人胚胎雪旺细胞脊髓内移植治疗晚期脊髓损伤

目的 采用人胚雪旺细胞移植治疗晚期脊髓损伤,并探讨其疗效及安全性。方法 显微镜下切除脊髓损伤节段增厚的瘢痕组织,松解粘连,切开囊腔或空洞。取人胚胎背根神经节,培养成雪旺细胞并贴附于可吸收薇乔3-0紫色线及薇乔网的载体上,然后将其移植到脊髓损伤部位。本组共治疗53例,其中男42例,女11例,年龄2～58岁,伤后时间为4个月～19年。结果 雪旺细胞移植后2～8w时随访,按美国脊髓损伤学会（ASIA）脊髓损伤神经功能分类国际标准评价,53例患者的脊髓功能均有部分恢复,其中运动功能由术前（41.49±15.83）分提高到术后（44.62±15.39）分,轻触觉由（57.89±22.87）分提高到（63.94±23.67）分,针刺觉由（55.96±20.99）分提高到（59.68±20.57）分。患者术后无脊髓感染、功能损伤加重及死亡等并发症。术后复查MRI示脊髓无瘤样增生及空洞扩大。结论 人胚雪旺细胞移植治疗晚期脊髓损伤安全可行,能促进晚期脊髓损伤患者脊髓神经功能的部分恢复。     

晚期脊髓损伤患者许旺细胞移植前后MRI特征及其临床意义

为探讨晚期脊髓损伤许旺细胞移植前后MRI特征及其临床意义,回顾性分析38例晚期脊髓损伤患者许旺细胞移植前后的MRI特征,并采用ASIA评分评价神经功能。移植前38例在MRI上均显示脊髓软化囊性变,平均体积为(7.61±9.38) mm3,移植后10例软化囊性变消失,其余28例软化囊性变均有缩小,平均体积缩小至(5.96±7.56) mm3 (P < 0.05)。移植后脊髓功能均有部分恢复,运动评分由移植前(41.56±16.68)分提高至移植后(44.15±17.14)分(P < 0.05);针刺觉评分由移植前(58.85±23.45)分提高至移植后(65.50±23.85)分(P < 0.05);轻触觉评分由移植前(56.56±23.43)分提高至移植后(65.75±23.25)分(P < 0.05),提示MRI能较好反映许旺细胞移植前后脊髓的形态学特征,脊髓软化囊性变的缩小或消失可作为判断许旺细胞移植成活的一个重要指标。     

大鼠脊髓损伤后运动诱发电位的变化及与病理改变之比较

目的：观察脊髓损伤（SCI）对运动诱发电位（MEP）的影响,方法：27只大鼠以改良Allen法致伤脊髓,于损伤前和伤后6h内观察MEP变化,并测算脊髓出血坏死区相对面积比。结果：SCI后50gcf组和70gcf组动物MEP早成份波幅立即减低或消失,以后有所恢复。100gcf组大部分动物MEP波消失,脊髓损伤面积与伤后1h MEP最大波幅呈显相关。结论：MEP检查可以准确反映脊髓损伤程度。     

脊髓继发性损伤的实验与临床研究

脊髓伤分原发伤与继发伤，一部分脊髓伤，解剖上未横断，伤后当时无截瘫，但由于继发血液循环障碍，出现脊髓缺血、出血、中心性坏死。使脊髓内重要结构产生继发性的不可逆性损害，导致完全截瘫的不良后果。本文报道犬、大白鼠的实验性脊髓伤早期病理改变，并从２３例继发性脊髓伤的分析，探讨脊髓继发性损伤的发生机理。实验提示早期应用钙通道阻断剂尼维地平，有利于改善脊髓缺血引起的继发性脊髓损害。     

脊髓继发性损伤的实验与临床研究

脊髓伤分原发伤与继发伤。一部分脊髓伤,解剖上未横断,伤后当时无截瘫,但由于继发血液循环障碍,出现脊髓缺血、出血及中心性坏死,使脊髓内重要结构产生继发性的不可逆性损害,导致完全截瘫的不良后果。本文报道犬、小白鼠的实验性脊髓伤早期病理改变,并以23例继发性脊髓伤的分析,探讨脊髓继发性损伤的发生机理。实验提示早期应用钙通道阻断剂尼维地平,有利于改善脊髓缺血引起的继发性脊髓损害。     

脊髓慢性损伤模型的构建

背景：由于缺乏简单、理想的动物实验模型,脊髓病理改变及病理生理机制目前仍不明确。 目的：通过对脊髓慢性损伤动物模型综合叙述,为脊髓慢性损伤的动物实验研究提供参考,并进一步探讨脊髓慢性损伤摸型的建立与应用。 方法：以spinal cord injury,animal model,Models, Animal为检索词,应用计算机检索Medline等数据库相关文章,排除样本量太少及重复发表的文章,保留34篇文献做进一步分析。 结果与结论：脊髓损伤动物模型对于探求脊髓疾病的病因和病理机制,特别是对脊髓再生的神经生物学研究,评价脊髓损伤后有效的干预治疗措施有十分重要的作用。目前脊髓损伤动物模型虽然种类繁多,但各存优缺点,并且存在多种变异因素,如动物间个体差异、手术操作熟练程度及损伤装置的精密程度等,以致现有模型还无法准确控制脊髓损伤的范围和程度。故建立具有较强稳定性,能够反映特定病理变化的脊髓损伤动物模型一直是研究者追求的目标。     

脊髓损伤的基因治疗

长期以来，医学家一直在努力探索脊髓损伤后的机能恢复治疗，但成效甚少。晚近，经过多年的研究发现脊髓损伤后仍存在一定再生能力（１），脊髓损伤后之所以不能恢复功能，系因损伤局部微环境的影响，它包括：（１）缺乏促进轴索生长的神经营养因子（ＮＧＦｓ）；（２）缺...     

无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的病理机制与治疗进展

无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤（CSCIWFD）是一种特殊类型的脊髓损伤,在临床中并不少见。病人虽然具有颈脊髓损伤的临床症状,但X线、CT检查却没有骨折脱位等影像学表现,很容易被临床医生误诊,从而影响后续诊疗。本文就CSCIWFD的损伤机制、临床表现、病理生理特点、分型及目前治疗进展进行综述,为临床提供参考,以使CSCIWFD病人可以得到早期准确的诊断,降低漏诊率,早期得到有效的治疗,改善病人的预后。     

实验性脊髓损伤的自由基改变及应用超氧化物歧化酶的保护作用

应用硫代巴比妥酸比色法检测了正常、损伤及损伤后应用超氧化物歧化酶治疗的猫脊髓组织丙二醛含量。结果:正常组25.86±2.11nmol/mg 蛋白;损伤组35.80±1.98nmol/mg蛋白;治疗组25.95±2.03nmol/mg 蛋白。提示:脊髓损伤后的继发性病理损害与病理性自由基升高有关;超氧化物歧化酶具有降低损伤组织中自由基的作用。     

脊髓损伤治疗现状

脊髓损伤（spinal cord injury，SCI）在美国每年每百万人口新发生30—40例，有些地区甚至高达60例。据不完全统计，我国的脊髓损伤人数已突破百万，并以每年12万的速度剧增，全球脊髓损伤人数已突破三百万。一直以来，医学界认为脊髓损伤是不能痊愈。当神经细胞在损伤初期没有好转的迹象，以后可以康复的机会甚微。但在近十年的研究中，已推翻脊髓不能再生的理论，脊髓损伤动物实验研究结果均证实可以恢复若干活动的能力。现对脊髓损伤治疗研究进展综述如下：     

Spinal cord injury drives chronic brain changes

Only a few studies have considered changes in brain structures other than sensory and motor cortex after spinal cord injury, although cognitive impairments have been reported in these patients. Spinal cord injury results in chronic brain neuroinflammation with consequent neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in rodents. Regarding the hippocampus, neurogenesis is reduced and reactive gliosis increased. These long-term abnormalities could explain behavioral impairments exhibited in humans patients suffering from spinal cord trauma.     

Upper gastrointestinal motility changes following spinal cord injury

Abstract  Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with severe autonomic dysfunction in both the acute and chronic phases. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) motor dysfunction has been previously reported in humans and rats. Gastric emptying (GE) of a solid meal – as measured by the [¹³C]-octanoic acid breath test – is delayed in the first 3 weeks after either spinal cord transection (SCT) or contusion (SCC) in rats. This is one of the main findings of a new paper by Qualls-Creekmore et al. in the current issue of this journal. Previous studies in rats only reported impairment of GE, intestinal and GI transit of liquid after SCI, but the authors observed that the delay of the GE of solid was more prominent after SCT than SCC. Recovery of the delay of GE of solid occurred at 6 weeks after SCC, but not after SCT. However, gastric motility changes persisted despite the functional normalization of the GE in rats with SCC. Bowel dysfunction is a major physical and psychological burden for SCI patients. Collaborative efforts, like the development of international standards to evaluate autonomic function after SCI will likely clarify the mechanisms of dysfunction and lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies.     

颅脑损伤合并无颈椎损伤错位的颈髓挫伤28例

目的 分析颅脑损伤合并元颈椎损伤错位的颈髓挫伤病人的临床表现、易发病人群、发病原因及机制。方法 采用我科2003-2006年的病例进行临床分析及随访调查。结果 非手术治疗28例病人除1例效果一般，3例单上肢肌力Ⅲ级，其余病人效果满意。结论 非手术治疗颅脑挫伤合并无颈椎损伤错位的颈髓损伤效果满意。     

颅脑损伤合并无颈椎损伤错位的颈髓挫伤28例

目的 分析颅脑损伤合并无颈椎损伤错位的颈髓挫伤病人的临床表现、易发病人群、发病原因及机制.方法 采用我科2003～2006年的病例进行临床分析及随访调查.结果 非手术治疗28例病人除1例效果一般,3例单上肢肌力Ⅲ级,其余病人效果满意.结论 非手术治疗颅脑挫伤合并无颈椎损伤错位的颈髓损伤效果满意.     

嗅鞘细胞移植治疗晚期脊髓损伤临床试验初步报告

目的　开展嗅鞘细胞移植治疗晚期脊髓损伤的临床试验研究 ,探讨其移植是否安全可行 ,对晚期脊髓损伤患者是否有帮助脊髓神经功能恢复的作用。方法　取胚胎嗅球 ,消化成单个嗅鞘细胞后 ,培养 2～ 3周 ,然后将其移植到脊髓损伤部位的上下处。共治疗 171例伤后时间为 6个月至 18年 ,脊髓损伤部位没有压迫性病变的脊髓损伤患者 ,其中男 139例 ,女 32例 ,年龄为 2 .5～ 6 4岁。结果　嗅鞘细胞移植后两周～两个月时随访 ,按ASIA脊髓损伤神经功能分类国际标准评价 ,171例患者的脊髓功能均有部分恢复 ,其中运动功能由术前 34.5± 2 0 .3提高到 4 2 .0± 2 0 .0 ,轻触觉由术前 4 7.2± 2 4 .0提高到 6 1.8± 2 2 .9,痛觉由术前 4 8.6± 2 3.5提高到 6 4 .0± 2 2 .8。自身术前术后对照t检验 ,P <0 .0 0 1。患者无术后长期发热、脊髓感染和功能恶化等并发症 ,无与手术有关的死亡。结论　嗅鞘细胞移植安全可行 ,能帮助晚期脊髓损伤患者恢复部分脊髓神经功能。     

Partial restoration of spinal cord neural continuity via vascular pedicle hemisected spinal cord transplantation using spinal cord fusion technique

AimsOur team tested spinal cord fusion (SCF) using the neuroprotective agent polyethylene glycol (PEG) in different animal (mice, rats, and beagles) models with complete spinal cord transection. To further explore the application of SCF for the treatment of paraplegic patients, we developed a new clinical procedure for SCF called vascular pedicle hemisected spinal cord transplantation (vSCT) and tested this procedure in eight paraplegic participants.MethodsEight paraplegic participants (American Spinal Injury Association, ASIA: A) were enrolled and treated with vSCT (PEG was applied to the sites of spinal cord transplantation). Pre‐ and postoperative pain intensities, neurologic assessments, electrophysiologic monitoring, and neuroimaging examinations were recorded.ResultsOf the eight paraplegic participants who completed vSCT, objective improvements occurred in motor function for one participant, in electrophysiologic motor‐evoked potentials for another participant, in re‐establishment of white matter continuity in three participants, in autonomic nerve function in seven participants, and in symptoms of cord central pain for seven participants.ConclusionsThe postoperative recovery of paraplegic participants demonstrated the clinical feasibility and efficacy of vSCT in re‐establishing the continuity of spinal nerve fibers. vSCT could provide the anatomic, morphologic, and histologic foundations to potentially restore the motor, sensory, and autonomic nervous functions in paraplegic patients. More future clinical trials are warranted.     

不同类型脊髓损伤患者和正常成人外周血白细胞糖皮质激素受体的比较及意义

目的 比较正常成人和急性脊髓损伤患者、慢性脊髓压迫症患者外周血白细胞塘皮质激素受体的结合位点数并探讨其意义。方法 采用放射配体结合法测定15例正常成人、20例急性脊髓损伤患者和21例慢性脊髓压迫症患者外周血白细胞上糖皮质激素受体结合位点数。结果 正常成人外周血白细胞精皮质激素受体结合位点数为4462±891.6个/细胞,慢性脊髓压迫症患者为4225±1271个/细胞,急性脊髓损伤患者为2517±857.8个/细胞,经统计学比较正常成人组和慢性脊髓压迫症患者组没有显著性差异,急性脊髓损伤组与其他两者相差均有显著性意义。急性脊髓损伤组中,全瘫患者为2279±921个/细胞,不全瘫患者为2806±718个/细胞,两者无统计学差异。结论 外周血白细胞上的糖皮质激素受体有高亲和力和低亲和力两种结合位点,急性脊髓损伤后外周血白细胞的精皮质激素受体结合位点数的减少主要是高亲和力位点的减少,低亲和力位点维持不变。大剂量的糖皮质激素和白细胞的低亲和力位点结合,抑制白细胞的趋向移动,减少白细胞进入损伤脊髓区,减轻损伤后的急性炎症反直,起到神经保护作用。慢性脊髓压迫症患者予以糖皮质激素治疗无疗效。     

Serum albumin improves recovery from spinal cord injury

A neuroprotective factor is shown to be present in mammalian serum. This factor is identified by Western blotting to be serum albumin. The serum factor and albumin both protected cultured spinal cord neurons against the toxicity of glutamate. The inability of K252a, a blocker of the high affinity tyrosine kinase receptor for members of the nerve growth factor family, to block the neuroprotective effect of the serum factor established that the serum factor is not a member of the nerve growth factor family. Post-injury injection of albumin intravenously or into the site of injury immediately after injury both improved significantly locomotor function according to Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan assessment and spontaneous locomotor activity recorded with a photobeam activity system. Albumin has multiple mechanisms whereby it may be neuroprotective, and it is a potentially useful agent for treating neurotraumas.     

Muscle after spinal cord injury

The morphological and contractile changes of muscles below the level of the lesion after spinal cord injury (SCI) are dramatic. In humans with SCI, a fiber‐type transformation away from type I begins 4–7 months post‐SCI and reaches a new steady state with predominantly fast glycolytic IIX fibers years after the injury. There is a progressive drop in the proportion of slow myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform fibers and a rise in the proportion of fibers that coexpress both the fast and slow MHC isoforms. The oxidative enzymatic activity starts to decline after the first few months post‐SCI. Muscles from individuals with chronic SCI show less resistance to fatigue, and the speed‐related contractile properties change, becoming faster. These findings are also present in animals. Future studies should longitudinally examine changes in muscles from early SCI until steady state is reached in order to determine optimal training protocols for maintaining skeletal muscle after paralysis. Muscle Nerve, 2009