树鼩血栓性脑缺血时单胺氧化酶活性的变化及银杏内酯B作用机制探讨

目的:揭示血栓性脑缺血时缺血区和血清单胺氧化酶(MAO)活性变化及对血小板活化因子(PAF)受体拮抗剂银杏内酯B(GB)作用机理的探讨。方法:建立光化学诱导树鼠句血栓性脑缺血模型,用酶比色法测量缺血后4、24及72h中心区、半暗区、对侧区及血清的MAO活性,并用双缩脲法测定上述各区的蛋白含量。结果:脑缺血后不同时间缺血中心区MAO活性显著低于假手术组或对侧区,以72h最为明显;此时缺血半暗区和血清MAO活性明显高于假手术组(P＜0.01)。光化学反应后6h舌下静脉一次注射PAF受体拮抗剂GB(5mg·kg^-1)后24h时,半暗区MAO活性明显低于缺血组,而中心区则高于缺血组(P＜0.01)。MAO活性变化与相应区域蛋白含量改变一致(r=0.81,P＜0.05)。结论:脑缺血后中心区、半暗区MAO活性改变是相应区域单胺类递质消长变化的主要原因,MAO活性变化与神经元蛋白质合成能力的改变有关;GB的脑保护作用与其拮抗PAF受体和调节MAO活性而促进递质平衡有关。     

树血栓性脑缺血中心区及半暗区神经元PAF受体结合特性的研究

目的 :观察血栓性局部脑缺血过程中缺血中心区及半暗区血小板活化因子 (PAF)受体的消长变化 ,探讨PAF在脑缺血中心区及半暗区神经元继发性脑损伤中的分子机制。方法 :建立光化学诱导树鼠句血栓性局部脑缺血模型并提取树鼠句脑细胞膜蛋白 ,用 [3H]-PAF放射配体结合试验检测中枢神经细胞膜不同特性的PAF结合位点 (受体 )。结果 :树鼠句脑细胞膜上存在两种亲和性不同的PAF受体 ,即高亲和性和低亲和性受体 ,其亲和力 (kD)分别为 ( 3 61± 0 72 )nmol/L(kD1)和 ( 17 0 4± 2 4 1)nmol/L(kD2 ) ,相应的最大结合容量 (Bmax)分别为 ( 14 5 7 94± 168 0 1)pmol/g蛋白和 ( 5 0 17 4 0± 74 2 16)pmol/g蛋白。脑缺血 4、2 4h及 72h中心区、半暗区及对侧区高、低亲和性受体的kD值、Bmax值均显著低于假手术组 (P <0 0 1) ,中心区及半暗区尤为明显 ,其中以缺血后 2 4h的变化最为显著。结论 :PAF受体在介导缺血性脑损伤过程中起着重要作用 ,缺血中心区及半暗区机能代谢的不同与PAF受体亲和特性及最大结合容量改变不同有关 ,亦是PAF介导继发性脑损伤的重要分子基础     

树鼩脑缺血半暗区PAF受体介导的微环境改变及GB保护机制的探讨

目的研究树鼩血栓性脑缺血时,血小板活化因子(PAF)受体活化介导的缺血半暗区微环境改变,并探讨PAF受体拮抗剂—银杏内酯B(ginkgolide,GB)的神经保护机制。方法采用光化学诱导树鼩血栓性局部性脑缺血模型,用3H?PAF放射免疫标记法检测缺血区微环境脑细胞PAF受体亲合性(Kd值)和结合特性(Bm ax值)的变化;用密度梯度法及原子吸收分光法分别测定缺血微环境水含量及Na+、Ca2+含量,并于光化学反应后6 h静注GB(5 mg/Kg),观察其对脑血栓形成后24 h时缺血微环境的改善效应。结果树鼩脑血栓形成后缺血半暗区微环境的改变以24 h为著,脑细胞膜高亲和性、低亲和性PAF受体的Kd值及Bm ax值明显降低,其中Kd1及Bm ax1分别为(0.611±0.9)nM和(419.4±72.6)fmol.mg-1蛋白,Kd2及Bm ax2分别为(4.08±0.5)nM和(676.8±98.66)fmol.mg-1蛋白(与对照组相比P<0.01);GB可促使缺血微环境脑细胞PAF受体Kd及Bm ax的恢复,并具有改善局部脑水肿和缓解Ca2+超载(P均<0.01)。结论PAF受体活化在介导缺血半暗区微环境改变中具有重要作用,GB可改善缺血半暗区微环境和逆转PAF受体活化介导的神经元泵功能障碍。     

树鼩血栓性脑缺血中心区及半暗区神经元PAF受体结合特性的研究

目的：观察血栓性局部脑缺血过程中缺血中心区及半暗区血小板活化因子（PAF）受体的消长变化,探讨PAF在脑缺血中心区及半暗区神经元继发性脑损伤中的分子机制。方法：建立光化学诱导树鼩血栓性局部脑缺血模型并提取树鼩脑细胞膜蛋白,用[³H]-PAF放射配体结合试验检测中枢神经细胞膜不同特性的PAF结合位点（受体）。结果：树鼩脑细胞膜上存在两种亲和性不同的PAF受体,即高亲和性和低亲和性受体,其亲和力（kD）分别为(3.61±0.72) nmol/L（kD₁）和17.04±2.41) nmol/L（kD₂）相应的最大结合容量（B_max）分别为(1 457.94±168.01) pmol/g蛋白和(5 017.40±742.16) pmol/g蛋白。脑缺血4、24及72 h中心区、半暗区及对侧区高、低亲和性受体的kD值、B_max值均显著低于假手术组（P<0.01）,中心区及半暗区尤为明显,其中以缺血后24 h的变化最为显著。结论：PAF受体在介导缺血性脑损伤过程中起着重要作用,缺血中心区及半暗区机能代谢的不同与PAF受体亲和特性及最大结合容量改变不同有关,亦是PAF介导继发性脑损伤的重要分子基础。     

脑缺血时皮层扩布性抑制与心功能障碍

目的 :研究树 鼠句脑缺血时单胺氧化酶 (MAO)活化在脑缺血时心功能障碍以及扩布性抑制中的可能作用。方法 :采用光化学法诱导树 鼠句血栓性脑缺血 ,测定缺血区及血清MAO活性、多巴胺及去甲肾上腺素 (NA)水平 ,经电镜观察脑及肾上腺的超微结构。记录仪检测心率(HR)、左室收缩压峰值 (LVSP) ,左室瞬间收缩与舒张最大速率 (±dp/dtmax) ,左室舒张末期压力 (LVEDP) ,平均动脉压 (MAP)。结果 :树鼠句脑缺血过程中血清NA先升高 (由 11.60± 0 .73ng/ml升高至18.46± 0 .3 9ng/ml,P <0 .0 1) ,72h后降至 8.3 2± 1.86ng/ml;血清MAO活性逐渐升高 ,达 2 10 .1± 2 6.67U/ml(P <0 .0 1) ,72h降低至对照水平 ;心功能指标 (±dp/dtmax,LVSP ) ,尤其是HR明显降低 ,由3 17.0± 98.0 1beat/min降至 2 3 7.4± 3 1.90beat/min(P <0 .0 1) ,于2 4h恢复至对照水平。结论 :血栓性脑缺血时血清NA水平明显取决于MAO活性的变化 ,后者对脑缺血时心脏舒缩功能可能具有调节作用。     

银杏内酯B对光化学诱导树鼩脑缺血时神经PAF受体结合特性的影响

目的 :观察光化学反应后 2 4ｈ中心区、半暗区ＰＡＦ受体结合特性 ,探讨血小板活化因子 (ＰＡＦ)受体拮抗剂 -银杏内酯Ｂ(ｇｉｎｋｇｏｌｉｄｅ ,ＧＢ)对脑缺血时神经元的保护机制。方法 :应用光化学诱导树鼠句局部脑缺血模型 ,于光化学反应后 6ｈ ,给药组舌下静脉一次注射ＧＢ 5ｍｇ/ｋｇ(ＧＢ组 ) ,对照组同时注射等量溶剂(溶剂组 )。检测ＧＢ组缺血中心区及半暗区的ＰＡＦ受体结合特性的变化。结果 :ＧＢ组半暗区两种ＰＡＦ受体亲和力 (ｋｄ分别为 3 0 9± 0 0 8ｎＭ(高亲和性受体 ,ｋｄ1 )及 1 1 34± 0 78ｎＭ(低亲和性受体 ,ｋｄ2 …     

银杏内酯B对树鼩血栓性脑缺血后GFAP表达的影响及机制探讨

目的:观察树鼠句血栓性脑缺血形成后不同部位星形胶质细胞表达胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的时间消长改变,以及血小板活化因子(PAF)受体拮抗剂银杏内酯B(GB)对GFAP表达的影响,并探讨其可能机制。方法:建立光化学诱导树鼠句血栓性脑缺血模型,用免疫组化法检测缺血后4、2 4、72hGFAP表达,最后用图像分析系统测定其平均灰度。结果:脑缺血后半暗区GFAP表达增多,以2 4h最为显著,其平均灰度值为6 0 .33±3 .0 9(P <0 . 0 1) ,72h表达仍高,其平均灰度值为6 0. 88±2 . 6 2 (P <0 . 0 1) ,此时对侧及远隔区GFAP表达增强。光化学反应后6h于舌下静脉注射GB(5mg/kg) ,发现缺血后2. 4h半暗区星形胶质细胞GFAP表达明显下调,与对照组相比有显著差异(P <0 . 0 5 )。结论:缺血性脑损伤后星形胶质细胞表达GFAP增多与神经元受损有关;GB通过拮抗血小板活化因子(PAF)对神经元的损伤作用使星形胶质细胞表达GFAP减少。     

肠血管活性多肽调节多器官功能衰竭时肠黏膜肥大细胞的活性

目的　探讨肠血管活性多肽 (vasoactiveintestinalpeptide ,VIP)对多器官功能衰竭 (multi pleorganfailure ,MOF)时肠黏膜肥大细胞 (intestinalmucosalmastcells,IMMC)活性的调节及其病理生理意义。方法　酵母多糖腹腔注射法制作大鼠MOF模型 ,注射酵母多糖后 ,经尾静脉输入VIP(剂量为2 0pmol g体重或 0 .2pmol g体重 ) ,观察动物肠、肝、肾、肺等重要器官的组织病理改变及谷丙转氨酶ALT、肌酐Cr、血氧分压PO2 等功能指标变化 ,测定动物外周血和小肠组织组胺水平 ,透射电镜观察IMMC超微结构变化。结果　大剂量VIP输注后 ,与MOF对照组相比 ,大鼠各重要器官病变明显加重 ,ALT升高 [(180 .6 0± 2 3.4 0 )U Lvs (331.34± 35 .0 0 )U L],Cr升高 [(10 2 .35± 17.3)U Lvs 2 0 .5 0U L],PO2 降低 [(12 .5 4± 2 .6 0 )kPavs (7.4 4± 2 .17)kPa],P <0 .0 1,小肠组胺水平明显升高 [(8.4 0± 1.79)ng g体重vs (14 .30± 2 .70 )ng g体重 ,P <0 .0 1],IMMC脱颗粒现象明显改善。而小剂量VIP输注后 ,大鼠各重要器官病变明显减轻 ,ALT下降 6 2 .35 % ,Cr下降 6 3.2 0 % ,PO2 升高 38.30 % ,P <0 .0 1,小肠组胺水平明显降低 [(8.4 0± 1.79)ng g体重vs (4.70± 0 .4 5 )ng g体重 ,P <0 .0 1],IMMC脱颗粒现象更明显。     

P-糖蛋白单克隆抗体改善MRL/lpr狼疮鼠肾脏病变的研究

目的 探讨P-糖蛋白(P-glyeoprotein,P-gp)单克隆抗体(UIC2)在改善MRL/lpr狼疮鼠肾脏病变中的作用.方法 24只14周龄雌性MRl/lpr狼疮鼠分为3组:P-gp单克隆抗体1次治疗组(G1)、P-gp单克隆抗体3次治疗组(G2)、对照组(G0).观察体重;采用考马斯亮蓝法检测24 h尿蛋白定量;采用酶联免疫吸附法试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测抗双链DNA(dsDNA)抗体水平;采用酶法检测血清肌酐水平;采用苏木素-伊红染色、免疫荧光和电镜观察肾脏病理改变.结果 ①22周时G1组和G2组体重高于G0组(P<0.05).② 24 h尿蛋白定量22周时Gl组[(1.9±1.1)mg]和G2组[(1.4±0.9)mg]低于G0组[(3.1±1.9)mg](P<0.05);26周时G1组[(2.4±1.4)mg]和G2组[(1.8±1.1)mg]低于G0组[(5.3±2.2)mg](P<0.05).③26周时血清肌酐G1组[(7.0±2.9)μmol/L]和G2组[(6.1±2.5)μmol/L]低于G0组[(12.7±1.3)umol/L](P<0.05).④19周时,抗dsDNA抗体滴度G1组[(43±19)×102 U/mL]和G2组[(45±32)×102 U/mL]低于G0组[(87±39)×102 U/mL](P<0.05);26周时G2组[(35±11)×102 U/mL]低于G0组[(59±35)×102 U/mL].⑤肾小球新月体形成率G1组(0.11±0.05)和G2组(0.09土0.01)低于G0组(0.23±0.07),G2组较Gl组减低(P均<0.05).结论 P-gp单克隆抗体可改善MRl/lpr狼疮鼠肾脏病变的进展,减少尿蛋白、降低血清肌酐,对狼疮肾炎有显著疗效.     

树鼩脑局部血栓性缺血的扩布性抑制机制探讨

目的:观察树鼩血栓性脑缺血时,对侧神经元血小板活化因子(PAF)受体活化和神经元线粒体呼吸功能改变,探讨皮层扩布性抑制的可能机制。方法:采用光化学法诱导脑血栓形成,分别观察脑缺血对侧神经元超微结构、脑细胞膜PAF受体、单胺氧化酶(MAO)活性、单胺类递质含量以及神经元线粒体呼吸功能。结果:树鼩脑缺血时对侧皮层淤血,神经元线粒体肿胀;脑缺血4h对侧神经元PAF受体亲和量降低,其变化以24 h最为显著(P<0.01);缺血区线粒体Ⅲ态呼吸速率、呼吸控制率(RCR)及氧化磷酸化效率(P/O)均明显降低;缺血对侧皮层的P/O降低(P<0.05),Ⅲ态呼吸速率明显抑制(P<0.01);伴随着对侧脑组织MAO活性的升高(P<0.01),对侧皮层的去甲肾上腺素(NA)和5-羟色胺(5-HT)含量降低而5-羟吲哚乙酸(5-HIAA)含量明显升高(P<0.01)。结论:树鼩脑缺血时对侧皮层神经元PAF受体的活化以及MAO活性的增强可能在扩布性抑制的发生中具有重要作用。     

Development in in vitro toxicology

There are three principal pressures driving the development of in vitro toxicology: (1) the need for more efficient testing systems to cope with the large number of xenobiotics currently being developed; (2) public pressure to reduce animal experimentation; and (3) a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Within this, in vitro toxicology is focused on local, systemic, and target-organ toxicity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a step or decision-tree approach using input of a variety of experimental data (physicochemical properties, biokinetics, cytotoxicity) provides the most efficient system for predicting toxicity. Examples of the use of in vitro toxicity systems for prediction of systemic toxicity and target-organ (liver) toxicity are presented.Originally presented at ECCP 93.     

Seasonal variations in acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Slovenia

Between December 1999 and December 2004, 40 081 pregnant women were examined for toxoplasmosis with Toxo-IgG, Toxo-IgM enzyme immunoassay. Women with positive results were then retested with the Toxo-IgG avidity assay for recent toxoplasmosis. Recent acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women was found to be significantly more frequent (p < 0.01) during winter than summer. The incidence of acute toxoplasmosis during winter-spring was also significantly more frequent (p < 0.025) than summer-autumn. This phenomenon should be taken into account when formulating preventive measures for toxoplasmosis, especially for pregnant women.     

Age-related changes in polyamines in memory-associated brain structures in rats

Polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are positively charged aliphatic amines and have important roles in maintaining normal cellular function, regulating neurotransmitter receptors and modulating learning and memory. Recent evidence suggests a role of putrescine in hippocampal neurogenesis, that is significantly impaired during aging. The present study measured the polyamine levels in memory-related brain structures in 24- (aged), 12- (middle-aged) and 4- (young) month-old rats using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. In the hippocampus, the putrescine levels were significantly decreased in the CA1 and dentate gyrus, and increased in the CA2/3 with age. Significant age-related increases in the spermidine levels were found in the CA1 and CA2/3. There was no difference between groups in spermine in any sub-regions examined. In the parahippocampal region, increased putrescine level with age was observed in the entorhinal cortex, and age did not alter the spermidine levels. The spermine level was significantly decreased in the perirhinal cortex and increased in the postrhinal cortex with age. In the prefrontal cortex, there was age-related decrease in putrescine, and the spermidine and spermine levels were significantly increased with age. This study, for the first time, demonstrates age-related region-specific changes in polyamines in memory-associated structures, suggesting that polyamine system dysfunction may potentially contribute to aged-related impairments in hippocampal neurogenesis and learning and memory.     

休克过程中肾上腺髓质素变化的研究进展

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a new peptidergic regulator of vascular function. AM serves as a hormone, which has many biological properties, plays an important role in the many pathophysiological processes, especially shock. This review will highlight the structure, biological properties of AM and the relationship between AM and shock.     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Pitfalls in TRAP assay in routine detection of malignancy in effusions

Telomerase has been found to be reactivated in a majority of cancers but is inactive in most somatic cells. Our principal goal was to determine the potential use of the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay as marker for malignancy in cytological effusions. The simple selection criterion was the cytological diagnosis, and routine samples were classified into malignant (58 samples) and nonmalignant (233 samples). Of the malignant samples, 44/58 (76%) were positive by TRAP assay. Of the 14 telomerase-negative cytology-positive samples, RNA integrity was poor in 9, indicating suboptimal sample conservation for molecular analysis. In 3 of the remaining 5 samples with a negative TRAP assay, a high number of malignant cells was observed, and these cells might have been telomerase-negative. Thus, the sensitivity of TRAP assay for the presence of malignant cells was about 76%. In the cytologically nonmalignant effusions, the presence of telomerase activity was observed in 24% (55/233). Of these, 6% were highly suspicious for malignancy, 9% were doubtful, and 9% were cytologically nonmalignant effusions confirmed by a follow-up of 12 mo or more. According to these data, the specificity of the TRAP assay to detect tumor cells in effusions ranged only between 82-91%. Our results indicate that, although the TRAP assay is positive in 6-15% of putative malignant effusions, the relatively high number of TRAP false-negative and false-positive cases renders this test unsuitable for routine diagnostic purposes.