树鼩血栓性脑缺血中心区及半暗区神经元PAF受体结合特性的研究

目的：观察血栓性局部脑缺血过程中缺血中心区及半暗区血小板活化因子（PAF）受体的消长变化,探讨PAF在脑缺血中心区及半暗区神经元继发性脑损伤中的分子机制。方法：建立光化学诱导树鼩血栓性局部脑缺血模型并提取树鼩脑细胞膜蛋白,用[³H]-PAF放射配体结合试验检测中枢神经细胞膜不同特性的PAF结合位点（受体）。结果：树鼩脑细胞膜上存在两种亲和性不同的PAF受体,即高亲和性和低亲和性受体,其亲和力（kD）分别为(3.61±0.72) nmol/L（kD₁）和17.04±2.41) nmol/L（kD₂）相应的最大结合容量（B_max）分别为(1 457.94±168.01) pmol/g蛋白和(5 017.40±742.16) pmol/g蛋白。脑缺血4、24及72 h中心区、半暗区及对侧区高、低亲和性受体的kD值、B_max值均显著低于假手术组（P<0.01）,中心区及半暗区尤为明显,其中以缺血后24 h的变化最为显著。结论：PAF受体在介导缺血性脑损伤过程中起着重要作用,缺血中心区及半暗区机能代谢的不同与PAF受体亲和特性及最大结合容量改变不同有关,亦是PAF介导继发性脑损伤的重要分子基础。     

树鼩血栓性脑缺血时单胺氧化酶活性的变化及银杏内酯B作用机制探讨

目的 :揭示血栓性脑缺血时缺血区和血清单胺氧化酶 (MAO)活性变化及对血小板活化因子 (PAF)受体拮抗剂银杏内酯B(GB)作用机理的探讨。方法 :建立光化学诱导树鼠句血栓性脑缺血模型 ,用酶比色法测量缺血后4、2 4及 72h中心区、半暗区、对侧区及血清的MAO活性 ,并用双缩脲法测定上述各区的蛋白含量。结果 :脑缺血后不同时间缺血中心区MAO活性显著低于假手术组 [(15 4 1± 1 6 3)× 10 3 U/g蛋白 ]或对侧区 [(15 4 7± 1 6 8)× 10 3 U/g蛋白 ],以 72h最为明显 [(2 19± 1 96 )× 10 3 U/g蛋白 ,P <0 0 1];此时缺血半暗区和血清MAO活性 [分别为 (2 5 30± 2 0 1)× 10 3 U/g蛋白和 (2 10 0 4± 2 6 6 7)× 10 3 U/L]明显高于假手术组 (P <0 0 1)。光化学反应后 6h舌下静脉一次注射PAF受体拮抗剂GB(5mg·kg-1)后 2 4h时 ,半暗区MAO活性明显低于缺血组 ,而中心区则高于缺血组 (P <0 0 1)。MAO活性变化与相应区域蛋白含量改变一致 (r=0 81,P <0 0 5 )。结论 :脑缺血后中心区、半暗区MAO活性改变是相应区域单胺类递质消长变化的主要原因 ,MAO活性变化与神经元蛋白质合成能力的改变有关 ;GB的脑保护作用与其拮抗PAF受体和调节MAO活性而促进递质平衡有关。     

银杏内酯B对光化学诱导树鼩脑缺血时神经PAF受体结合特性的影响

目的 :观察光化学反应后 2 4ｈ中心区、半暗区ＰＡＦ受体结合特性 ,探讨血小板活化因子 (ＰＡＦ)受体拮抗剂 -银杏内酯Ｂ(ｇｉｎｋｇｏｌｉｄｅ ,ＧＢ)对脑缺血时神经元的保护机制。方法 :应用光化学诱导树鼠句局部脑缺血模型 ,于光化学反应后 6ｈ ,给药组舌下静脉一次注射ＧＢ 5ｍｇ/ｋｇ(ＧＢ组 ) ,对照组同时注射等量溶剂(溶剂组 )。检测ＧＢ组缺血中心区及半暗区的ＰＡＦ受体结合特性的变化。结果 :ＧＢ组半暗区两种ＰＡＦ受体亲和力 (ｋｄ分别为 3 0 9± 0 0 8ｎＭ(高亲和性受体 ,ｋｄ1 )及 1 1 34± 0 78ｎＭ(低亲和性受体 ,ｋｄ2 …     

光化学诱导树鼩脑缺血时半暗区PAF受体与MAO活性改变的相互关系

目的 :揭示树鼠句血栓性脑缺血半暗区血小板活化因子 (ｐｌａｔｅｌｅｔａｃｔｉｖａｔｉｎｇｆａｃｔｏｒ,ＰＡＦ)受体与单胺氧化酶 (ｍｏｎｏａｍｉｎｅｏｘｉｄａｓｅ ,ＭＡＯ)活性改变之间的相互关系 ;探讨二者缺血半暗区形成及继发性脑损伤中的生物学作用。方法 :采用生物学特性接近于人的低等灵长类动物 -树鼠句 ,通过光化学反应诱导局部血栓性脑缺血 ,应用 [3Ｈ]-ＰＡＦ放射配体结合试验及酶比色法分别于实验后 4、2 4及 72ｈ检测缺血后中心区及半暗区ＰＡＦ受体亲和特点及ＭＡＯ活性的消长变化。结果与讨论 :脑缺血半暗区病理生理变…     

树鼩血栓性脑缺血时单胺氧化酶活性的变化及银杏内酯B作用机制探讨

目的:揭示血栓性脑缺血时缺血区和血清单胺氧化酶(MAO)活性变化及对血小板活化因子(PAF)受体拮抗剂银杏内酯B(GB)作用机理的探讨。方法:建立光化学诱导树鼠句血栓性脑缺血模型,用酶比色法测量缺血后4、24及72h中心区、半暗区、对侧区及血清的MAO活性,并用双缩脲法测定上述各区的蛋白含量。结果:脑缺血后不同时间缺血中心区MAO活性显著低于假手术组或对侧区,以72h最为明显;此时缺血半暗区和血清MAO活性明显高于假手术组(P＜0.01)。光化学反应后6h舌下静脉一次注射PAF受体拮抗剂GB(5mg·kg^-1)后24h时,半暗区MAO活性明显低于缺血组,而中心区则高于缺血组(P＜0.01)。MAO活性变化与相应区域蛋白含量改变一致(r=0.81,P＜0.05)。结论:脑缺血后中心区、半暗区MAO活性改变是相应区域单胺类递质消长变化的主要原因,MAO活性变化与神经元蛋白质合成能力的改变有关;GB的脑保护作用与其拮抗PAF受体和调节MAO活性而促进递质平衡有关。     

树鼩脑缺血半暗区PAF受体介导的微环境改变及GB保护机制的探讨

目的研究树鼩血栓性脑缺血时,血小板活化因子(PAF)受体活化介导的缺血半暗区微环境改变,并探讨PAF受体拮抗剂—银杏内酯B(ginkgolide,GB)的神经保护机制。方法采用光化学诱导树鼩血栓性局部性脑缺血模型,用3H?PAF放射免疫标记法检测缺血区微环境脑细胞PAF受体亲合性(Kd值)和结合特性(Bm ax值)的变化;用密度梯度法及原子吸收分光法分别测定缺血微环境水含量及Na+、Ca2+含量,并于光化学反应后6 h静注GB(5 mg/Kg),观察其对脑血栓形成后24 h时缺血微环境的改善效应。结果树鼩脑血栓形成后缺血半暗区微环境的改变以24 h为著,脑细胞膜高亲和性、低亲和性PAF受体的Kd值及Bm ax值明显降低,其中Kd1及Bm ax1分别为(0.611±0.9)nM和(419.4±72.6)fmol.mg-1蛋白,Kd2及Bm ax2分别为(4.08±0.5)nM和(676.8±98.66)fmol.mg-1蛋白(与对照组相比P<0.01);GB可促使缺血微环境脑细胞PAF受体Kd及Bm ax的恢复,并具有改善局部脑水肿和缓解Ca2+超载(P均<0.01)。结论PAF受体活化在介导缺血半暗区微环境改变中具有重要作用,GB可改善缺血半暗区微环境和逆转PAF受体活化介导的神经元泵功能障碍。     

银杏内酯B对树鼩血栓性脑缺血后GFAP表达的影响及机制探讨

目的:观察树鼠句血栓性脑缺血形成后不同部位星形胶质细胞表达胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的时间消长改变,以及血小板活化因子(PAF)受体拮抗剂银杏内酯B(GB)对GFAP表达的影响,并探讨其可能机制。方法:建立光化学诱导树鼠句血栓性脑缺血模型,用免疫组化法检测缺血后4、2 4、72hGFAP表达,最后用图像分析系统测定其平均灰度。结果:脑缺血后半暗区GFAP表达增多,以2 4h最为显著,其平均灰度值为6 0 .33±3 .0 9(P <0 . 0 1) ,72h表达仍高,其平均灰度值为6 0. 88±2 . 6 2 (P <0 . 0 1) ,此时对侧及远隔区GFAP表达增强。光化学反应后6h于舌下静脉注射GB(5mg/kg) ,发现缺血后2. 4h半暗区星形胶质细胞GFAP表达明显下调,与对照组相比有显著差异(P <0 . 0 5 )。结论:缺血性脑损伤后星形胶质细胞表达GFAP增多与神经元受损有关;GB通过拮抗血小板活化因子(PAF)对神经元的损伤作用使星形胶质细胞表达GFAP减少。     

树脑缺血与IL-8的关系及银杏内酯B的保护作用

目的 :观察细胞因子 ,即白细胞介素 8(ｉｎｔｅｒｌｅｕｋｉｎ - 8,ＩＬ - 8)在树鼠句血栓性脑缺血形成过程中的变化规律 ;探讨其在缺血性脑损伤中的作用以及血小板活化因子受体拮抗剂 -银杏内酯Ｂ(ｇｉｎｋｇｏｌｉｄｅ ,ＧＢ)的脑保护作用机制是否与其对ＩＬ - 8水平的调节有关。方法 :采用光化学反应法诱导树鼠句局部脑血栓形成 ;采用经典双抗夹心酶联免疫法 (ｅｎｚｙｍｅ -ｌｉｎｋｅｄｉｍｍｕｎｏｓｏｒｂｅｎｔａｓｓａｙ ,ＥＬＩＳＡ)检测缺血 4、2 4及 72ｈ中心区、半暗区、对侧区和血清的ＩＬ - 8水平 ,并观察在血栓形成后 6ｈ静…     

单胺类递质在光化学诱导树鼩血栓性脑缺血中心区及半暗区形成中的作用

目的和方法：光化学诱导树鼠句血栓性脑缺血,用荧光分光光度法检测实验后４ 、２４ 及７２ ｈ 中心区及半暗区单胺类递质的变化,并用密度梯度法测定以上各区脑水份含量,以探讨单胺类递质代谢紊乱在缺血性脑损伤中的作用。结果：光化学反应后中心区与半暗区的多巴胺（ＤＡ） 、去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ） 和５ － 羟色胺（５ － ＨＴ） 含量分别在４ 、２４ 及７２ ｈ 降至最低点（ 与假手术组相比Ｐ 均＜ ０－０１） ,然而５ － ＨＴ 的代谢产物—５ － 羟吲哚乙酸（５ － ＨＩＡＡ） 逐渐升高。中心区及半暗区脑水含量于实验后２４ ｈ 均达峰值（ Ｐ 均＜ ０－０１） 。结论：单胺类递质在光化学诱导树鼠句血栓性脑缺血,尤其是半暗区形成中具重要作用;其病理生理改变,既是血栓性脑缺血的结果,又是继发性脑损伤、脑水肿以及迟发性神经元坏死（ ＤＮＤ） 的原因     

PAF拮抗剂对光化学反应后脑缺血中心区及半暗区单胺类递质的影响

目的：探讨血小板活化因子（PAF）与单胺类神经递质缺血性脑损伤中的可能机制，并观察PAF拮抗剂银杏内酯B对抗PAF所致脑缺血中心区及半暗区病理生理改变及其逆转单胺类递质代谢紊乱的作用。方法：采用光化学诱导树血栓性脑缺血模型，舌下静脉一次性注射银杏内酯B5mg·kg-1（光化学反应后6h），观察给药后缺血中心区及半暗区单胺类递质及脑水含量的变化。结果：给药组半暗区NE、DA及5－HT依次为（403．64±50.94）ng／gwt、（474．96±44．12）ng／gwt和（495．79±33．19）ng／gwt，均分别高于缺血组（254．95±42.26）ng／gwt（P＜0．01）、（403．28±34．86）ngwt（P＜0．01）和（410.58±33．24）ng／wt（P＜0．01）；而给药组半暗区脑水份含量为（81．75±0．80）％低于缺血组（83．85±0．96）％（P＜0．01）。结论：PAF与单胺类神经递质共同参与缺血性脑损伤，并且银杏内酯B能特异性拮抗PAF受体及减少单胺递质的释放而具有抗脑缺血效应。     

Development in in vitro toxicology

There are three principal pressures driving the development of in vitro toxicology: (1) the need for more efficient testing systems to cope with the large number of xenobiotics currently being developed; (2) public pressure to reduce animal experimentation; and (3) a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Within this, in vitro toxicology is focused on local, systemic, and target-organ toxicity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a step or decision-tree approach using input of a variety of experimental data (physicochemical properties, biokinetics, cytotoxicity) provides the most efficient system for predicting toxicity. Examples of the use of in vitro toxicity systems for prediction of systemic toxicity and target-organ (liver) toxicity are presented.Originally presented at ECCP 93.     

Seasonal variations in acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Slovenia

Between December 1999 and December 2004, 40 081 pregnant women were examined for toxoplasmosis with Toxo-IgG, Toxo-IgM enzyme immunoassay. Women with positive results were then retested with the Toxo-IgG avidity assay for recent toxoplasmosis. Recent acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women was found to be significantly more frequent (p < 0.01) during winter than summer. The incidence of acute toxoplasmosis during winter-spring was also significantly more frequent (p < 0.025) than summer-autumn. This phenomenon should be taken into account when formulating preventive measures for toxoplasmosis, especially for pregnant women.     

Age-related changes in polyamines in memory-associated brain structures in rats

Polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are positively charged aliphatic amines and have important roles in maintaining normal cellular function, regulating neurotransmitter receptors and modulating learning and memory. Recent evidence suggests a role of putrescine in hippocampal neurogenesis, that is significantly impaired during aging. The present study measured the polyamine levels in memory-related brain structures in 24- (aged), 12- (middle-aged) and 4- (young) month-old rats using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. In the hippocampus, the putrescine levels were significantly decreased in the CA1 and dentate gyrus, and increased in the CA2/3 with age. Significant age-related increases in the spermidine levels were found in the CA1 and CA2/3. There was no difference between groups in spermine in any sub-regions examined. In the parahippocampal region, increased putrescine level with age was observed in the entorhinal cortex, and age did not alter the spermidine levels. The spermine level was significantly decreased in the perirhinal cortex and increased in the postrhinal cortex with age. In the prefrontal cortex, there was age-related decrease in putrescine, and the spermidine and spermine levels were significantly increased with age. This study, for the first time, demonstrates age-related region-specific changes in polyamines in memory-associated structures, suggesting that polyamine system dysfunction may potentially contribute to aged-related impairments in hippocampal neurogenesis and learning and memory.     

休克过程中肾上腺髓质素变化的研究进展

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a new peptidergic regulator of vascular function. AM serves as a hormone, which has many biological properties, plays an important role in the many pathophysiological processes, especially shock. This review will highlight the structure, biological properties of AM and the relationship between AM and shock.     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Pitfalls in TRAP assay in routine detection of malignancy in effusions

Telomerase has been found to be reactivated in a majority of cancers but is inactive in most somatic cells. Our principal goal was to determine the potential use of the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay as marker for malignancy in cytological effusions. The simple selection criterion was the cytological diagnosis, and routine samples were classified into malignant (58 samples) and nonmalignant (233 samples). Of the malignant samples, 44/58 (76%) were positive by TRAP assay. Of the 14 telomerase-negative cytology-positive samples, RNA integrity was poor in 9, indicating suboptimal sample conservation for molecular analysis. In 3 of the remaining 5 samples with a negative TRAP assay, a high number of malignant cells was observed, and these cells might have been telomerase-negative. Thus, the sensitivity of TRAP assay for the presence of malignant cells was about 76%. In the cytologically nonmalignant effusions, the presence of telomerase activity was observed in 24% (55/233). Of these, 6% were highly suspicious for malignancy, 9% were doubtful, and 9% were cytologically nonmalignant effusions confirmed by a follow-up of 12 mo or more. According to these data, the specificity of the TRAP assay to detect tumor cells in effusions ranged only between 82-91%. Our results indicate that, although the TRAP assay is positive in 6-15% of putative malignant effusions, the relatively high number of TRAP false-negative and false-positive cases renders this test unsuitable for routine diagnostic purposes.