Avascular necrosis of the femoral head after femoral neck fracture

Trauma-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head represents the most common femoral head aseptic necrosis. An alteration in blood supply to the femoral head is the cause of the vascular necrosis. Another mechanism in the genesis of femoral head necrosis is the tamponade effect. Femoral head necrosis may be asymptomatic for a long time, even in patients in whom late segmental collapse already is present. Radiography does not allow diagnostic reliability until 6 months after fracture. The presence of a low signal intensity band away from the fracture line on magnetic resonance images clearly delimits the necrotic area. Once segmental collapse has developed, the diagnosis becomes simple using plain radiographs. The treatment of established femoral necrosis complicating fractures of the upper end of the femur is approached as a therapeutic problem lacking an optimal solution. The main therapeutic options are femoral head-preserving procedures and joint reconstruction. Among the procedures that preserve the femoral head are joint unloading, femoral head core decompression, electric stimulation, osteotomy, and bone grafting. Joint reconstruction procedures including cup arthroplasty, hemiresurfacing, total hip resurfacing, femoral head replacement, femoral head endoprosthesis, and total arthroplasty will be reviewed.     

临床病例讨论——股骨颈骨折术后股骨头缺血坏死

病历摘要 患者,男性,13岁,因"机动车撞伤致右髋部疼痛1 h"于2007年4月30日至本院骨科就诊.急诊查体:患者痛苦面容,右侧髋关节和膝关节轻度屈曲,右下肢轻度外旋,局部无明显肿胀,右侧腹股沟韧带中点压痛明显,右髋关节主动运动丧失,被动活动疼痛加重,触诊检查大转子,大转子位于髂-坐骨结节连线之上,大转子与髂前上棘之间的距离右侧较左侧短缩约1.5 cm.急诊摄双侧股骨上段正位X线片示右侧股骨颈基底骨折(Garden Ⅳ型),移位明显(图1).急诊诊断:右侧股骨颈基底骨折.收治入院后,经完善术前常规检查,在与患者家属讨论治疗方案后,即日在硬膜外麻醉下急诊行"右侧股骨颈骨折闭合复位3枚空心钉固定术".     

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head after osteosynthesis of femoral neck fracture

The reported incidence of avascular necrosis after femoral neck fracture fixation varies widely, and there is no consensus regarding its risk factors. We evaluated the incidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral head with the use of contemporary techniques for femoral neck fracture fixation. We then sought to determine what potential risk factors influenced the development of avascular necrosis.Between 1990 and 2005, one hundred sixty-three intracapsular femoral neck fractures in 163 patients were treated with internal fixation at our level-I trauma center. All patients were monitored until conversion to total hip arthroplasty or for a minimum of 2 years postoperatively. Ten patients (10 hips) died and 7 patients (7 hips) were lost to follow-up. The remaining 146 patients (146 hips) had a mean 5.2 years of follow-up (range, 3 months to 17 years). The incidence of avascular necrosis was 25.3% (37 hips). The average time to diagnosis of avascular necrosis was 18.8 months (range, 3-47 months). Patient sex, age, interval from injury to surgery, and mechanism of injury were statistically not associated with the development of avascular necrosis. The quality of fracture reduction, adequacy of fixation, degree of displacement, and comminution of the posterior cortex were significantly associated. After we controlled for patient and radiographic characteristics, multivariate analyses indicated that the important predictors for avascular necrosis are poor reduction (odds ratio=13.889) and initial displacement of the fracture (odds ratio=4.693).     

Early prediction of avascular necrosis of the femoral head following femoral neck fractures

The treatment of acute fracture of the femoral neck remains an unsolved problem. Fifty-three patients are presented using 99mTc phosphate scintigraphy with quantitative computer interpretation to predict the viability of the femoral head following acute fracture. The accuracy of prediction was 92.5%; the scans were incorrect in four patients. Armed with a safe, simple diagnostic procedure and a greater than 90% accurate prognosis, a rational program of treatment can be prescribed for the individual patient.     

儿童股骨颈骨折后股骨头缺血性坏死的相关因素分析

目的 探讨儿奄股骨颈骨折后股骨头缺血性坏死的影响因素.方法 回顾1994年6月至2006年4月收治的33例儿童股骨颈骨折患者资料,其中Delbet Ⅰ型1例、Ⅱ型15例、Ⅲ型14例、Ⅳ型2例.平均受伤年龄10.7岁(3.7-14.1岁).所有患儿均随访至骨折愈合后,平均随访时间为3.4年(1.0-12.2年).16例发生股骨头缺血性坏死,其中Ratliff Ⅰ型犁8例、Ⅱ型3例、Ⅲ璎4例、分型不详1例.将受伤年龄、骨折类型、骨折移位程度、复位质量及内固定物类型等影响凶素分别与股骨头缺血性坏死进行计算和统计分析.结果年龄＜10岁组(11例)有4例、年龄≥10岁组(22例)有12例发生股骨头缺血性坏死(P=0.465).骨折Delbet Ⅱ型组(15例)有8例、Ⅲ型组(14例)有6例发生股骨头缺血性坏死,发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.715).无移位骨折组(4例)有1例、移位骨折组(26例)有14例发生股骨头缺血性坏死,发牛率比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.598).复位满意组(20例)有10例、复位不满意组(9例)有6例发生股骨头缺血性坏死,发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.454).非坚强内固定组(27例)有13例、坚强内固定组(4例)有2例发生股骨头缺血性坏死,发牛率比较差异无统计学意义(P=1.000).结论 骨折类型、骨折移位程度、复位质量及受伤年龄等因素均可以影响儿童股骨颈骨折后股骨头缺血性坏死的发牛率.     

塌陷前期股骨头坏死的保头手术治疗的进展

股骨头坏死是一种由多种原因引起股骨头血运障碍而导致骨细胞及骨髓成分的死亡,最终导致股骨头塌陷,进而影响髋关节功能的难治性疾病。其治疗关键在于早期诊断并治疗,防止骨塌陷,延迟或避免髋关节置换手术。该病早期有很多外科手术治疗方法,至今仍无公认的确切有效的治疗方案。现主流以髓芯减压术为基础,联合骨移植术、钽棒植入术、骨髓间充质干细胞等方案治疗股骨头坏死。另外也有数种截骨术通过改变负重部位以减轻压力,延缓股骨头坏死。其中钽棒由于优缺点众多,其对股骨头坏死的治疗作用仍有争议,而骨髓间充质干细胞移植法治疗早期股骨头坏死展现出了巨大潜力。     

股骨颈骨折后股骨头坏死的病理学特点观察

股骨头坏死是股骨颈骨折的主要并发症 ,虽然股骨颈骨折后引起头坏死的因素很多 ,但其根本原因是供应头的营养血管损伤 ,血供中断而造成头的部分缺血或整个头的无血状态。为了详细观察和了解股骨颈骨折后头坏死、修复的过程和影响因素 ,为以后股骨头坏死早期诊断和股骨颈骨折的治疗提供依据 ,笔者设计了此实验。1　材料与方法1 1　动物与分组　同一批 6个月龄健康新西兰大白兔共 66只 ,雌雄不限 ,体重 3～ 3 5ｋｇ ,实验组 60只 ,随机分成 10个小组 ,每组 6只 ,另 6只作对照组。1 2　实验过程　实验组 :用 2 5 %硫喷妥钠通过耳缘静脉作连续…     

Fracture of the femoral head

Fracture of the femoral head is a severe, relatively uncommon injury; typically, it occurs following traumatic posterior dislocation of the hip joint. The Pipkin classification is the most commonly used classification system. Diagnosis is aided by a complete history, physical examination, and imaging, including computed tomography. Treatment consists of urgent closed reduction of the dislocated hip followed by nonsurgical or surgical management of any associated fractures. Controversies include the preferred surgical approach (anterior versus posterior) and whether to perform femoral head fragment excision or internal fixation. Complications associated with fracture of the femoral head and subsequent treatment include osteonecrosis, posttraumatic osteoarthritis, and heterotopic ossification. Fracture of the femoral head has been associated with a relatively poor functional outcome.     

头颈开窗带血供蘑菇状植骨治疗股骨头缺血坏死

目的 探讨应用一种新的带血供植骨方法治疗股骨头缺血坏死的疗效。方法 采用头颈开窗，死骨清除，带血供磨菇状植骨治疗股骨头缺血坏死患者31例，按Ficat分期；ⅡA期10例，ⅡB期13例，Ⅲ期8例，旋髂深骨瓣移植13例，缝匠肌骨瓣5例，阔筋膜张肌骨瓣4例，大转子骨瓣9例，结果 随访1.5-4年，根据王岩等的诊断标准综合评价；优20例，良7例，可2例，差2例，优良率为87.1%。结论 头颈 开窗磨菇状植骨可以改善和重建股骨头的血供，避免股骨头应力集中，预防和治疗股骨头塌陷。     

带血管蒂髂骨瓣转移术治疗成人股骨头无菌性坏死

目的观察带旋股外侧动脉升支血管蒂髂骨瓣转移加游离植骨术治疗成人中晚期股骨头无菌坏死的疗效。方法采用带旋股外侧动脉升支血管蒂髂骨瓣转移加游离植骨术治疗中、晚期股骨头无菌坏死32例38髋。术中在膝关节镜下彻底清除坏死骨．切取带血管蒂骨瓣及用游离植骨将坏死腔填满充实。结果32例38髋随访24～72个月。按成人股骨头无菌性坏死的疗效百分评价法，优良率达94.7％(36／38)。结论应用带旋股外侧动脉升支血管蒂髂骨瓣转移加游离植骨术治疗成人股骨头无菌性坏死具有以下优点：①青壮年患者避免行人工髋关节置换术后假体下沉、关节附近骨破坏等并发症；②彻底清除坏死骨及减压；③重建股骨头血运，形成自体骨的股骨头有利于股骨头的修复与重建。该术式适用于50岁以下股骨头坏死FicatⅡ、Ⅲ期患者，Ⅱ期病例远期效果更佳。     

应用吻合血管的游离腓骨移植治疗陈旧性股骨颈骨折

目的 对股骨颈骨折内固定失败和骨不连采用吻合血管的游离腓骨移植术治疗并进行临床评价。方法 对自2000年11月～2003年10月，采用吻合血管的游离腓骨移植术治疗的9例股骨颈骨折骨不连伴早期股骨头坏死的病例进行随访，平均随访时间22．5月。结果 9例骨折均获愈合，骨折愈合时间4～6月。在X线片上，所有病例的股骨头骨密度都表现明显增高，未见股骨头坏死加重的表现。Harris评分89．2分。结论 吻合血管的游离腓骨移植术是治疗股骨颈骨折内固定失败伴早期股骨头坏死的有效方法。     

Percutaneously drilling through femoral head and neck fenestration combining with compacted autograft for early femoral head necrosis: A retrospective study

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical results, survivorship and quick rehabilitation effects of modified surgery of percutaneously drilling and decompression through femoral head and neck fenestration combined with compacted autograft for early femoral head necrosis.

股骨颈骨折术后股骨头缺血性坏死的发生及转归

目的探讨股骨颈骨折内固定术后股骨头缺血性坏死的发生及转归。方法对1993年1月至1999年12月间于北京积水潭医院创伤骨科行内固定治疗的137例股骨颈骨折患者资料进行了回顾性研究;年龄17～77岁,平均49.1岁;男79例,女58例。按股骨颈骨折Garden分型:Ⅰ型4例,Ⅱ型23例,Ⅲ型71例,Ⅳ型38例,1例未分型。闭合复位134例,切开复位3例。随访14～95个月,平均49.1个月。结果截至2001年1月,发生股骨头缺血性坏死者51例(37.2%),发展成晚期塌陷者33例(24.1%)。49例(96.1%)病变在伤后5年内发现,伤后第2年和第3年发现的例数最多。活动受限是股骨头缺血性坏死最常见的临床症状,其次为跛行和疼痛;晚期塌陷组中约有30%的病例没有明确疼痛主诉,但平均Harris评分低于早期坏死组。股骨头缺血性坏死及晚期塌陷发生的相关因素分析表明:骨折的移位程度和骨折的复位质量(包括对线和对位)均对病变的发生具有显著影响(P<0.05);而60岁以上者有较低的股骨头缺血性坏死发生率及晚期塌陷率,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对X线片的分析提示股骨头缺血性坏死早期病变的位置与预后可能存在一定关系。结论股骨颈骨折患者术后应至少随访5年,伤后2～3年应密切观察。股骨颈骨折的原始移位程度是决定骨折术后是否发生股骨头缺血性坏死的主要因素。