细粒棘球蚴致过敏性休克绵羊肺水肿及对血气影响的观察

为观察细粒棘球蚴致过敏性休克绵羊肺水肿及对血气的影响，探讨其发病机制，选用感染细粒棘球蚴的12只绵羊，随机分为两组，Ⅰ组用细粒棘球蚴粗制囊液抗原10mL攻击发敏，Ⅱ组用生理盐水作对照，确定休克的发生，记录血气pH,PaO2,PaCO2的变化，观察60min后处死绵羊，测定绵羊肺湿/干重量比值，观察绵羊肺部形态结构的变化，结果显示，攻击发敏后，和Ⅱ组比较，Ⅰ组的pH值、PaO2持续降低；PaCO2在休克初期增加，30min升至最高点后，逐渐恢复；肺湿/干重量比值明显升高；肺部形态结构观察，Ⅰ组均有明显的病理变化。说明：（1）休克早期形成广泛的弥漫性蛋白通透性肺水肿；（2）休克时血气变化剧烈，表现为明显的PaO2的持续降低以及PaCO2的增高，且反应迅速，消退较快。     

细粒棘球蚴所致过敏性休克绵羊的肺部形态学观察

为观察细粒棘球蚴致过敏性休克绵羊肺部形态学的病理学和病理生理学变化，并探讨其发病机制，选用感染细粒棘球蚴的12只绵羊，随机分为两组，I组用细粒棘球蚴粗制囊液抗原10mL攻击发敏，Ⅱ组用生理盐水作为对照组，确定休克的发生，实验观察60min后处死绵羊，灌洗并收集支气管肺泡灌洗液并测定总蛋白(TP)、红细胞(RBC)、中性粒细胞(PMN)、巨噬细胞(AM)含量，测定并计算绵羊肺湿/干重量比值，分别观察绵羊肺部形态结构的变化。结果显示，I组绵羊产生休克，在支气管肺泡灌洗液的测定中，实验组总蛋白含量、红细胞明显升高、中性粒细胞明显升高，巨噬细胞含量无明显变化，肺湿/干重量比值明显升高。肺部形态结构观察，I组均有明显早期肺损伤的病理变化。结论：(1)休克早期形成广泛的弥漫性蛋白通透性肺水肿；(2)肺部形态学改变特点为肺毛细血管淤滞、栓塞形成；(3)肺泡Ⅱ型细胞变性，肺表面活性物质分泌和转化异常是造成肺萎陷的主要原因；(4)炎细胞参与急性肺损伤的产生。     

丙硫咪唑治疗家畜棘球蚴病的实验研究

用国产丙硫咪唑对自然感染的绵羊和牦牛体内原发性细粒棘球蚴进行了治疗试验。结果表明各治疗组棘球蚴和棘球蚴内原头蚴的死亡率均显著高于相应的对照组(P<0.01)。提示国产丙硫咪唑对原发性细粒棘球蚴有较好的驱杀效果。药物剂量的大小、宿主种属的差异及棘球蚴寄居部位的不同等均可影响治疗效果。     

青海省达日县棘球蚴病流行病学调查

目的 分析青海省果洛藏族自治州达日县棘球蚴病的流行分布现状,为制定预防控制措施提供科学依据。 方法 于2007年8～9月对达日县6个乡各2～3个自然村的3周岁以上常驻牧民分别用B超、间接红细胞凝集试验（IHA）和间接ELISA法（重组Ag B和Em 18抗原）检查两型棘球蚴病患病和感染情况。并调查当地啮齿类动物、牦牛、绵羊和野犬的感染情况,对采集的棘球绦虫和棘球蚴用PCR-RFLP方法进行虫种鉴定,并确定其基因型。收集牧民的家犬粪便,用双抗体夹心法检测粪抗原阳性率。 结果 共调查牧民1 723人,B超查出棘球蚴病患者236例（占13.7%）,其中囊型和泡型棘球蚴病患病率分别为5.5%（95/1 723）和8.2%（141/1 723）。男、女性棘球蚴病患病率分别为11.6%和16.0%（χ ²=7.0,P＜0.05）。家犬粪抗原阳性率为11.3%（31/275）。剖检9只无主犬,其中5只棘球绦虫感染阳性,对检获的虫体经PCR-RFLP鉴定,1只犬感染细粒棘球绦虫,基因型为G1,4只犬感染多房棘球绦虫。牦牛、绵羊的细粒棘球蚴感染率分别为26.4%（14/53）和5/16,对从牦牛、绵羊检获的细粒棘球蚴经PCR-RFLP鉴定,基因型均为G1。捕获高原鼠兔239只,石渠棘球绦虫感染率为11.3%（27/239）。 结论 达日县存在细粒棘球绦虫、多房棘球绦虫和石渠棘球绦虫的分布,泡型和囊型棘球蚴病在人群中严重流行,犬是细粒棘球绦虫和多房棘球绦虫主要传染源。     

高强度聚焦超声辐照后细粒棘球蚴囊壁的病理变化

目的 观察细粒棘球蚴囊壁在高强度聚焦超声（HIFU）辐照后的病理改变。方法 采集感染细粒棘球蚴的新鲜羊肝，选取囊壁较薄、触摸弹性较好的细粒棘球蚴30个。采用随机抽样方法等分为3组，每组10个包囊。对照组，用普通诊断超声照射2 min。处理组1和处理组2分别用150 W和250 W声功率对细粒棘球蚴包囊进行沿囊壁多层面的环形扫描，层面间距为5 mm，扫描速度为3 mm/s，照射时间2～10 min（根据包囊大小）。取出照射后先肉眼观察细粒棘球蚴包囊大体改变，后取囊壁组织分别制作病理切片和透射电镜切片，观察其病理改变。 结果 HIFU（250 W）辐照后，细粒棘球蚴包囊剪开处内囊壁立即发生卷曲，剥离出的内囊颜色变白、变硬、透光度降低。病理切片显示，HIFU辐照后细粒棘球蚴的内囊壁上角皮层与生发层大部分发生分离。电镜观察结果显示，HIFU辐照后细粒棘球蚴的角皮层纤维纹理明显改变，生发层细胞发生裂解性破坏。 结论 HIFU沿细粒棘球蚴囊壁的多层面的环形照射可明显损害细粒棘球蚴囊壁。     

阿苯达唑对绵羊细粒棘球蚴作用的扫描电镜观察

细粒棘球蚴病(Echinococcosis)的化学治疗是近十多年来兴起的热门研究课题。苯并咪唑类化合物(Benzimidazoles)被认为具有较好的抗包虫药理活性。但大多数研究是在实验室人 感染细粒棘球蚴的小鼠体内进行的,距实际应用还有一定的距离。作者等用国产阿苯达唑对绵羊体内原发性细粒棘球蚴进行了治疗试验,并用扫描电镜观察虫体超微结构的变化。     

以家犬驱虫为中心的棘球蚴病控制措施在新疆两县的应用

目的 通过新疆呼图壁县和温宿县区域试验,验证以家犬(包括牧犬）驱虫为中心的棘球蚴病控制措施的可行性和控制效果。 方法 1987-1990年在新疆呼图壁县和1990-1994年在新疆温宿县分别建立棘球蚴病控制试验区,采用消灭病原以阻断循环链的控制策略,即“犬犬驱虫、 月月投药”的措施,对试验区所有家犬用吡喹酮药饵剂型进行预防性驱虫。实施控制措施后,每年在试验区检测犬的细粒棘球绦虫和绵羊的棘球蚴感染率,以评价驱虫效果。 结果 经过连续3~4年实施“犬犬驱虫、月月投药”措施,呼图壁县和温宿县的家犬细粒棘球绦虫平均感染率分别从实施前的18.5%和14.7%降为0;两县新生绵羊的棘球蚴平均感染率比控制模式实施前降低了85%以上。 结论 以家犬驱虫为中心的策略,即“犬犬驱虫,月月投药”的措施对控制家犬的棘球绦虫病和绵羊的棘球蚴病是有效可行的。     

甘南藏族自治州中间宿主牦牛、绵羊棘球蚴感染状况调查

目的掌握甘南藏族自治州中间宿主棘球蚴感染状况,为本地区包虫病的传播动力学研究及开展大规模包虫病防治做好前期工作。方法对碌曲县和玛曲县当地牦牛、绵羊作包虫病病原学检查,记录囊肿大小、数量、寄生部位及性质等,并用10%甲醛溶液固定,做病理切片检查。结果剖检绵羊4309头,细粒棘球蚴感染率为10.61%（457/4309）,多房棘球蚴感染率为0.14%（6/4309）;剖检牦牛3645头,细粒棘球蚴感染率为9.16%（334/3645）,多房棘球蚴感染率为0.14%（5/3645）。结论该地区牦牛及绵羊细粒棘球蚴感染率较高,并有多房棘球蚴感染。     

新疆绵羊和黄牛棘球蚴病病原形态学的比较研究

新疆绵羊和黄牛棘球蚴病病原形态学的比较研究新疆八一农学院动医系（乌鲁木齐８３００５２）黄燕，王善志，徐显曾新疆畜牧科学院兽医研究所（乌鲁木齐８３００００）齐普生近年来，不少学者￣［１～４］从不同方面研究发现，细粒棘球绦虫存在明显的种内分化或变异，导致...     

感染细粒棘球蚴对宿主(羊)肝药酶的影响及肝组织超微结构的变化

利用生化、组化方法测定肝微粒体中细胞色素P-450、bs含量及NADPH细胞色素P-450还原酶，研究细粒棘球蚴感染对宿主（羊）肝药酶的影响及其变化规律，并对肝组织进行光镜、电镜观察。结果表明细粒棘球蚴感染可引起肝组织损伤并降低肝药酶活性，对肝药酶的抑制作用与距棘球蚴的远近呈梯度变化即距棘球蚴越近酶活性降低越明显，肝组织损伤并降低肝药酶活性，对肝药酶的抑制作用与距棘球蚴的远近呈梯度变化唧 距棘球蚴越近酶活性降低越明显。肝组织受损程度与肝药酶的活性降低程度一致，电镜下可见细凿棘球蚴周边肝细胞粗面内质网明显脱颗粒。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.