Excretion of codeine and morphine following ingestion of poppy seeds

After the ingestion of three poppy-seed bagels, the following codeine and morphine concentrations were determined in the urine: 214 ng/mL codeine and 2797 ng/mL morphine at 3 h, and 16 ng/mL codeine and 676 ng/mL morphine at 22 h. This work indicates that a positive finding of codeine or morphine in the urine of an individual does not necessarily indicate heroin, morphine, or codeine use.     

Detection of morphine in blood and urine samples from horses administered poppy seeds and morphine sulfate orally

The objective of this study was to determine if the administration of poppy seeds to horses would result in detectable concentrations of morphine in urine and blood samples, as has been shown to occur in humans. In this study blood and urine samples were collected following administration of poppy seeds and morphine sulfate orally to four horses. Urine samples were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of morphine. All urine samples testing positive by ELISA, as well as plasma samples collected after administration of the 10-g doses of poppy seeds, were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the presence of morphine. Morphine was detectable in the plasma samples for at least 4 h after administration of 10 g of poppy seeds. Morphine was detectable in urine samples for up to 24 h after administration of 10 g, 5 g, and 1 g of poppy seeds and 426.7 microg of morphine as morphine sulfate. The results of this study indicate that horses that consume or are administered poppy seeds may have detectable concentrations of morphine in their urine and plasma for hours after administration.     

Urinary concentrations of morphine and codeine after consumption of poppy seeds

A quantitative analysis of morphine and codeine in human urine was performed after oral intake of cakes containing commercially available poppy seeds in order to estimate the possibility of positive doping results. Therefore, eight products from different manufacturers (poppy seeds or baking mixtures) and origin were obtained and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the presence of the alkaloids. One selected batch of poppy seeds was used as an ingredient in a typical cake and was the object of an excretion study with nine volunteers. After application, several urine specimens contained morphine with concentrations higher than 1 microg/mL, and peak values of approximately 10.0 microg/mL were detected. Because the International Olympic Committee set a cutoff limit for morphine at 1 microg/mL, high-performance athletes could possibly test positive in doping control after consumption of products containing poppy seeds.     

服用含罂粟壳药物尿液中阿片类物质的检测

部分止咳中成药物含有罂粟壳成分 ,罂粟壳进入人体后代谢产物的主要成分有可待因、吗啡、蒂巴因和罂粟碱等。其中的吗啡成分与吸食毒品海洛因后的最终代谢产物相同。吗啡胶体金检测技术主要应用于针对海洛因吸毒者的尿液中吗啡的检测 ,但也对服用止咳药物正常人产生阳性结果。罂粟壳和海洛因经人体代谢后的最终产物有差异 ,所以利用气相色谱技术检测罂粟壳代谢后的其它产物 ,可快速、准确地提供确实的客观证据。1材料与方法1 1实验材料盐酸吗啡标准样品 (公安部物证鉴定中心提供批号 :96 0 6 ) ;提取液为氯仿∶异丙醇 (3∶1) ;pH值为9 2的N…     

The development and validation of the HLPC method for morphine content determination in poppy straw

The HPLC method for morphine content determination in poppy straw has heen developed and validated. The method validation involved reproducibility and the following parameters of accuracy: selectivity and specificity, linearity and limits of detection and determination, interferences and recovery. The method was used to determine the morphine content in plant resources classified by the Law on "Neutralization of drug abuse" as a intoxicating agent from group I-N, in the content range of 0.02 to 0.27%. The determination was established for 80 samples of plant resources from the whole country of Poland.     

Morphine and codeine in oral fluid after controlled poppy seed administration

Opiates are an important drug class in drug testing programmes. Ingestion of poppy seeds containing morphine and codeine can yield positive opiate tests and mislead result interpretation in forensic and clinical settings. Multiple publications evaluated urine opiate concentrations following poppy seed ingestion, but only two addressed oral fluid (OF) results; neither provided the ingested morphine and codeine dosage. We administered two 45 g raw poppy seed doses, each containing 15.7 mg morphine and 3.1 mg codeine, 8 h apart to 17 healthy adults. All OF specimens were screened by on‐site OF immunoassay Draeger DrugTest 5000, and confirmed with OF collected with Oral‐Eze® device and quantified by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (1 µg/L morphine and codeine limits of quantification). Specimens (n = 459) were collected before and up to 32 h after the first dose. All specimens screened positive 0.5 h after dosing and remained positive for 0.5–13 h at Draeger 20 µg/L morphine cut‐off. Maximum OF morphine and codeine concentrations (C_max) were 177 and 32.6 µg/L, with times to C_max (T_max) of 0.5–1 h and 0.5–2.5 h post‐dose, respectively. Windows of detection after the second dose extended at least 24 h for morphine and to 18 h for codeine. After both doses, the last morphine positive OF result was 1 h with 40 µg/L 2004 proposed US Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration cut‐off, and 0.5 h with 95 µg/L cut‐off, recently recommended by the Driving under the Influence of Drugs and Medicines project. Positive OF morphine results are possible 0.5–1 h after ingestion of 15.7 mg of morphine in raw poppy seeds, depending on the cut‐off employed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

HPLC determination of troxerutin in plasma and urine following oral administration in man

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC) is described for the analysis of 3',4',7-tri-O-(beta-hydroxy-ethyl)-rutoside (troxerutin) in human plasma and urine. After separation of interfering substances on XAD-2 trihydroxyethylrutoside is converted to tetrahydroxyethylrutoside by 2-chlorethanol in alkaline medium. After HPLC-separation tetrahydroxyethylrutoside is quantified by fluorescence detection. The pharmacokinetics of troxerutin were measured in plasma after oral administration to man. The relative bioavailability of the drug from Venelbin was 97.8 +/- 37.1% compared to an aqueous standard solution.     

Pharmacokinetics of triclosan following oral ingestion in humans

The number of personal hygiene products containing triclosan has increased rapidly during the last decade, and triclosan is one of the most common antibacterial compounds used in dentifrices today. However, the extent of triclosan exposure has not yet been well described. The potential risks of generating triclosan-resistant pathogenic microorganisms or of the selection of resistant strains are some areas of concern. The aim of the present study was to (1) obtain information on baseline levels of triclosan in plasma and urine, and (2) study the pharmacokinetic pattern of triclosan after a single-dose intake. Ten healthy volunteers were exposed to a single oral dose of 4 mg triclosan by swallowing an oral mouthwash solution. Triclosan in plasma and urine was followed before and up to 8 d after exposure. Triclosan levels in plasma increased rapidly, with a maximum concentration within 1 to 3 h, and the terminal plasma half-life was 21 h. The major fraction was excreted within the first 24 h. The accumulated urinary excretion varied between the subjects, with 24 to 83% of the oral dose being excreted during the first 4 d after exposure. In conclusion, triclosan appears to be readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and has a rapid turnover in humans. The high lipid solubility of the substance gives rise to questions regarding distribution properties and accumulation. The findings of the present study form a basis for greater understanding of the toxicokinetic properties of triclosan in humans.     

Detection of marijuana use by oral fluid and urine analysis following single-dose administration of smoked and oral marijuana

We compared oral fluid testing to urine testing in subjects who were administered single doses of marijuana by smoked and oral routes. Oral fluid specimens were collected with the Intercept DOA Oral Specimen Collection Device, screened for THC with the Cannabinoids Intercept MICRO-PLATE Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) utilizing a 1.0-ng/mL cutoff concentration, and confirmed for THC by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) with a 0.5-ng/mL cutoff concentration. Urine specimens were screened for 11-nor-carboxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) by immunoassay utilizing a 50-ng/mL cutoff concentration and confirmed for THCCOOH by GC-MS with a 15-ng/mL cutoff concentration. Oral fluid specimens tested positive following smoked marijuana (N = 10) consecutively for average periods (+/-SEM; range) of 15 (+/-2; 1-24) and 13 h (+/-3; 1-24) by EIA and GC-MS-MS, respectively. The average THC detection times of the last oral fluid positive specimen following smoked marijuana by EIA and GC-MS-MS were 31 (+/-9; 1-72) and 34 h (+/-11; 1-72), respectively. In comparison to oral fluid, urine specimens generally tested negative for THCCOOH immediately after marijuana use. The average times to detection of the first urine specimen positive for THCCOOH by EIA and GC-MS were 6 (+/-2; 1-16) and 4 h (+/-1; 2-8), respectively. Urine specimens tested positive consecutively for average periods of 26 (+/-9; 2-72) and 33 h (+/-10; 4-72) for EIA and GC-MS, respectively. The average THCCOOH detection times of the last specimen by EIA and GC-MS were 42 (+/-10; 2-72) and 58 h (+/-6; 16-72), respectively. Considering the noninvasive nature of oral fluid collection and improved detection of recent marijuana use compared to urine testing, it was concluded that oral fluid testing for THC offers specific advantages over other means of marijuana testing when used in safety-sensitive testing programs.     

从罂粟籽中提取吗啡的分析1例

本案例中介绍了一种从罂粟籽中提取吗啡的方法,并用GC／MS对其所含的吗啡成份进行定性分析,用GC／FID进行定量分析。提取方法简便,结果准确。     

Effect of early and later colony housing on oral ingestion of morphine in rats

Male and female rats were raised from weaning either in isolation or in a large colony. At 65 days of age, halfe the rats in each environment were moved to the other. At 80 days, the animals were given continuous access to water and to a sequence of 7 solutions: 3 sweet or bitter-sweet control solutions and 4 different concentrations of morphine hydrochloride (MHCl) in 10% sucrose solution. Rats housed in the colony at the time of testing drank less MHCl solution than isolated rats, but no less of the control solutions. Colony-dwelling rats previously housed in isolation tended to drink more MHCl solution than those housed in the colony since weaning, but this effect reached statistical significance only at the lowest concentration of MHCl. These data were related to the hypothesis that colony rats avoid morphine because it interferes with complex, species-specific behavior.