Increased uptake of divalent metals lead and cadmium into the brain after kainite-induced neuronal injury

An increase in iron level, number of iron positive cells and ferritin expression has been observed in the rat hippocampus after neuronal injury induced by the excitotoxin, kainate. This is accompanied by an increased expression of divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1) in the lesioned hippocampus, suggesting that the transporter may be partially responsible for the iron accumulation. DMT1 has a broad substrate range that includes other divalent metals such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), and the present study was carried out to elucidate the uptake of these metals in the kainate-injected brain. The technique of atomic absorption spectroscopy was used for analyses. Significantly higher lead and cadmium levels were detected in the hippocampus and other brain areas of intracerebroventricular kainate-injected rats treated with lead and cadmium in the drinking water, compared to intracerebroventricular saline-injected rats treated with lead and cadmium in the drinking water. Since very low levels of lead and cadmium are present in the normal animal, these results indicate increased uptake of lead and cadmium into brain areas as a result of the kainate injections. Increased iron levels were also detected in the hippocampus of the kainate-injected rats. The above results show increased uptake of divalent metals into brain areas undergoing neurodegeneration.     

脑缺血诱导大鼠皮层和海马二价金属离子转运体1表达增加的研究

目的:探讨脑缺血对大鼠皮层、海马二价金属离子转运体1(DMT1)表达的影响。方法:雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为脑缺血1、3、7、28 d和假手术组。结扎双侧颈总动脉建立脑缺血模型组,假手术组仅分离双侧颈总动脉但不结扎。采用RT-PCR测定DMT1+/-IRE mRNA的表达;采用免疫组化染色测定大鼠皮层及海马组织DMT1的表达。结果:大鼠皮层和海马DMT1+/-IRE mRNA的表达随缺血时间的延长逐渐增加。与假手术组比较,皮层DMT1+/-IRE mRNA的表达在缺血1、3 d时无差异(P>0.05);缺血7 d时表达增加(P<0.01),缺血28d时增加更明显(P<0.01)。海马DMT1-IRE mRNA表达除在缺血1 d时与假手术组无差异外(P>0.05),其余时间点DMT1+/-IRE mRNA表达均高于假手术组(P<0.01)。随缺血时间的延长,大鼠皮层、海马的锥体细胞、颗粒细胞及血管内皮细胞DMT1的表达逐渐增加。DMT1的表达除缺血1 d组与假手术组无差别外(P>0.05),其余各组均高于假手术组(P<0.05)。结论:脑缺血可诱导大鼠皮层及海马DMT1表达升高,DMT1表达的改变可能参与了脑缺血引起大鼠脑铁含量升高及神经元铁沉积过程。     

Quinacrine attenuates increases in divalent metal transporter-1 and iron levels in the rat hippocampus,after kainate-induced neuronal injury

The present investigation was carried out to elucidate the effect of the antimalarial drug quinacrine on levels of expression of the non-heme iron transporter, divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1) and iron, in the hippocampus of rats after kainate treatment. The untreated hippocampus was lightly stained for DMT1, while an increase in DMT1 staining in astrocytes in the degenerating cornu ammonis (CA) fields, after kainate lesions. The increased DMT1 immunoreactivity was correlated with increased levels of Fe3+ and Fe2+ staining in the CA fields, as demonstrated by iron histochemistry (Perl's and Turnbull's blue stain for Fe3+ and Fe2+). The increases in DMT1 and iron staining were significantly attenuated by quinacrine. Rats injected with kainate and daily i.p. injections of quinacrine (5 mg/kg) for 7 days or 2 weeks showed significantly lower levels of DMT1 immunoreactivity and iron staining, compared with rats injected with kainate and saline. These results show that DMT1 expression is closely linked to iron levels, and provide further support for a crucial role that DMT1 plays in iron accumulation in the degenerating hippocampus.     

铁转运相关蛋白在肌萎缩性侧索硬化症转基因鼠脊髓中的表达变化

目的探讨肌萎缩性侧索硬化症(ALS)转基因鼠脊髓内铁转运相关蛋白表达变化与铁稳态失衡的关联。方法选取h SOD1G93A转基因鼠(ALS鼠)和同窝野生型鼠(WT鼠),分别于生后70、95和122 d分离脊髓,每时间点每组各9只实验动物。Western blotting检测脊髓组织内铁转运蛋白二价金属转运蛋白-1(DMT1)、铁转运蛋白-1(FPN1)及调节蛋白铁调节蛋白-1(IRP1)的表达;免疫荧光双重标记检测脊髓腰段前角内细胞共定位情况。结果 Western blotting显示,与WT鼠比较,各时间点ALS鼠脊髓内DMT1表达均显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);70 d FPN1表达升高(P<0.05),95 d和122 d表达下降(P<0.01); 95 d、122 d IRP1表达降低(P<0.01)。免疫荧光双重标记显示,在70 d WT鼠和ALS鼠腰段脊髓中DMT1主要与β-微管蛋白Ⅲ(β-tubulinⅢ)共表达。与WT组相比,95 d ALS鼠脊髓腰段前角神经元内DMT1免疫反应强,而FPN1荧光强度减弱。随疾病进展,DMT1、FP...     

Up-regulation of divalent metal transporter 1 is involved in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced apoptosis in MES23.5 cells

Apoptosis has been identified as one of the important mechanisms involved in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Our previous study showed increased iron levels in the substantia nigra as well as loss of dopaminergic neurons in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced PD mouse models. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺) is commonly used to establish a cellular model of PD. Although intracellular iron plays a crucial role in MPP⁺-induced apoptosis, the molecular mechanism linking increased iron and MPP⁺-induced neurodegeneration is largely unknown. In the present study, we investigate the involvement of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) that accounts for the ferrous iron transport in MPP⁺-treated MES23.5 cells. In the treated cells, a significant influx of ferrous iron was observed. This resulted in a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Additionally, an elevated level of ROS production and activation of caspase-3 were also detected, as well as the subsequent cell apoptosis. These effects could be fully abolished by iron chelator desferal (DFO). Increased DMT1 (−IRE) expression but not DMT1 (+IRE) accounted for the increased iron influx. However, there were no changes for iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1), despite decreased expression of IRP2. Iron itself had no effect on IRP1 and IRP2 expression. Our data suggest that although DMT1 mRNA contains an iron responsive element, its expression is not totally controlled by this. MPP⁺ could up-regulate the expression of DMT1 (−IRE) in an IRE/IRP-independent manner. Our findings also show that MPP⁺-induced apoptosis in MES23.5 cells involves DMT1-dependent iron influx and mitochondria dysfunction.     

高铁对大鼠大脑皮层二价金属转运蛋白1表达的影响

目的 探讨在脑铁代谢中发挥重要生理作用的二价金属转运蛋白1(DMT1)的表达及其调控机制.方法 大鼠(n=6)侧脑室注射右旋糖酐铁3d和7d后,采用铁组织化学法检测脑内铁含量的变化,免疫组织化学技术检测大脑皮层中DMT1的两种亚型,即DMT1(+IRE)和DMT1(-IRE)蛋白表达的变化.结果 铁组织化学染色结果显示,大鼠侧脑室注射右旋糖酐铁500μg/(只·d)7d后,大脑皮层中二价铁和三价铁均显著增高.同时,免疫组织化学结果表明,与对照组相比,脑内达高铁状态时大脑皮层DMT1(+IRE)蛋白表达显著升高,而DMT1(-IRE)蛋白表达无显著变化.结论 在大鼠大脑皮层中,DMT1(+IRE)蛋白对铁水平的升高更为敏感,其表达与脑铁水平(尤其是二价铁)呈正相关.高铁对脑内不同区域内不同亚型DMT1表达的影响存在特异性.     

Distribution of ferritin in the rat hippocampus after kainate-induced neuronal injury

A gradual increase in iron occurs in the lesioned hippocampus after neuronal injury induced by the excitotoxin kainate, and the present study was carried out to investigate whether this increase in iron might be associated with changes in expression of the iron binding protein, ferritin. An increase in ferritin immunoreactivity was observed in glial cells of the hippocampus, as early as three days after intracerebroventricular injections of kainate. The number of ferritin positive cells peaked four weeks after the kainate injection, and decreased eight and twelve weeks after injection. They were found to be mostly microglia and oligodendrocytes by double immunofluorescence labeling with glial markers. A number of ferritin-labeled endothelial cells were also observed via electron microscopy. The decline in ferritin immunoreactivity four weeks after the injection of kainate is accompanied by an increase in the number of ferric and ferrous iron positive cells in the lesioned tissue. A substantial non-overlap between ferritin and iron-containing cells was observed. In particular, spherical ferric or ferrous iron-laden cells in the degenerating hippocampus were unlabeled for ferritin for long time periods after the kainate injection. An increase in iron, together with a reduced expression of iron binding proteins such as ferritin at long time intervals after kainate lesions, could result in a relative decrease in ferritin-induced ferroxidase activity and the presence of some of the iron in the ferrous form. It is postulated that this may contribute to chronic neuronal injury, following acute kainate-induced neurodegeneration.     

Iron overload induces changes of pancreatic and duodenal divalent metal transporter 1 and prohepcidin expression in mice

It is well known that the iron content of the body is tightly regulated. Iron excess induces adaptive changes that are differentially regulated in each tissue. The pancreas is particularly susceptible to iron-related disorders. We studied the expression and regulation of key iron proteins in the pancreas, duodenum and liver, using an animal model of iron overload (female CF1 mice injected i.p. with iron saccharate, colloidal iron form). Divalent metal transporter 1, prohepcidin and ferritin (pancreas, duodenum, liver) were assessed by immunohistochemistry; divalent metal transporter 1 (pancreas, duodenum) by Western blot. In the iron overloaded mice, prohepcidin expression increased in islets of Langerhans and hepatocytes, and divalent metal transporter 1 expression decreased in cells of islets and in enterocytes. In the iron overloaded mice, ferritin expression decreased in islets of Langerhans and increased in acinar cells; hemosiderin was localized in connective tissue cells. The inverse relationship between divalent metal transporter 1 and prohepcidin may indicate a negative regulation by hepcidin, and hence reduction of iron stores in islets of Langerhans. Our data showed that in iron overloaded mice model, induced by colloidal iron form, a coordinated expression of key iron proteins in the pancreas, duodenum and liver may occur. Further research will be necessary to determine the adaptive responses induced by iron in the pancreas.     

Alteration of iron regulatory proteins (IRP1 and IRP2) and ferritin in the brains of scrapie-infected mice

Considerable evidence suggests that oxidative stress may be involved in the pathogenesis of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs). To investigate the involvement of iron metabolism in TSEs, we examined the expression levels of iron regulatory proteins (IRPs), ferritins, and binding activities of IRPs to iron-responsive element (IRE) in scrapie-infected mice. We found that the IRPs-IRE-binding activities and ferritins were increased in the astrocytes of hippocampus and cerebral cortex in the brains of scrapie-infected mice. These results suggest that alteration of iron metabolism contributes to development of neurodegeneration and that some protective mechanisms against iron-induced oxidative damage may occur during the pathogenesis of TSEs.     

Changes in cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage expression in the rat hippocampus after kainate injury

Our previous study showed an increase in total cholesterol level of the hippocampus after kainate-induced injury, but whether this is further metabolized to neurosteroids is not known. The first step in neurosteroid biosynthesis is the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone by the enzyme cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage (P450scc). This study was carried out to elucidate the expression of this enzyme in the kainate-lesioned rat hippocampus. A net decrease in P450scc protein was detected in hippocampal homogenates by Western blots at 2 weeks post-kainate injection (time of peak cholesterol concentration after kainate injury). Immunohistochemistry showed decreased labeling of the enzyme in neurons, but increased expression in a small number of astrocytes. The level of pregnenolone was also analyzed using a newly developed gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method, optimized for the rat hippocampus. A non-significant tendency to a decrease in pregnenolone level was detected 2 weeks post-lesion. This is in contrast to a large increase in oxysterols in the lesioned hippocampus at this time (He et al. 2006). Together, they indicate that increased cholesterol in the kainate lesioned hippocampus is mostly metabolized to oxysterols, and not neurosteroids. Wan-Jie Chia and Andrew M. Jenner contributed equally to this work.     

Increase in ferric and ferrous iron in the rat hippocampus with time after kainate-induced excitotoxic injury

The present study aimed to elucidate the distribution of ferric and ferrous iron in the hippocampus after kainate-induced neuronal injury. A modified Perl's or Turnbull's blue histochemical stain was used to demonstrate Fe3+ and Fe2+ respectively. Very light staining for iron was observed in the hippocampus, in normal or saline-injected rats and 1-day post-kainate-injected rats. At 1 week postinjection, a number of Fe3+-positive, but very few Fe2+-positive, cells were present, in the degenerating CA fields. At 1 month postinjection, large numbers of Fe3+-positive glial cells, and some Fe2+-positive blood vessels, were observed. At 2 months postinjection, large numbers of Fe3+- and Fe2+-positive glial cells were present. The labeled cells had light and electron microscopic features of oligodendrocytes, and were double labeled with CNPase, a marker for oligodendrocytes. The observation of an increasing number of Fe3+- and Fe2+-positive cells in the degenerating hippocampus with time is consistent with the results of a nuclear microscopic study, in which an increasing amount of iron was detected in the degenerating hippocampus after kainate injection. In addition, the present study showed a shift in the oxidation state of the accumulated iron, with more cells becoming Fe2+ at a late stage. A possible consequence of the high amounts of Fe2+ in the hippocampus after kainate injection is that it could promote free radical damage in the lesioned areas.     

Expression of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) isoforms in first trimester human placenta and embryonic tissues

BACKGROUND: Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein which mediates the proton-coupled transport of a variety of divalent metal ions. Two isoforms, which differ by the presence (DMT1-IRE) or absence (DMT1-nonIRE) of an iron-responsive element (IRE) in their 3' untranslated region, are implicated in apical iron transport and endosomal iron transport respectively. Although the expression pattern of DMT1 isoforms is tissue specific in adult, data regarding its expression in embryonic tissues are lacking. METHODS: Semiquantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to study the mRNA and protein expression of both DMT1 isoforms in embryonic tissues between 8 and 14 weeks gestational age. RESULTS: DMT1-IRE and DMT1-nonIRE expressions were ubiquitous in embryonic tissues examined. In the lung, statistically significant correlations were found between the levels of DMT1 isoform expression and gestational age. In the placenta, DMT1-IRE was the predominantly expressed isoform. Both isoform proteins were localized in embryonic epithelial cellular membrane. CONCLUSION: Both DMT1 isoforms are ubiquitously expressed in embryonic tissues in the first trimester. Predominant DMT1-IRE isoform expression in placenta suggests an iron-regulatory mechanism reminiscent of that in the adult duodenum. Epithelial distributions of both DMT1 isoforms are associated with the absorptive or excretory functions of the expressed tissues.     

DMT1在多巴胺能神经元变性中的作用研究

目的: 研究二价金属离子转运蛋白1(DMT1)在乳胞素(lactacystin)诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞中的表达改变,从而进一步了解DMT1在帕金森病(PD)神经元损伤中的可能作用机制。方法: 建立 lactacystin 损伤的SH-SY5Y细胞模型,用免疫荧光、Western blotting等方法检测细胞DMT1表达水平的变化;在高亚铁环境下,荧光探针DCFH-DA检测胞内氧化应激水平的变化,免疫组织化学法、Western blotting检测胞内α-突触核蛋白(α-SYN)聚合体的改变。结果: Lactacystin处理后,细胞活力呈浓度依赖性降低。与正常对照组相比,lactacystin处理组DMT1表达增加(P<0.01)。正常对照组、lactacystin处理组及Fe²⁺处理组3组比较,其细胞活力逐渐降低,胞内氧化应激反应逐渐增强,胞浆α-SYN低聚体(43-55 kD)表达量逐渐增多(P<0.05)。结论: Lactacystin诱导SH-SY5Y细胞高表达DMT1,增强细胞摄铁能力,这可能是铁直接或者通过氧化应激反应促进胞内α-SYN的错误折叠和聚集、最终导致PD神经元损伤的关键因素。     

海马去神经支配损伤后放射状胶质细胞表达RUNX1T1的变化及向神经元分化的影响

目的 观察海马去神经支配损伤后,海马放射状胶质细胞表达RUNX相关转录因子1转位1（RUNX1T1）和向神经元分化的情况。方法 取6只大鼠,采用物理切割大鼠穹隆海马伞术制备海马去神经支配损伤模型,并制备海马提取液,海马放射状胶质细胞体外培养,培养液中加入海马提取液。实验分为去神经支配组、正常组和空白对照组,共6块24孔板,每组各48孔。采用Real-time PCR、Western blotting及免疫荧光技术检测各组放射状胶质细胞表达RUNX1T1 mRNA和蛋白的变化,以及分化成微管相关蛋白 2（MAP-2）阳性神经元比例。结果 体外培养的海马放射状胶质细胞具有细而长的突起,且表达RUNX1T1,去神经支配组中RUNX1T1阳性细胞的荧光强度高于正常组和空白对照组约1.8倍,细胞突起也较后两组长。去神经支配组RUNX1T1 mRNA和蛋白表的表达量各上调2.9倍和2.4倍,且39.33%细胞表达MAP-2,与正常组和空白对照组相比,阳性细胞数比例明显增高。结论 海马去神经支配损伤后海马放射状胶质细胞上调表达RUNX1T1,并可更多地向神经元分化。     

Blast‐induced neurotrauma leads to neurochemical changes and neuronal degeneration in the rat hippocampus

Blast‐induced neurotrauma is a major concern because of the complex expression of neuropsychiatric disorders after exposure. Disruptions in neuronal function, proximal in time to blast exposure, may eventually contribute to the late emergence of clinical deficits. Using magic angle spinning ¹H MRS and a rodent model of blast‐induced neurotrauma, we found acute (24–48 h) decreases in succinate, glutathione, glutamate, phosphorylethanolamine and γ‐aminobutyric acid, no change in N‐acetylaspartate and increased glycerophosphorylcholine, alterations consistent with mitochondrial distress, altered neurochemical transmission and increased membrane turnover. Increased levels of the apoptotic markers Bax and caspase‐3 suggested active cell death, consistent with increased FluoroJade B staining in the hippocampus. Elevated levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein suggested ongoing inflammation without diffuse axonal injury measured by no change in β‐amyloid precursor protein. In conclusion, blast‐induced neurotrauma induces a metabolic cascade associated with neuronal loss in the hippocampus in the acute period following exposure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Expression of the neuronal calcium sensor visinin-like protein-1 in the rat hippocampus

Visinin-like protein-1 (VILIP-1) belongs to the neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) family of EF-hand Ca(2+)-binding proteins which are involved in a variety of Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction processes in neurons. VILIP-1 has been implicated in the pathology of CNS disorders including Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, but its expression has also been found to be regulated following induction of hippocampal synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory processes. VILIP-1 is strongly expressed in different populations of principal and non-principal neurons in the rat hippocampus. VILIP-1-containing interneurons are morphologically and neurochemically heterogeneous. On the basis of co-localizing markers, VILIP-1 is rarely present in perisomatic inhibitory parvalbumin containing cells. However, VILIP-1 is frequently expressed in mid-proximal dendritic inhibitory cells characterized by calbindin immunoreactivity, and most strongly co-expressed in calretinin-positive disinhibitory interneurons. Partial co-localization of the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR1alpha with VILIP-1 was often found in interneurons located in the stratum oriens of the hippocampal CA1 region and in hilar interneurons. Partial co-localization of alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor with VILIP-1 was seen in stratum oriens interneurons and particularly at the border of the hilus in the dentate gyrus, where VILIP-1 also strongly co-localized with calretinin. We speculate that depending on the regulation of the expression of VILIP-1 in hippocampal pyramidal cells or defined types of interneurons, it may have different effects on hippocampal synaptic plasticity and network activity in health and disease.     

MCT1在不同发育时期及缺血缺氧脑白质损伤大鼠胼胝体内的表达

目的:观察单羧酸转运体-1(monocarboxylate transporter-1,MCT1)在不同发育时期及缺血缺氧(hypoxia-ischemia,HI)损伤模型大鼠胼胝体内的表达。方法:采用多聚甲醛灌注固定7 d、14 d、21 d和28 d SD大鼠脑组织,冰冻切片后进行MCT1/CNPase和MCT1/GFAP免疫荧光双标,观察胼胝体内MCT1在少突胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的表达;另选生后3 d的SD大鼠,右侧颈总动脉结扎及缺氧处理以建立HI性脑白质损伤模型,至生后28d观察胼胝体MCT1的表达。结果:MCT1分别与CNPase和GFAP免疫荧光双标显示,生后早期,正常大鼠胼胝体内MCT1主要在GFAP阳性细胞表达,随生长时间延长,MCT1在CNPase阳性细胞的表达增加,而在GFAP阳性细胞的表达逐渐减少;HI损伤后28 d,MCT1/GAFP免疫荧光强度较对照组显著升高(P0.01),而MCT1/CNPase的表达较对照组显著降低(P0.01)。结论:在成年SD大鼠胼胝体,MCT1主要在CNPase阳性的少突胶质细胞表达,而HI脑白质损伤后,MCT1主要在星形胶质细胞表达。     

Phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated neurofilament proteins: distribution in the rat hippocampus and early changes after kainic acid induced seizures

The regional distribution of neurofilament proteins in the rat hippocampus and their early changes after kainic acid induced seizures were investigated immunocytochemically with antibodies against light weight neurofilament, phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated heavy weight neurofilament. The light weight and non-phosphorylated heavy weight neurofilaments were distributed more unevenly than the phosphorylated neurofilament. The perikarya and processes of pyramidal cells in the CA3 field contained the highest light weight and non-phosphorylated heavy weight neurofilaments, while the perikarya of granule cells contained only few light weight neurofilament and the perikarya of CAI pyramidal cells were even devoid of immunoreactivity of both light and heavy weight neurofilaments. The fiber staining of the light weight and non-phosphorylated heavy weight neurofilaments, especially the former, was less in the CAI field and molecular layer of dentate gyrus. The phosphorylated neurofilament immunoreactivity was identified only in axons. Mossy fibers, the axons of granule cells, contained the light weight and phosphorylated heavy weight neurofilaments, but not the non-phosphorylated neurofilament. Seven days after the kainic acid induced seizures, the phosphorylated neurofilament staining was greatly reduced in the CAI and inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, probably resulting from the axonal degeneration of the Schaffer collaterals and the commissural/associational fibers. Furthermore, the non-phosphorylated neurofilament appeared in the mossy fibers of the CA3 stratum lucidum, which normally do not express such immunoreactivity. The results indicate that the neurofilaments are altered following the neuronal degeneration and post lesional plasticity caused by the kainic acid administration. Therefore, the examination of various phosphorylated neurofilaments may offer a comprehensive understanding of major hippocampul pathways, axonal plasticity and the possible roles of neurofilaments in the hippocampus following excitotoxic insults.     

穹隆海马伞切割后大鼠海马内RUNX1T1 mRNA和蛋白的表达变化

目的 观察穹隆海马伞切割后不同时间点海马内RUNX1T1 mRNA和蛋白的表达变化及定位。方法 行穹隆海马伞切割术,制备模型大鼠。实验分为正常组、切割3d组、切割7d组、切割14d组、切割21d组、切割28d组。1.提取海马组织总mRNA,用Real-time PCR 检测大鼠海马组织中RUNX1T1mRNA 的表达;2.提取海马组织总蛋白,用Western blotting 检测海马内RUNX1T1蛋白的表达;3.行脑冷冻切片,行RUNX1T1免疫荧光检测和Hoechst标记,观察海马齿状回中RUNX1T1/Hoechst双标阳性细胞。 结果 Real-time PCR检测显示,切割3d组海马组织中RUNX1T1 mRNA的表达明显上调,其余各组差异不明显;Western blotting检测结果显示,正常组海马中有微量RUNX1T1蛋白表达,而切割3d组海马组织中RUNX1T1蛋白表达量明显上升,并达到高峰,7d时仍有较多的表达,此后,14d、21d、28d组中RUNX1T1蛋白表达很快又恢复到正常水平;免疫荧光检测结果表明,正常组海马齿状回中有少量的RUNX1T1/Hoechst阳性细胞,切割3d组海马齿状回中RUNX1T1/Hoechst阳性细胞数量最多,切割7d组逐渐减少,切割14d组、21d组和28d组与正常组差别不明显。结论 穹隆海马伞切割后海马内RUNX1T1 mRNA和蛋白表达在早期呈短暂性上调,并定位于海马齿状回颗粒下层,推测可能与海马神经再生过程中神经干细胞向神经元分化有关。     

黄芪注射液抑制脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马组织Apaf-1表达

 目的： 观察黄芪注射液对脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马组织凋亡蛋白酶激活因子1（Apaf-1）蛋白及其mRNA表达的影响。方法： 将健康雄性SD大鼠120只随机分为假手术组、脑缺血再灌注组、黄芪注射液干预组和溶剂对照组。采用四血管阻断法制备大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,除假手术组外其余3组根据再灌注不同时点再分为0 h、0.5 h、2 h、6 h、24 h、72 h和120 h 7个亚组,于再灌注相应时点提取脑组织。采用免疫组织化学和Western blotting检测大鼠海马组织Apaf-1蛋白的表达,RT-PCR法检测Apaf-1 mRNA的表达。结果： 除0 h和120 h外,脑缺血再灌注组各个时点Apaf-1蛋白及mRNA表达均较假手术组增加 (P<0.05);与脑缺血再灌注组相比,黄芪注射液干预组各个时点Apaf-1蛋白及mRNA表达均显著减少 (P<0.05),而溶剂对照组各时点与脑缺血再灌注组相比则均无显著变化 (P>0.05)。结论： 黄芪注射液能抑制大鼠海马组织Apaf-1蛋白及mRNA表达,从而抑制脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马神经元的凋亡。