患者76个结节的高频超声声像图及病理进行回顾性分析.结果:76个结节中.呈低回声者51例,混合性回声15例,偏强回声10例,伴砂粒样钙化48例,15例患者伴颈部淋巴结转移.病理分型:乳头状癌41例,滤泡状癌22例,乳头合并滤泡状癌9例,髓样癌3例,未分化癌1例.结论:甲状腺癌的超声表现具有一定特征性,当甲状腺内出现不均质低回声肿块且伴有砂粒样钙化,同时伴有同侧颈部淋巴结肿大时,要警惕甲状腺癌的可能.     

CT demonstration of calcified liver metastases in medullary thyroid carcinoma

The presence of calcification can be found in greater than 50% of thyroid cancers. With medullary thyroid carcinoma, calcifications may be found in the primary lesion as well as in metastatic lymph nodes and in the liver. We report two cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma with associated calcified liver metastases.     

Cystic lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to illustrate and discuss the sonographic spectrum of surgically proven cystic nodal metastases from papillary thyroid carcinoma. By correlative evaluation of the sonographic imaging findings to gross pathology and histology, our purpose was to provide useful hints to differentiate cystic lymph node metastases from other benign cystic neck lesions such as branchial cysts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sonographic examinations of 74 patients (47 women, 27 men; mean age, 49 years) with 97 histologically confirmed cystic lymph nodes metastases from papillary thyroid carcinoma were included in the study. The anatomic relationship of the nodes relative to the primary tumor was recorded, and all cystic nodes were qualitatively categorized as either simple (purely cystic) or complex (thickened outer wall, internal nodules, internal septations, and calcifications). All imaging findings were compared with gross pathologic specimens. RESULTS: Most of the cystic metastases were ipsilateral to the primary tumor (87.8%) and located in the mid or lower jugular chain (73.2%). In 14.9% of all patients, cystic lymph node metastases were the initial manifestation of disease. Only 6.2% of all lymph node metastases were purely cystic (all of these occurred in patients less than 35 years old). Of the 91 complex metastases, a thickened outer wall was present in 35.2% of patients, internal nodules in 42.9%, and internal septations in 57.1%. No calcifications were seen in the 91 complex metastases, and two or more findings were seen in 23.1%. All sonographic findings were verified by surgery. CONCLUSION: In most of the patients, cystic lymph node metastases are characterized sonographically by the presence of a thickened outer wall, internal echoes, internal nodularity, and septations. However, in younger patients, the lymph nodes might appear purely cystic, thereby mimicking branchial cysts and thus requiring biopsy for final diagnosis and therapy planning.     

CT evaluation of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

CT findings in 19 patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma were compared retrospectively with pathologic findings and the results of palpation. The carcinoma appeared as a large mass of low attenuation accompanied by dense calcification in 58% of the patients; there was necrosis in 74%. Often, adjacent structures were infiltrated. CT correctly showed tumor invasion of the carotid artery (7/7), internal jugular vein (9/10), larynx (5/6), trachea (8/10), esophagus (4/5), mediastinum (5/5), and regional lymph nodes (14/16). Seven patients (50%) had necrotic nodes. CT was superior to palpation in the detection of a primary tumor in one patient and of metastatic nodes in seven patients. It suggested a suitable place for biopsy in two patients, leading to a correct diagnosis. CT altered surgical planning in five patients with intrathoracic extension of the thyroid tumor, and in three patients with laryngeal or esophageal invasion of the tumor. CT can increase diagnostic accuracy in patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma by suggesting a likely diagnosis and by indicating an appropriate site for biopsy. It is indispensable in the planning of surgery for patients with this disorder.     

CT evaluation of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

CT findings in 19 patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma were compared retrospectively with pathologic findings and the results of palpation. The carcinoma appeared as a large mass of low attenuation accompanied by dense calcification in 58% of the patients; there was necrosis in 74%. Often, adjacent structures were infiltrated. CT correctly showed tumor invasion of the carotid artery (7/7), internal jugular vein (9/10), larynx (5/6), trachea (8/10), esophagus (4/5), mediastinum (5/5), and regional lymph nodes (14/16). Seven patients (50%) had necrotic nodes. CT was superior to palpation in the detection of a primary tumor in one patient and of metastatic nodes in seven patients. It suggested a suitable place for biopsy in two patients, leading to a correct diagnosis. CT altered surgical planning in five patients with intrathoracic extension of the thyroid tumor, and in three patients with laryngeal or esophageal invasion of the tumor. CT can increase diagnostic accuracy in patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma by suggesting a likely diagnosis and by indicating an appropriate site for biopsy. It is indispensable in the planning of surgery for patients with this disorder.     

甲状腺未分化癌的 CT 特点

目的：总结甲状腺未分化癌的 CT 特点。方法回顾性分析12例经手术或活检病理证实的甲状腺未分化癌的 CT 表现。结果单发病灶11例(91.7%),表现为低密度肿物伴条带状、絮状或斑片状高密度区。11例(91.7%)为轻~中度强化。8例(66.7%)可见粗大钙化灶,其中4例为不完整环状或蛋壳状钙化。11例(91.7%)侵犯周围结构：气管6例(50%),食管4例(33.3%),带状肌7例(58.3%),喉2例(16.7%),血管6例(50%)。5例(41.7%)出现颈内静脉瘤栓。10例(83.3%)病理证实淋巴结转移,强化形式为3种类型：较均匀轻度强化4例(40%)、轻度强化伴内部小片状低密度区7例(70%)、轻度环形强化伴内部无强化低密度区7例(70%)。结论甲状腺未分化癌的 CT 特点包括低密度肿物,内部或边缘絮状或斑片状高密度区,粗大钙化灶,轻度强化。常见侵犯周围结构及淋巴结坏死。     

甲状腺疾病的CT评价(附48例报告)

目的：探讨ＣＴ对甲状腺病变的诊断价值。材料与方法：分析经手术病理或临床生化证实的４８例甲状腺病变的ＣＴ表现其中甲头腺腺交谈２０例,腺癌１２例,Ｇｒａｖｅｓ病３例,桥本氏甲朱炎２例,多结节性甲状腺肿１１例。全部病例行ＣＴ扫,４５例增强。结果：全部病例均显示低密谋灶,最小病灶为６ｍｍ,ＣＴ术前定性诊断准确率为８３．３％。３例胸内甲状腺全部由ＣＴ首先检出,钙化以多结节性甲状腺肿多见,占５４．６％。１２例     

鼻咽癌颈部淋巴结转移的CT表现

目的 分析鼻咽癌颈部淋巴结转移的CT表现及特点.资料与方法 分析1991年至2006年有完整临床及CT资料且经病理证实的鼻咽癌1100例.分析颈部淋巴结的表现,并对相关资料进行统计学处理.结果 1100例中1008例(91.64%)有颈部淋巴结转移,其中双侧转移656例(59.64%).咽后组淋巴结转移737例(67%),颈上深组转移973例(88.45%),颈后三角区转移367例(33.36%).CT扫描至相应部位发现有淋巴结转移者,颈中深组为630例(71.75%),颈下深组为200例(46.73%),锁骨上区为100例(30.96%).鼻咽癌可转移至颌下、颏下及腮腺内淋巴结,本组分别为93例(8.45%)、17例(1.55%)及38例(3.45%).转移淋巴结边缘规则614例(60.91%),边缘不规则394例(39.09%),其中明显侵犯周围结构者仅占70例(6.94%).增强CT扫描病例中98.50%的淋巴结为轻、中度强化,无强化及明显强化的淋巴结分别为0.69%和0.81%.转移淋巴结中50.60%密度均匀,49.40%内部密度不均匀,有低密度区,其中95例(9.42%)的淋巴结内有大片低密度坏死区,92例(9.13%)淋巴结内呈密度均匀一致的环状低密度区,且内壁规则.结论 鼻咽癌多发生颈部淋巴结转移,以咽后组与颈静脉链淋巴结多见.淋巴结边缘规则、增强后呈轻至中度强化、密度大致均匀为鼻咽癌淋巴结转移的典型表现.     

The varied presentations of papillary thyroid carcinoma cervical nodal disease: CT and MR findings.

PURPOSETo review the varied presentations of metastatic cervical lymph node disease in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.METHODSThirteen cases were retrospectively collected and their clinical, imaging, surgical, and pathologic material was reviewed. In the cases reviewed there was no clinical or imaging evidence of a primary thyroid mass.RESULTSOn CT, metastatic nodes can have multiple discrete calcifications, appear as benign cysts or hyperplastic or hypervascular nodes, or have areas of high attenuation which reflect intranodal hemorrhage and/or high concentrations of thyroglobulin. On MR, the nodes can have low to intermediate T1- and high T2-weighted signal intensities or high T1- and T2-weighted signal intensities, the latter reflecting primarily a high thyroglobulin content.CONCLUSIONIf any of these varied appearances of cervical lymph nodes are identified on CT or MR, especially in a woman between 20 and 40 years of age, the radiologist should suspect the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma, even in the absence of a thyroid mass.     

Staging papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: magnetic resonance imaging vs ultrasound of the neck

AIM: To evaluate the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for staging local disease and lymph node metastases in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid by comparing MRI with ultrasound (US) of the neck. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients with papillary carcinoma underwent MRI and US. The images were prospectively reviewed for (1) identification of the primary lesion; (2) presence of multifocal thyroid disease; (3) extracapsular extension; (4) invasion into the trachea, oesophagus and major vessels; and (5) presence of lymph node metastases. Correlation was made with the surgical findings. RESULTS: The site of the primary lesion was correctly identified by US in 14 of 14 (100%) and by MRI in 13 of 14 (93%) of patients. Multifocal thyroid tumour was correctly identified by US in two of two patients (100%) and by MRI in zero of two (0%). Extracapsular extension (n = 9), oesophageal invasion (n = 1) and tracheal invasion (n = 2) were identified by MRI in seven, zero, and one, and by US in six, zero and zero patients, respectively. Invasion of the major vessels was not seen. Metastatic cervical nodes were present in 19 nodal groups in 10 patients involving the internal jugular chain (n = 10), posterior triangle (n = 4) supraclavicular fossa (n = 1) and central group (n = 4). Both MRI and US failed to identify metastatic nodes in the central group but correctly identified 14 of the 15 nodal groups outside the central group. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound should be used as the first line of investigation for detecting the primary lesion, multifocal disease and cervical lymphadenopathy. In cases where the primary tumour is not surrounded by normal thyroid tissue MR imaging should be added to assess extracapsular spread, especially into the trachea.