传染科与非传染科护士个人防护装备的使用意向

目的对成都地区2所三级甲等综合医院传染科与非传染科护士使用个人防护装备(Personal protective equip-ments,PPE)的意向进行比较研究。方法应用《护士对使用PPE意向》调查量表中文修订版对2所三级甲等医院的297名护士进行测评,比较传染科与非传染科护士使用PPE的行为意向。结果传染科与非传染科护士对量表的第13条(根据我的经验/理解,我认为使用个人防护装备:是不好的,因为浪费时间)、第33条(在未来1个月内,是否使用个人防护装备主要由我决定)、第35条(在未来1个月内,我所在科室将会有紧急情况)和第46条(在未来1个月内,医院职权部门将会颁布关于使用个人防护装备的清楚的指导原则和规程,这会有助于我随时恰当使用个人防护装备)的认同程度有差异。传染科护士更加认同量表的第13、33和46条,非传染科护士更加认同量表的第35条。结论通过避免护士超负荷工作,重视应急处置工作,以及加强对非传染病科室的PPE配备,并将其置于触手可及之处,将有利于非传染科护士使用PPE。此外,还应加强对传染科护士进行PPE重要性的相关培训,将更利于传染科护士使用PPE。     

综合医院急诊科建筑要符合传染病防治要求

通过总结我国城市医院急诊科的设施现状及SARS期间的教训,提出了急诊科建筑上的失无不足造成的传染病传播问题应予以足够的重视。并就急诊科的建筑机构与医疗流程设置如何符合防治传染病的要求提出了建设性意见。     

Infection control practices and infectious complications in dermatological surgery

The impact of infection control measures (ICMs) on emergency resuscitation during an outbreak is unclear. The purpose of this retrospective observational study was to investigate the outcomes of emergency resuscitation after implementation of ICMs. Data were collected for the period 1 January to 4 July in 2003 from a 1732-bed tertiary care hospital in central Taiwan. Non-trauma patients who required emergency resuscitation were classified into two groups: before (period 1), and after (period 2), the date on which strict ICMs were implemented. The analysis variables included demographic data of patients, place of resuscitation, number of participating resuscitators, response time and duration of resuscitation, fever, pneumonia status and results of resuscitation. The response time was unchanged but the number of patient resuscitations without an emergency intubation, rapid sequence intubation or a 'do not resuscitate' order increased from 88 (24.4%), 23 (6.4%) and 16 (4.4%) in period 1 to 103 (33.0%), 32 (10.3%) and 29 (9.3%) in period 2, respectively. The failure rate of resuscitation was significantly higher in period 2 (odds ratio: 1.59, 95% confidence interval: 1.17-2.16). The number of emergency resuscitations in patients with fever or pneumonia was not significantly different between these two periods. In conclusion, strict ICM implementation appeared to play a role in the increased failure rate in emergency resuscitation. Normal provision of healthcare to patients and adequate protection of healthcare workers during emergency resuscitation will be of paramount importance during the next outbreak of a highly contagious disease.     

Physician Staffing of Small Rural Hospital Emergency Departments: Rapid Change and Escalating Cost

We surveyed all 37 rural Washington state hospitals with fewer than 100 beds to determine how rural emergency departments are staffed by physicians and to estimate rural hospital payments for emergency department physician services. Only five hospital emergency departments (14%) were still covered by the traditional rotation of local practitioners and billed on a fee-for-service basis. Ten hospitals (27%) paid local private practitioners to provide emergency department coverage. Twelve other hospitals (32%) hired visiting emergency department physicians to cover only weekends or evenings. The remaining 10 rural emergency departments (27%) were staffed entirely by external contract physicians. Thus, 86 percent of rural hospitals contracted for emergency department coverage, and 59 percent obtained some or all of this service from nonlocal physicians. Most of the 32 hospitals with some form of contracted services have changed to this emergency department coverage in the last few years. The cost of these services is high, particularly for the smallest hospitals that have fewer than eight emergency department visits per day and pay physician wages of nearly $100 per patient visit. Emergency staffing responsibility has shifted from local practitioners to the hospital administrators because of rural physician scarcity and a desire to improve quality and convenience. The cost of these changes may further undermine the economic viability of the smaller rural hospitals.     

我国突发公共卫生事件体系中医院感染应急管理现状

科学有效的医院感染应急管理对于控制传染病暴发等重大突发公共卫生事件具有关键作用。我国近年来相继印发了有关医院感染管理的法律法规、规章、规范及技术标准,为我国医疗机构有序开展医院感染管理提供保障。但我国医院感染管理工作仍然面临缺乏大量专业人员,医院感染科室与临床科室沟通合作机制不健全,医院感染应急管理监测预警及处置能力不足等问题。建议尽快建设医院感染管理专业人才队伍,重视院感与临床科室合作,尤其是针对不同科室的特点制定个性化医院感染管理清单,确保在传染病暴发等重大突发公共卫生事件发生时保护医护人员及患者生命健康安全及诊疗护理服务有序开展。     

SurvNet electronic surveillance system for infectious disease outbreaks, Germany

In 2001, the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) implemented a new electronic surveillance system (SurvNet) for infectious disease outbreaks in Germany. SurvNet has captured 30,578 outbreak reports in 2001-2005. The size of the outbreaks ranged from 2 to 527 cases. For outbreaks reported in 2002-2005, the median duration from notification of the first case to the local health department until receipt of the outbreak report at RKI was 7 days. Median outbreak duration ranged from 1 day (caused by Campylobacter) up to 73 days (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis). The most common settings among the 10,008 entries for 9,946 outbreaks in 2004 and 2005 were households (5,262; 53%), nursing homes (1,218; 12%), and hospitals (1,248; 12%). SurvNet may be a useful tool for other outbreak surveillance systems because it minimizes the workload of local health departments and captures outbreaks even when causative pathogens have not yet been identified.     

Preparations and limitations for prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome in a tertiary care centre of India

This short-term observational study of infection control practice was performed in the medical emergency outpatient department (EMOPD) of a tertiary-care hospital in India when threatened by an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). An investigator attended the lobby daily to screen patients with symptoms for SARS. Patient/attendant load, patient flow, medical staff working practices and position in the EMOPD were observed. Infection control measures such as fumigation and cleaning were noted, as was the EMOPD laboratory function, use of personnel protection and display of information on infectious diseases. A total of 162 (7.4%) of the 2165 patients surveyed had respiratory symptoms but no cases of SARS were found. The flow of patients and their attendants was not systematic. No laboratory tests for SARS were available, and no educational material on SARS was displayed. The EMOPDs in key hospitals need be able to screen for infectious diseases, especially in view of the threats from SARS and Avian influenza.     

2016年-2018年全国感染性疾病医疗质量分析

目的基于国家卫生健康委医政医管局医疗质量与评价处年度医疗质量调查数据,对我国感染性疾病专业医疗质量进行回顾性分析。方法调查全国30个省级行政区域（除西藏自治区）医疗机构在2016年至2018年上报年度医院感染性疾病科医疗质量相关数据,对专科建设指标、环节指标及终末指标进行横断面研究及纵向比较。结果68.53%三级公立医院和31.68%二级公立医院设置了感染性疾病科;有负压病房项目建设的三级及二级公立医院分别为49.47%和16.43%,传染病专科医院为96.3%。感染性疾病科医护比平均为0.61:1,住院患者平均住院天数三级、二级以及传染病专科医院分别为11.49天、9.65天及18.27天,2018年与2017年、2016年同期上报数据相比有所降低。 三级及二级医院住院患者抗菌药物率抗菌药物使用率分别为 58.55%、71.72%及传染病专科医院39.97%。感染性疾病科医生参与医院抗菌药管理委员会比例分别为91.72%、79.30%及传染病专科87.50%,2018年较2017年有所增长。感染性疾病科住院收治前5位的病种为:肝病、结核病、手足口病、呼吸道感染和其他感染疾病。单病种不明原因发热病因各省医院平均确诊率55.15%;门诊流感样病例平均病原学诊断率13.20%;门诊流感样病例抗流感病毒药物使用率分别为33.60%、30.03%及传染病专科医院48.28%。经组织学和/或细菌学证实的各省肺结核医院平均确诊率为19.76%,艾滋病并发PCP实验室确诊率医院实验室确诊率较低:三级公立医院23.88%、二级公立医院25.28%、传染病专科医院18.01%。结论我国国家感染性疾病专业医疗质量建设具备良好基础,但仍存在感染性疾病科建设不充分,感染性疾病病原学诊断能力不足等问题,需加强感染性疾病科医疗质量管理及持续改进。     

北京地区突发和重大传染病临床应答模式研究

目的探索北京地区突发和重大传染病的临床应答模式。方法应用问卷调查,通过集合传染病、呼吸、急诊、医疗管理等相关领域专家和工作者的意见,探讨北京地区突发和重大传染病的临床应答模式。结果共发放问卷85份,收回问卷85份,有效问卷79份。医疗机构发热门诊或门急诊应将疑似突发和重大传染病的病人直接转诊至传染病医院是最佳方式;在疑似突发和重大传染病时,请传染病医院专家会诊应作为首选;为提高医生对传染病的识别能力,最有效的培训办法是将相关医生派到传染病医院轮转或短期培训。结论医疗机构相关医务人员到传染病医院轮转或短期培训以提高早期识别能力,当发现疑似突发和重大传染病时请传染病医院医生会诊、不能排除时转至传染病医院作为突发和重大传染病临床应答模式较为妥当。     

内蒙古地区医院感染现患率调查分析

目的了解内蒙古地区医院感染现状,为制定医院感染管理措施提供依据。方法采用横断面调查方法,依据全国医院感染监测网2018年医院感染现患率调查要求,内蒙古地区所有三级、二级综合医院和专科医院自愿参加调查,自主选取调查日期填写统一调查表。结果 2018年内蒙古地区共有169所医院参加现患率调查,调查患者61 469例,1 016例(1 100例次)发生医院感染,医院感染现患率为1.65%,例次现患率为1.79%。≥900张床位医院的医院感染现患率较高,为2.60%。医院感染现患率位于前三位的科室为综合ICU(12.70%)、血液病科(6.55%)、儿科新生儿组(5.98%)。医院感染部位主要为下呼吸道(44.82%)、泌尿道(16.82%)、上呼吸道(10.82%)等。抗菌药物使用率为28.04%,不同规模医院的抗菌药物使用率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=650.353,P0.001)。治疗性使用抗菌药物患者病原学送检率为36.08%。规模越大的医院的治疗用药病原学送检率越高,差异有统计学意义(χ2=449.309,P0.001)。治疗使用抗菌药物位于前3位的科室为儿科非新生儿组1 821例(98.11%)、呼吸科2 463例(97.62%)和肾病科334(96.53%);预防使用抗菌药物较多的科室为产科484例(82.59%)、妇科395例(66.72%)和骨科1 106例(64.68%)。共检出医院感染病原体457株,其中革兰阴性菌325株(71.12%)、革兰阳性菌82株(17.94%)、真菌30株(6.57%)。医院感染主要病原体为肺炎克雷伯菌(82株)、大肠埃希菌(81株)、铜绿假单胞菌(76株)等。结论本次现患率调查结果较全国及其他地区低。医院感染管理部门可针对重点科室、主要感染部位采取有效的感染预防与控制措施,提高规模较小医院的治疗性使用抗菌药物病原学送检率。     

Emergency contraception in emergency departments in Oregon, 2003

OBJECTIVES: We sought to learn about access to emergency contraception (EC) in Oregon emergency departments, both for women who are rape patients and for women who have had consensual unprotected sexual intercourse ("nonrape patients"). METHODS: We interviewed emergency department staff in 54 of Oregon's 57 licensed emergency departments in February-March 2003 (response rate = 94.7%). RESULTS: Only 61.1% of Oregon emergency departments routinely offered EC to rape patients. Catholic hospitals were as likely as non-Catholic hospitals to routinely offer EC to rape patients. The hospitals most likely to routinely offer EC to rape patients had a written protocol for the care of rape patients that included offering EC (P = .02) and access to staff with specialized sexual assault training (P=.002). For nonrape patients, 46.3% of emergency departments discouraged the prescribing of EC. Catholic hospitals were significantly less likely than non-Catholic hospitals to provide access to EC for nonrape patients (P=.05). CONCLUSIONS: Oregon emergency departments do not routinely offer EC to women who have been raped or to women who have had consensual unprotected sexual intercourse.     

Adherence to Personal Protective Equipment Use in Home-Care Service Agencies During COVID-19 in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Survey

ObjectivesTo assess adherence to personal protective equipment (PPE) use among home care workers during usual care at the agency level during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan and determine whether agency-level action toward infection prevention and control (IPC) is associated with adherence to PPE use.DesignA nationwide cross-sectional study.Setting and ParticipantsHome care service agencies in Japan were randomly selected from all agencies nationwide.MethodsAn online survey was conducted between January and February 2021. The administrators at home care service agencies responded to the following items: adherence to PPE (disposable masks, gloves, and aprons) use during diaper change among their home care workers, agency-level actions toward IPC, including monitoring of infection outbreak among users, existing manual for IPC, training opportunities on IPC for care workers, and other agency and administrator characteristics.ResultsOf the 1942 agencies, 197 were included in the analysis (response rate: 10.1%). Although 145 (73.6%) of the agencies always used both masks and gloves during diaper change, 32 (16.2%) agencies fully adhered to wearing masks, gloves, and aprons. Agencies monitoring infectious disease outbreaks among service users were more likely to adhere to PPE use (adjusted odds ratio: 5.97, 95% confidence interval: 1.30–27.31).Conclusions and ImplicationsLow adherence to PPE use, especially apron use, during diaper change among home care service agencies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan was revealed, despite the widespread availability of a manual for IPC and/or training opportunities. To ensure safety and quality home care services for both users and home care workers, agencies should not simply create manuals or training systems as a structure; instead, they should implement effective processes for appropriate PPE use.     

2014年某儿童医院医院感染现患率调查

目的了解儿童医院医院感染现状及抗菌药物使用情况。方法采用床旁调查和查阅病历相结合的方法,调查某儿童医院2014年5月1日0∶00—24∶00住院患者的医院感染现患率及抗菌药物使用情况。结果共调查患者1 027例,发生医院感染8例(10例次),医院感染现患率为0.78%,例次现患率为0.97%。感染科室主要为血液中心(4例),感染部位主要为呼吸道(上、下呼吸道各2例),抗菌药物使用率为62.12%。各科室抗菌药物使用率、抗菌药物用药目的及联合用药方面比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。抗菌药物使用率居前3位的科室为新生儿中心(89.69%)、急救中心(76.00%)、综合病房(73.91%);除五官科(预防用药占57.89%)、外科(治疗用药占26.32%),其他科室均以治疗用药为主;五官科、心脏中心及神经康复中心均以单一用药为主(均95%),新生儿中心二联用药率占48.28%,血液中心三联用药率占30.30%。结论儿童医院应重点加强感染高发科室和高发部位的日常监测,加强医护人员的医院感染相关知识培训,合理使用抗菌药物。     

Syndromic surveillance during pandemic (H1N1) 2009 outbreak, New York, New York, USA

We compared emergency department and ambulatory care syndromic surveillance systems during the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 outbreak in New York City. Emergency departments likely experienced increases in influenza-like-illness significantly earlier than ambulatory care facilities because more patients sought care at emergency departments, differences in case definitions existed, or a combination thereof.     

California hospitals serving large minority populations were more likely than others to employ ambulance diversion

It is well documented that racial and ethnic minority populations disproportionately use hospital emergency departments for safety-net care. But what is not known is whether emergency department crowding is disproportionately affecting minority populations and potentially aggravating existing health care disparities, including poorer outcomes for minorities. We examined ambulance diversion, a proxy measure for crowding, at 202 California hospitals. We found that hospitals serving large minority populations were more likely to divert ambulances than were hospitals with a lower proportion of minorities, even when controlling for hospital ownership, emergency department capacity, and other hospital demographic and structural factors. These findings suggest that establishing more-uniform criteria to regulate diversion may help reduce disparities in access to emergency care.     

The role of microbiology and pharmacy departments in the stewardship of antibiotic prescribing in European hospitals

This observational, cross-sectional study describes the role played by clinical microbiology and pharmacy departments in the stewardship of antibiotic prescribing in European hospitals. A total of 170 acute care hospitals from 32 European countries returned a questionnaire on antibiotic policies and practices implemented in 2001. Data on antibiotic use, expressed as Defined Daily Doses per 100 occupied bed-days (DDD/100 BD) were provided by 139 hospitals from 30 countries. A total of 124 hospitals provided both datasets. 121 (71%) of Clinical Microbiology departments and 66 (41%) of Pharmacy departments provided out of hours clinical advice. 70 (41%) of microbiology/infectious disease specialists and 28 (16%) of pharmacists visited wards on a daily basis. The majority of laboratories provided monitoring of blood cultures more than once per day and summary data of antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) for empiric prescribing (86% and 73% respectively). Most of the key laboratory and pharmacy-led initiatives examined did not vary significantly by geographical location. Hospitals from the North and West of Europe were more likely to examine blood cultures more than once daily compared with other regions (p < 0.01). Hospitals in the North were least likely routinely to report susceptibility results for restricted antibiotics compared to those in the South-East and Central/Eastern Europe (p < 0.01). Hospital wards in the North were more likely to hold antibiotic stocks (100%) compared with hospitals in the South-East which were least likely (39%) (p < 0.001). Conversely, hospital pharmacies in the North were least likely to dispense antibiotics on an individual patient basis (16%) compared with hospital pharmacies from Southern Europe (60%) (p = 0.01). Hospitals that routinely reported susceptibility results for restricted antibiotics had significantly lower median total antibiotic use in 2001 (p < 0.01). Hospitals that provided prescribing advice outside normal working hours had significantly higher antibiotic use compared with institutions that did not provide this service (p = 0.01). A wide range of antibiotic stewardship measures was practised in the participating hospitals in 2001, although there remains great scope for expansion of those overseen by pharmacy departments. Most hospitals had active antibiotic stewardship programmes led by specialists in infection, although there is no evidence that these were associated with reduced antibiotic consumption. There was also no evidence that pharmacy services reduced the amount of antibiotics prescribed.     

Surgical nurses and compliance with personal protective equipment

The study objectives were to evaluate self-reported compliance with personal protective equipment (PPE) use among surgical nurses and factors associated with both compliance and non-compliance. A total of 601 surgical nurses, from 18 randomly selected hospitals (seven urban and 11 rural) in the Pomeranian region of Poland, were surveyed using a confidential questionnaire. The survey indicated that compliance with PPE varied considerably. Compliance was high for glove use (83%), but much lower for protective eyewear (9%). Only 5% of respondents routinely used gloves, masks, protective eyewear and gowns when in contact with potentially infective material. Adherence to PPE use was highest in the municipal hospitals and in the operating rooms. Nurses who had a high or moderate level of fear of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at work were more likely (P<0.005 and P<0.04, respectively) than staff with no fear to be compliant. Significantly higher compliance was found among nurses with previous training in infection control or experience of caring for an HIV patient; the combined effect of training and experience exceeded that for either alone. The most commonly stated reasons for non-compliance were non-availability of PPE (37%), the conviction that the source patient was not infected (33%) and staff concern that following locally recommended practices actually interfered with providing good patient care (32%). We recommend wider implementation, evaluation and improvement of training in infection control, preferably combined with practical experience with HIV patients and easier access and improved comfort of PPE.     

2004-2011年综合医院传染病发病流行病学分析

目的 探讨综合医院传染病发病趋势和病种分布特点,为传染病预防控制提供依据.方法 对2004-2011年医院传染病报告卡,按照4种传播途径和病种进行分类统计分析.结果 报告传染病1316例,来自于4个门诊科室和43个住院部科室,其中感染性疾病科报告病例705例,占总数的53.57％;传染病病种29个,其中呼吸道传染病病种和病例数均居首位;发病数居前5位病种是手足口病、甲型H1N1流感、水痘、肺结核、梅毒,占总数的78.80％;住院部血源及性传播传染病发病数多于门诊部(P＜0.05);2008年手足口病和2009年甲型H1N1流感暴发时期传染病发病趋势有大幅度上升.结论 综合医院传染病发病呈逐年上升趋势,传染病病种多,科室分布广,呼吸道传染病是防控重点,感染性疾病科在传染病筛查中发挥了重要作用.     

Building Knowledge About Health Services Utilization by Refugees

The objective of this study was to compare the utilization of outpatient physician, emergency department and hospital services between refugees and the general population in Calgary, Alberta. Data was collected on 2,280 refugees from a refugee clinic in Calgary and matched with 9,120 non-refugees. Both groups were linked to Alberta Health and Wellness administrative data to assess health services utilization over 2 years. After adjusting for age, sex and medical conditions, refugees utilized general practitioners, emergency departments and hospitals more than non-refugees. A similar proportion in the two groups had seen a general practitioner within 1 week prior to their emergency department visit; however, refugees were more likely to have been triaged for urgent conditions and female refugees seen for pregnancy-related conditions than non-refugees. Refugees were more likely to have had infectious and parasitic diseases. Refugees utilized health services more than non-refugees with no evidence of underutilization.     

2019年全国医疗机构医务人员诊疗过程手卫生监测报告

目的 建立医务人员诊疗过程手卫生监测数据的评价体系.方法 2019年9月1—30日采用手卫生观察员现场调查方法获取综合重症监护病房(ICU)、呼吸内科病区、骨科病区、感染科病区、儿科门急诊、血液透析室医生和护士手卫生执行情况,并统计同期调查科室工作量、手卫生用品消耗量以及医疗机构实际开放床位数,计算手卫生依从率和手卫生...