免疫应答期间大鼠脑内乙酰且碱酯酶活性的变化

用绵羊红细胞免疫大鼠，在免疫后第３天至第６天，使用光电比色法检测大鼠海马、正丘脑、丘脑、中脑和脑桥内乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的变化。结果表明，海马和正丘脑中ＡＣｈＥ活性在免疫后第３天至第６天均显著低于对照组；而丘脑、中脑和脑桥内ＡＣｈＥ活性与对照组比较均无明显差异，由此提示：在体液免疫应签期间，海马和下丘脑中ＡＣｈＥ活性降低，亦即以上两脑区中乙酰胆碱含量可能增加。我们以往的实验说明，中枢ＡＣｈ可调节体液免     

脑缺血／再灌注后大鼠海马GABA、AchE水平和迟发性神经元损害关系的研究

为探讨海马ＧＡＢＡ、ＡｃｈＥ和迟发性神经元损害（ｄｅｌａｙｅｄｎｅｕｒｏｎａｌｄａｍａｇｅ，ＤＮＤ）的关系，观察了脑缺血／再灌注后大鼠海马亚区ＧＡＢＡ含量、ＡｃｈＥ活性和海马组织病理改变。发现再灌注５ｍｉｎ，海马亚区ＧＡＢＡ含量显著升高，再灌注１ｈ和６～１２ｈ，ＧＡＢＡ含量明显降低，ＣＡ＿１区更明显。再灌注５ｍｉｎ至１ｈ，海马亚区ＡｃｈＥ活性明显升高。再灌注４８ｈ后，光镜下见海马ＣＡ＿１区神经元出现缺血性改变，提示：（１）再灌注后，ＧＡＢＡ含量减少、海马内源性抑制降低可能是ＣＡ＿１区ＤＮＤ的因素之一。（２）再灌注早期ＡｃｈＥ活性升高，提示Ａｃｈ代谢变化可能和ＤＮＤ有关。（３）再灌注后ＧＡＢＡ和ＡｃｈＥ在海马各亚区的明显改变，提示ＣＡ＿１区选择性易损和递质代谢变化密切相关，而ＣＡ＿１区神经元本身的生理生化特性也起着重要的作用。     

新生大鼠海马,隔和下丘脑培养细胞中AchE阳性...

应用乙酰胆碱酯酶（ＡｃｈＥ）组化方法，观察了ＡｃｈＥ阳性神经元在新生大鼠海马、隔和下丘脑培养细胞中的分布及形态特征。ＡｃｈＥ阳性神经元胞体都较大。在海马培养细胞中ＡｃｈＥ阳性神经元数较少，为多极神经元，胞体着色浅。但在隔和下丘脑培养细胞中ＡｃｈＥ阳性神经元数较大，多为双极神经元，胞体呈中强度染色。这三种培养细胞中的ＡｃｈＥ阳性神经元数均随着培养时间的延长而逐渐增多。     

大鼠重组中枢型乙酰胆碱转移酶单克隆抗体的制备(英文)

利用分子生物学方法制备了大鼠中枢型乙酰胆碱转移酶（ｃＣｈＡＴ）的单克隆抗体并利用免疫组织化学等方法进行了检测。以大鼠纹状体ｃＤＮＡ 为模板，扩增出长度为７１５ ｂｐ 的大鼠ｃＣｈＡＴ 基因片段（含外显子６～１０）。将该片段克隆到ｐＧＥＭ－Ｔ 载体中进行测序，将碱基序列正确的ｃＣｈＡＴ ｃＤＮＡ 片段定向插入ｐＭ ＡＬ－ｃ２ 载体中，构建成表达载体。利用ＤＮＡ测序对连接部位的阅读框架进行分析，未出现移码突变。将表达载体转化大肠杆菌并经诱导表达了分子量为６９ ｋＤａ 的融合蛋白，其大小与用表达载体的氨基酸序列所推导的分子量一致。用纯化后的融合蛋白作为抗原免疫Ｂａｌｂ／ｃ 小鼠，并获得了Ｍ ａｂ６７６ 克隆。利用Ｗ ｅｓｔｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ方法对其进行分析表明该克隆能识别大鼠脑组织提取物中分子量为６２ ｋＤａ 的蛋白成分，这与大鼠脑中ＣｈＡＴ 分子量的大小一致。利用此单克隆抗体进行免疫组织化学反应的阳性结构见于纹状体、苍白球、Ｂｒｏｃａ氏斜角带核、无名质、内侧隔核以及脑干的脑神经运动核等胆碱能神经元的聚集区。上述结果表明本研究所制备的单克隆抗体具有识别大鼠ｃＣｈＡＴ 的特异性。     

脑缺血／再灌注后大鼠海马GABA,AchE水平和迟发性神经元损害…

为探讨海马ＧＡＢＡ，ＡｃｈＥ和迟发性神经元损害的关系，观察了脑缺血／再灌注后大鼠海马亚区ＧＡＢＡ含量，ＡｃｈＥ活性和海马组组织病理改变。发现再灌注５ｍｉｎ，海马亚区ＧＡＢＡ含量显著升高，再灌注１ｈ和６－１２ｈ，ＧＡＢＡ含量明显降低，ＣＡ１区更明显。再灌注５ｍｉｎ至１ｈ，海马亚区ＡｃｈＥ活性明显长高。再注４８ｈ后，光镜下见海马ＣＡ１区神经元出现缺血性改变，提示：（１）再灌注后，ＧＡＢＡ含量减少，海马     

毁损Meynert基底核造成皮层及海马的乙酰胆硷酯酶减少：行为学 …

本研究通过毁损Ｍｅｙｎｅｒｔ基底核（ｎｂＭ）建立Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ氏病（ＡＤ）动物模型。用乙酰胆硷酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）细胞化学方法对模型动物大脑皮层及海马进行反应,评价ＡｃｈＥ与ＡＤ之间可能存在的关系,将４８只大鼠分成对照组及实验组,用Ｍｏｒｒｉｓ水宫（ＭＷＭ）测定行为学变化,在实验组,以局部注射海人藻酸的方法毁损ｎｂＭ。术后７ｄ,再次检测其行为学变化,存活不同时间后,用ＡＣｈＥ酶细胞化学技术染色脑切     

运动对小鼠海马结构和大脑皮质胆碱能纤维的影响

用组织化学方法结合体视学测量研究小鼠海马结构和大脑皮质胆碱能纤维的年龄变化以及长期适量运动（跑转笼）对胆碱能纤维的影响。以同年龄对照组心重／体重比率均值的２倍标准差作为运动有效标准。结果显示，老年鼠（２４月龄）海马ＣＡ１区、ＣＡ３区，齿状回分子层和运动、体感皮质第Ⅲ和Ⅴ层乙酰胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）阳性纤维密度明显低于成年鼠（１３月龄）和青年鼠（５月龄）（Ｐ＜０．０１），后两者间除海马ＣＡ３区分子层纤维密度成年鼠稍低外Ｐ＜０．０５），其它各区无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；５月龄小鼠经过８和１９个月运动后，被检各区ＡＣｈＥ阳性纤维密度均显著高于同年龄对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果表明从青年开始的长期适量运动能够促进海马和皮质内胆碱能纤维的增生，延缓衰老时胆碱能纤维的丢失。     

阿托品减轻大鼠脑缺血后再灌流损害机制的初步探讨

为探讨乙酰胆碱（ａｃｅｔｙｌｃｈｏｌｉｎｅ，Ａｃｈ）在神经元缺血性损害中的作用和机制，本实验观察了Ａｃｈ能Ｍ受体拮抗剂阿托品对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损害的影响，发现阿托品（２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，ｂｗ，ｉｐ）可明显减轻大鼠前脑缺血后再灌流所致海马ＣＡ１区神经元迟发性损害，减小大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞后再灌流损害范围，而对局部皮质血流变化无影响，表明阿托品对缺血脑组织的保护作用不是由于改善了局部脑血流，提示Ａｃｈ参与神     

脑内注射Aβ_(25-35)未见对大鼠隔-海马胆碱能系统的毒性作用

本文运用ＣｈＡＴ 免疫组织化学方法和ＡＣｈＥ组织化学方法观察了Ａβ２５ ３５对大鼠隔 海马胆碱能系统的影响。结果如下：Ａβ２５ ３５注射入内侧隔核，存活１４ ｄ，内侧隔核ＣｈＡＴ 阳性细胞和其支配靶区海马ＡＣｈＥ 阳性纤维的形态和数量未见明显变化；Ａβ２５ ３５注射入海马，存活１４ ｄ，注射点附近ＡＣｈＥ纤维和同侧内侧隔核ＣｈＡＴ 阳性细胞也未见明显变化。上述结果显示，在目前实验条件下，脑内注射Ａβ２５ ３５对大鼠隔 海马胆碱能系统没有明显影响。结合文献讨论，本文作者认为：Ａβ对中枢胆碱能系统是否具有毒性作用还有待进一步探索。     

蒙古种沙土鼠背海马胆碱能投射来源

应用ＨＲＰ逆行追踪乙酰胆碱酯酶（Ａｃｅｔｙｌｃｈｏｌｉｎｅｓｔｅｒａｓｅ ＡｃｈＥ）组化技术，研究了２５例蒙古沙土鼠背海马的胆碱能投射来源。将ＨＲＰ引入背海马后行ＡｃｈＥ－ＨＲＰ联合反应，在同侧内侧隔核、斜角带核、视前大细胞核等处（基底大细胞核）出现ＡｃｈＥ－ＨＲＰ双标记神经元胞体，并在背海马局部发现广泛存在着ＡｃｈＥ纤维和末梢，而未见强染色的ＡｃｈＥ阳性胞体。以上结果提示：沙土鼠背海马的乙酰胆碱     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.