肝硬化患者门静脉、脾静脉及胃左静脉血流动力学的超声研究

目的探讨超声对肝硬化门静脉系统血流动力学改变的评价及其参数与肝功能Child—Push分级、食管静脉曲张程度的关系。方法应用彩色多普勒技术对90例肝硬化（childA、B、C）和32例正常对照者进行门静脉系统血流动力学对照研究。结果①肝硬化患者门静脉（PV）、脾静脉（SV）、胃左静脉（IGV）内径（D）明显增宽,流速（V）下降,血流量（Q）增加,胃左静脉分流指数（QLGV／QPV）明显大于正常对照组。②A、B、C级肝硬化患者门静脉内径（DPV）、脾静脉内径（DSV）、胃左静脉内径（DLGV）按A、B和C级顺序逐渐增宽（P〈0．01）,门静脉流速（VPV）、脾静脉流速（VSV）逐渐减慢（P〈0．01）,胃左静脉流速（VLGV）逐渐加快（P〈0．05）,脾静脉血流量（QSV）、胃左静脉血流量（QLGV）及QLGV／QPV值明显加大（P〈0．01）、门静脉血流量（QPV）无明显变化（P〉0．05）。③随食管静脉曲张程度加重,DPV和DLGV,逐渐增宽（P〈0．01）,VPV逐渐减慢（P〈0．05）、VLGV增加（P〈0．01）,QLGV,及QLG,／QPV值明显加大（P〈0．01）。④所有健康对照组均呈向肝型血流,而食管静脉曲张病人有82％为离肝型,轻度曲张病人约57％仍为向肝型血流。结论彩色多普勒超声检测PV、SV、IGV血流动力学有助于评估肝硬化患者的肝储备功能,食管静脉曲张的程度及预后。     

彩色多普勒超声对肝硬化并门静脉高压预测食管静脉曲张出血的探讨

目的：用彩色多普勒超声检查门静脉和胃左静脉的管径、最大血流速度、血流量和血流方向,探讨它们与预测食管静脉曲张出血之关系。方法：肝硬化并门静脉高压伴重度食管静脉曲张和Ｃｈｉｌｄ－ｐｕｇｈＢ级患者６２例,其中出血组３０例和非出血组３２例。用多普勒超声分别测定两组之门静脉和胃左静脉的静脉径、最大血流速度、血流量和血流方向进行对比分析。结果：门静脉的上述参数在两组间无差异,但胃左静脉为离肝性血流者,出血组多于非出血组,差异非常显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。随访一年,出血组发生再出血１０例（３３．３％）,而非出血组发生首次出血６例（１８．７％）。但食管静脉曲张出血发生于胃左静脉为离肝性血流者在出血组为８０％,非出血组为８３．３％。结论：用彩色多普勒超声测定门静脉高压患者的胃左静脉为离肝血流时,对预测食管静脉曲张出血是有价值的     

多普勒超声预测肝硬化食管静脉曲张出血的研究

目的探讨多普勒超声观察肝硬化食管静脉曲张反映门脉系统血流动力学指标与内镜下食管静脉曲张程度的关系,预测食管静脉曲张出血有意义的多普勒超声指标.方法对120例以往无出血史的肝硬化食管静脉曲张患者和30例年龄及性别相匹配的健康志愿者在超声检查前或后均行内镜检查.超声检测门静脉和胃左静脉内径、平均流速及血流方向.并观察60例食管静脉曲张和1 5例对照组在口服葡萄糖30 min后上述指标的变化.结果①与正常对照组比较,肝硬化组门静脉血流速度明显减慢,门静脉和胃左静脉内径增宽,胃左静脉离肝血流速度显著增高;②所有对照组均呈向肝型血流,口服葡萄糖后,胃左静脉和门静脉血管内径及血流方向无明显变化.食管静脉曲张患者胃左静脉可出现向肝、离肝或双向血流;口服葡萄糖后,胃左静脉11例向肝型和5例双向型血流,其中9例（56%）转变为离肝型;44例离肝型血流中38例（86%）血流速度明显增加;胃左静脉和门静脉内径无明显变化.结论门静脉血流动力学指标与内镜所示食管静脉曲张程度一致性差;胃左静脉相关血流动力学指标在预测曲张出血方面优于门静脉;内镜检查联合应用胃左静脉血流动力学指标可能对预测食管静脉曲张出血有重要价值.     

胃左静脉血流动力学与食管静脉曲张程度的对比研究

目的　探讨食管静脉曲张时胃左静脉血流动力学特征与内镜下曲张程度的关系。方法　应用彩色多普勒血流显像仪对 170例食管和 /或胃底静脉曲张病人和 3 0例健康成人进行胃左静脉血流方向和血流速度测量。结果　所有健康对照组均呈向肝型血流 ,而食管静脉曲张病人有 85 %为离肝型 ,轻度曲张病人有约 3 2 %仍为向肝型血流。轻度静脉曲张病人血流速度为 ( 8.3± 2 .6)cm/s ,中度为 ( 11.9± 2 .1)cm/s ,重度为 ( 13 .9± 3 .5 )cm /s ,三组间比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。且离肝血流速度大于 15cm/s( 10 /17,5 8.8% )时出血机会显著增高。结论　随着静脉曲张程度的增大 ,胃左静脉离肝血流速度平行增加 ,而且胃左静脉离肝血流速度越高 ,曲张静脉出血的可能性越大。     

超声与内镜预测食管静脉曲张出血风险的对比研究

目的比较超声与内镜预测食管静脉曲张出血风险的能力。方法选取我院69例乙型肝炎肝硬化患者,其中既往有食管静脉曲张出血史且出血停止1周以上31例(出血组),既往无食管静脉曲张出血史38例(非出血组)。对两组患者食管静脉曲张分级、Child-Pugh分级、门静脉内径和血流速度、脾静脉内径和血流速度、脾厚径和脾长径、胃左静脉内径和血流方向、肝硬度值进行单因素Logistic回归分析。非条件Logistic回归模型筛选出独立危险因素,并计算独立危险因素预测食管静脉曲张出血的曲线下面积、敏感性和特异性。结果单因素Logistic回归分析显示出血组门静脉内径、脾静脉内径和血流速度、脾厚径、胃左静脉内径与非出血组比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);非条件Logistic回归模型分析显示胃左静脉内径和食管静脉曲张分级是食管静脉曲张出血独立危险因素(OR分别为1.29和9.27,均P<0.05),二者预测食管静脉曲张出血的曲线下面积分别为0.859和0.896;食管静脉曲张分级为重度时,预测食管静脉曲张出血的敏感性和特异性分别为82.8%和82.5%;当胃左静脉内径≥5.95 mm时,预测食管静脉曲张出血的敏感性和特异性分别为83.9%和71.1%。结论超声测量胃左静脉内径和内镜下食管静脉曲张分级预测食管静脉曲张出血的能力相似,超声可以非侵入性预测食管静脉曲张出血。     

彩色多普勒超声检测门静脉、脾静脉血流动力学在肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张患者中的临床应用研究

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声检测门静脉、脾静脉血流动力学在肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张患者中的临床应用价值。方法 选取2018年1月-2021年12月于华北理工大学附属医院住院的肝硬化伴食管胃底静脉曲张患者88例为病例组。选择同期住院的肝硬化不伴有食管胃底静脉曲张患者102例为对照组。观察两组患者门静脉、脾静脉血流动力学变化情况。结果 病例组在总横断面表面积、胃左静脉直径、肠系膜上静脉直径高于对照组，在曲张静脉壁厚度低于对照组，差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。病例组检测门静脉主干内径(PVD)、门静脉血流量(PVQ)、脾静脉主干内径(SVD)、脾静脉血流量(SVQ)均显著高于对照组，门静脉平均血流速度、脾静脉平均血流速度显著低于对照组，差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。重度曲张患者PVD、PVQ、SVD、SVQ显著高于中度和轻度曲张患者，门静脉平均血流速度、脾静脉平均血流速度显著低于中度和轻度曲张患者，随着曲张程度加重，PVD、PVQ、SVD、SVQ逐渐增加，门静脉平均血流速度、脾静脉平均血流速度逐渐降低，差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 门静脉、脾静脉血流动力学...     

彩色多普勒超声联合Fibroscan评估肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张出血的价值分析

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声联合瞬间弹性成像(Fibroscan)评估肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张出血的应用价值。方法:采用回顾性分析法,选取2016年2月至2017年12月在我院就诊的肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张患者89例,根据电子胃镜检查结果分为出血组(50例)和未出血组(39例),均行彩色多普勒超声、Fibroscan检查,比较两组血流动力学参数及Fibroscan测量值,并统计彩色多普勒超声联合Fibroscan诊断结果。结果:未出血组门静脉内径及Fibroscan测量值均小于出血组,血流速度快于出血组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);出血组门静脉血流量与未出血组比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05);彩色多普勒超声联合Fibroscan诊断肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张出血的准确性95. 51%,敏感性为96. 00%,特异性为94. 87%。结论:彩色多普勒超声联合Fibroscan检测可通过检测门静脉内径、血流速度有效预测肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张出血风险,且具有较高的诊断准确性。     

彩色多普勒超声对肝硬化并门静脉高压预测食管静脉曲张出 …

目的：用彩色多普勒超声检查门静脉和胃左静脉的直径,最大血流速度,血流量和血流方向,探讨它们与预测食管静脉曲张出血之关系。方法：肝硬化并门脉高压伴重度食管静脉曲张和Ｃｈｉｌｄ－ｐｕｇｈＢ级患者６２例,其中出血组３０例和非出血组３２例,用多普勒超声分别测定两组之间静脉和胃左静脉的静脉径,最大血流速度、血流量和血流方向进行对比分析。结果：门静脉的上述参数在两组间无差异,但胃左静脉为离肝性血流者,出血组多     

彩色多普勒超声对食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血危险性的判断价值

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声(彩超)对门静脉高压患者食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血危险性的判断价值。方法:根据43例门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张患者有无出血分为出血组19例和未出血组24例,另设健康对照组13名,将3组的彩超表现进行对比分析。结果:出血组、未出血组的门静脉充血分数分别为0.13±0.06、0.06±0.02,分别与对照组的0.034±0.015比较,均为P<0.01;出血组、未出血组的胃左静脉内径分别为(0.90±0.29)cm、(0.70±0.24)cm,分别与对照组的(0.31±0.07)cm比较,P<0.01、P<0.05;出血组和未出血组胃左静脉离肝血流速度分别为(14±6)cm/s、(11±6)cm/s,P>0.05;出血组和未出血组的食管曲张静脉内径分别为(0.52±0.12)cm、(0.34±0.11)cm,P<0.05;出血组与未出血组食管曲张静脉内血流速度分别为(19±8)cm/s、(11±6)cm/s,P<0.01。当门静脉充血分数为0.07时,其预测出血发生的敏感性为95%,特异性为86%。结论:门静脉充血分数、胃左静脉内径、食管曲张静脉内径及食管曲张静脉内血流速度对预测食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的危险性有价值。     

多普勒超声检测肝硬化门静脉和脾静脉血流量的临床意义

目的：本研究旨在探讨多普勒超声检测脾静脉血流量大于门静脉血流量与肝硬化门静脉系统食管胃底静脉曲张及其破裂出血的关系。方法：对５８例肝硬化患者门脉系统血流进行彩色多普勒血流检测,其中３０例患者脾静脉血流量大于门静脉血流量（即ＱＳＶ＞ＱＰＶ）,２８例患者门静脉血流量大于脾静脉血流量（即ＱＰＶ＞ＱＳＶ）,所有患者均在三个月内同时或先后进行电子胃镜及上消化道造影检查,确定食管胃底静脉曲张或破裂出血的发生率。结果：ＱＳＶ＞ＱＰＶ组的脾静脉血流量、脾静脉直径、脾脏厚度均大于ＱＰＶ＞ＱＳＶ组的测值,而其门静脉直径及血流量均小于ＱＰＶ＞ＱＳＶ组的测值。经电子胃镜及上消化道造影检查证实,ＱＳＶ＞ＱＰＶ组患者食管胃底静脉曲张发生率及曲张静脉破裂出血率均较ＱＰＶ＞ＱＳＶ组明显增高。结论：脾静脉血流量超过门静脉血流量与食管胃底静脉曲张及其破裂出血有密切关系。一旦多普勒超声检测出现脾静脉血流量高于门静脉血流量这一血流动力学改变,则预示肝硬化患者多有门－体侧支循环开放,即静脉曲张,并有破裂出血倾向。     

肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者门静脉血流参数的变化

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声预测肝硬化门静脉高压症(cirrhotic portal hypertension)患者食管静脉曲张破裂出血的应用价值.方法 肝硬化门静脉高压症患者81例,根据有无出血史分为出血组(36例),非出血组(45例).应用彩色多普勒超声分别检测两组的门静脉(pv)和脾静脉(sv)内径(Dpv、Dsv)、血流动力学参数并进行对比分析.结果 门静脉和脾静脉的内径、血流速度(Vpv、Vsv)及脾静脉的血流量(Qsv)在两组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但门静脉血流量(Qpv)在两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 彩色多普勒超声检测肝硬化门静脉高压症患者门静脉和脾静脉内径及血流动力学参数,对预测肝硬化门静脉高压时食管静脉曲张破裂出血是有价值的.     

肝硬化并发食管静脉曲张破裂出血风险、诱因分析和预见性护理

目的探讨肝硬化并发食管静脉曲张破裂出血（EVB）风险和诱因及其预见性护理方法。方法收集202例肝硬化门脉高压症住院病例的临床资料,对照分析影响出血的危险因素指标,统计导致出血的诱因,从而总结有关预见性护理方法。结果肝硬化病程、门静脉主干和脾静脉直径、食管静脉曲张程度和红色征是出血的高危因素,出血组有诱因可查的比例为62％（68／112）,以饮食不当为最主要诱因。结论识别肝硬化并发EVB的危险因素和诱因,有利于针对高危患者采取预见性护理措施。     

Color Doppler Ultrasound in Portal Hypertension

Portal hypertension is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in cirrhotic patients. A color Doppler evaluation of the left gastric vein (LGV) has proven utility in the prediction of esophageal varices and variceal bleeding in patients with portal hypertension. The purpose of this review is to discuss the ultrasound evaluation, imaging findings, and clinical application of Doppler ultrasound in the assessment of the LGV. Knowledge of the color Doppler technique and imaging findings of the LGV may help clinicians improve the monitoring of portal hypertension and predict patients with a high risk of esophageal varices.     

Color Doppler ultrasonography is reliable in assessing the risk of esophageal variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to examine the role of Doppler ultrasonography of the portal vein in predicting esophageal variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension by comparing the ultrasound data to the endoscopic findings. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 99 patients with liver cirrhosis and esophageal varices underwent color Doppler ultrasonography and esophagogastroduodenoscopy. The following portal hemodynamic parameters were analyzed: diameter and cross-sectional area, mean blood flow velocity, blood flow volume, perfusion pressure gradient, congestion index, and platelet count-to-spleen diameter ratio. Variceal characteristics, the size and the presence of red signs, were determined by endoscopic examination. RESULTS: Patients with variceal red signs had significantly higher values of portal diameter (1.538 +/- 0.246 vs. 1.243 +/- 0.167), cross-sectional area (1.286 +/- 0.448 vs. 0.945 +/- 0.256), blood flow volume (965.520 +/- 432.728 vs. 625.117 +/- 320.999) and congestion index (0.165 +/- 0.068 vs. 0.126 +/- 0.051) than patients without red signs, while the perfusion pressure gradient (0.260 +/- 0.087 vs. 0.447 +/- 0.271) and the platelet-to-spleen ratio (522.424 +/- 222.823 vs. 708.921 +/- 230.769) were lower. The same pattern of differences between the ultrasound parameters was found in patients with large varices comparing ones with red signs to the ones without them (diameter, 1.567 +/- 0.234 vs. 1.258 +/- 0.175; cross-section, 1.313 +/- 0.455 vs. 1.061 +/- 0.264; flow volume, 988.195 +/- 443.353 vs. 739.423 +/- 414.281; congestion index, 0.171 +/- 0.067 vs. 0.130 +/- 0.058; perfusion pressure gradient 0.247 +/- 0.078 vs. 0.501 +/- 0.379 and platelet-to-spleen ratio 479.930 +/- 184.302 vs. 699.094 +/- 316.171). Differences in values of ultrasonographic parameters were less obvious among groups of patients with different variceal sizes: only the diameter, cross-sectional area and blood flow volume were significantly different. The mean blood flow velocity did not depend on the variceal size or on the presence of red signs. The sensitivities and specificities of the analyzed parameters were 60-80% and 48.6-78.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that color Doppler ultrasonography is a useful noninvasive method for evaluating the risk of esophageal variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis.     

Portal hypertension

Portal hypertension is a frequent syndrome characterized by a chronic increase in portal venous pressure and by the formation of portal-systemic collaterals. Its main consequence is massive bleeding from ruptured esophageal and gastric varices. Bleeding is promoted by increased portal and variceal pressure, and is favored by dilatation of the varices. The evaluation of the portal hypertensive patient should include the assessment of portal vein patency by ultrasonography, endoscopic evaluation of the presence, size, and extent of esophageal varices, and hemodynamic studies with measurements of portal pressure and of portal-collateral blood flow. The preferred techniques are hepatic vein catheterization and measurement of azygos blood flow. Endoscopic measurements of variceal pressure and estimations of portal blood velocity by the Doppler technique have recently been introduced, but are still research procedures. Acute variceal hemorrhage should be treated under intensive care. Specific therapy to arrest variceal bleeding includes balloon tamponade, vasopressin, somatostatin, sclerotherapy, and emergency surgery. Treatment of portal hypertension is aimed at preventing variceal hemorrhage and bleeding-related deaths. Pharmacologic prophylaxis is based on the use of drugs that cause a sustained reduction in portal pressure; most studies have used propranolol. Surgery and endoscopic sclerotherapy can also be used to prevent rebleeding.     

Hemodynamic response of the left gastric vein to glucagon in patients with portal hypertension and esophageal varices

Flow direction and flow velocity of the left gastric vein (LGV) and the portal vein (PV) were examined by a Doppler sonographic machine in 33 patients with esophageal varices, before and after venous injection of glucagon (1 mg). In two patients with hepatopetal blood flow in the LGV, the flow direction changed to hepatofugal after injection of glucagon. In 31 patients with hepatofugal blood flow in the LGV, a significant increase of flow velocity was observed in the LGV in 18 patients (58.1%) and the changes (26.4 +/- 24.6%) were significantly larger than those in the PV (7.9 +/- 16.0%). The changes in flow velocity decreased in the LGV as the diameter of the LGV and the size of varices increased. In conclusion, glucagon increased collateral blood flow in the LGV in portal hypertension. However, the grade of the response decreased as the grade of portal hypertension increased.     

脾脏长径在无创性预测肝硬化高危食管曲张静脉出血中的临床价值

目的 研究门静脉、脾静脉内径和脾脏长径与肝硬化高危食管静脉曲张的关系及其临床价值.方法 回顾性分析望江县人民医院78例肝硬化合并食管静脉曲张住院患者的临床资料.出血组38例,非出血组40例.所有患者均行内镜确诊为食管静脉曲张.收集患者的一般资料、病因、Child-Pugh分值、肝功能生化指标（凝血酶原时间、白蛋白和胆红素水平）、是否出现腹水情况、是否有红色征,B超检测肝门静脉内径、脾静脉内径和脾脏直径.结果 两组间在红色征、肝门静脉内径、脾静脉内径和脾脏直径方面差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）,出血组明显高于非出血组.结论 肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者门静脉、脾静脉内径和脾脏长径明显增高,作为一种无创性检查指标,脾脏长径对于高危食管曲张静脉的诊断有一定的预测价值,有助于早期识别需行一级预防的肝硬化患者.     

内镜下套扎联合药物治疗对肝硬化上消化道出血患者hs-CRP水平、肝功能的影响

目的 分析内镜下套扎联合药物治疗对肝硬化上消化道出血患者hs-CRP水平、肝功能的影响.方法 选取本院2017年6月至2020年8月收治且经临床确诊的100例肝硬化上消化道出血患者作为研究对象.根据不同的治疗方法分为联合组(n=52例,内镜下套扎联合奥美拉唑钠治疗)与单一组(n=48例,内镜下套扎治疗),比较两组围手术...     

介入断流术治疗肝硬化门脉高压合并上消化道出血的疗效分析(附11例报告)

目的通过对肝硬化门静脉高压并发上消化道大出血的患者采用经皮肝穿刺食管胃底静脉栓塞术联合部分脾栓塞治疗,评价其对肝硬化门静脉高压并发上消化道大出血的疗效。方法回顾性分析11例肝硬化门静脉高压并发上消化道大出血采用介入断流术治疗的病例资料,测定治疗前后门静脉的压力、门静脉的内径及血小板的变化情况,并进行随访观察以判定疗效。结果本组患者介入操作成功率和即时止血率均为100%;胃冠状静脉栓塞前、胃冠状静脉栓塞后和脾动脉栓塞后的门静脉压力分别为:(37.24±4.02)、(40.38±4.15)和(26.33±4.14)cmH_2O,胃冠状静脉栓塞前后门静脉压力比较,(P=0.088);脾动脉栓塞后与胃冠状静脉栓塞前门静脉压力比较,(P0.001);介入断流术治疗前和治疗后两周B超测量的门静脉内径为:(1.39±0.16)cm、(1.39±0.15)cm,治疗前后门静脉内径比较,(P=0.97);介入断流术治疗前和治疗后两周的血小板数为:(59.36±16.91)×10~9/L、(173.64±55.47)×10~9/L,治疗前后血小板数比较,(P0.001)。结论介入断流术止血效果迅速可靠,即时降低了门静脉压力,并逐步改善外周血情况,是治疗肝硬化门静脉高压合并上消化道出血的一种安全有效手段。