开放性骨折伤口感染病原菌分布及耐药率监测

[目的]调查开放性骨折伤口感染患者的病原菌分布及耐药趋势,为临床抗菌药物的使用提出合理建议.[方法]对2004年1月～2008年12月本院骨科住院开放性骨折患者各类标本共136例,采用ATB Expression自动细菌鉴定及药敏实验.[结果]136例开放性骨折伤口感染标本中,共分离到细菌151株,金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、溶血葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌检出率最高,分别为17.22%、13.24%、11.92%、9.93%、9.27%;MRSA占＞57.70%,革兰阳性球菌占48.34%,革兰阴性杆菌占43.05%,假丝酵母菌属占8.61%.大肠埃希菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)株占28.6%,革兰阴性杆菌除头孢哌酮/舒巴坦未发生耐药外,对氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢唑啉耐药率高达71.4%.葡萄球菌属对甲氧西林的耐药率＞57.7%,除万古霉素未发生耐药外,较敏感的抗菌药物有复方新诺明、呋喃妥因、利福平、四环素.[结论]内源性的正常菌群或来自周围环境中的条件致病菌已成为开放性骨折伤口感染的主要致病菌,因此,早期积极采取正确及时的清创处理及合理使用抗菌药物等,对于预防骨折术后感染有着积极的作用.     

脊柱外科手术术后伤口感染致病菌分布及药物敏感性

目的分析脊柱手术术后切口感染的致病菌分布特点及药物敏感性,为临床合理用药提供指导。方法收集2004年6月—2014年6月在第二军医大学长海医院骨科行脊柱手术后发生切口感染的165例患者的临床资料,回顾性分析其切口分泌物或脓液的细菌培养药物敏感实验结果。结果共培养分离出致病菌173株。其中革兰阴性菌(G-)114株(65.9%),前3位分别是铜绿假单胞菌32株(18.5%)、鲍曼不动杆菌28株(16.2%)、肺炎克雷伯杆菌21株(12.1%);革兰阳性菌(G+)54株(31.2%),前3位分别是金黄色葡萄球菌22株(12.7%)、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌10株(5.8%)及表皮葡萄球菌8株(4.6%);真菌感染5株(2.9%)。革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南敏感性最高,对青霉素敏感性最低,对氨苄西林、哌拉西林敏感性也较低。革兰阳性菌对万古霉素敏感性最高,对青霉素敏感性最低。结论革兰阴性菌及革兰阳性菌在脊柱手术后切口感染中均较常见,且革兰阴性菌较革兰阳性菌所占比例更高,临床应根据细菌培养和药敏实验结果合理选用抗生素。     

伤口分泌物常见病原菌及耐药性分析

目的 探讨伤口分泌物常见病原菌及其对常用抗生素的耐药情况,为临床伤口感染的抗生素选择提供科学依据. 方法采用VITEK细菌鉴定仪对伤口分泌物培养出的细菌进行鉴定,用纸片扩散法(Kirby-Bauer)对分离菌进行常规药敏试验,参照2009版CLSI标准判定药敏结果,并用WHONE5.4软件统计分析. 结果 628份伤口分泌物标本(包括开放性和闭锁性伤口分泌物)中共分离出病原菌483株,分离率为76.9%.分离率最高的依次是大肠埃希菌(21.1%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(18.0%)、铜假单胞菌(9.7%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(6.4%)及鲍曼不动杆菌(6.2%),革兰阴性杆菌均对亚胺培南敏感;葡萄球菌中MRSA和MRS分别为30.6%和86.6%. 结论伤口分泌物中分离出的菌种复杂且耐药问题严重,医务人员应重视临床标本的送检及加强抗菌药物使用的管理制度,以有效控制细菌感染和耐药.     

肛周脓肿病原菌分布及耐药性分析

为探讨肛周脓肿病原菌分布及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,选取山东省千佛山医院肛肠科2013年9月23日至2014年4月23日收治58例肛周脓肿患者进行研究,对其脓液进行革兰染色、病原菌培养及药敏试验。结果显示,58例患者中,4例未培养出细菌,其余54例共分离出病原菌67株（其中革兰阴性菌54株,占80．6％;革兰阳性菌13株,占19．4％）;检出菌株数居首位的为大肠埃希菌（41株,61．2％）,其次为肺炎克雷伯菌（7株,10．4％）。大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌对常用抗菌药物敏感率较低,耐药性较高,尤其是对氨苄西林的耐药性较强,但对头孢西丁、美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、厄他培南、替卡西林／克拉维酸、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦高度敏感。多重耐药11例,其中9例为大肠埃希菌感染多重耐药（ESBLS阳性）,2例为葡萄球菌感染多重耐药。9例ESBLS阳性大肠埃希菌感染者对头孢噻肟100％耐药,对头孢西丁、美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、厄他培南、替卡西林／克拉维酸未见耐药。结果表明,肛周脓肿病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,治疗时应首选抗革兰阴性杆菌的药物,并采取积极办法应对病原菌的多重耐药,可选替卡西林／克拉维酸、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦等含酶抑制剂的抗菌药物。     

四肢骨折伤口感染患者病原菌特点及药敏情况分析

目的 分析四肢骨折伤口感染患者病原菌特点及药敏情况。方法 选取2019年1月至2022年1月期间本院收治的76例四肢骨折术后感染患者为研究对象,分析纳入患者的病原菌特点及抗生素耐药率。结果 76例患者采样后共统计病原菌菌株122例,其中革兰阳性菌77株,占比63.11%,革兰阴性菌43株,占比35.25%;药敏试验显示：大肠埃希菌对青霉素、氨苄西林及左氧氟沙星耐药率较高,分别为93.33%、73.33%和46.67%;铜绿假单胞菌对青霉素、头孢唑林及头孢曲松耐药率较高,分别为90.91%、72.73%和54.55%;金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、克林霉素及环丙沙星耐药率较高,分别为100.00%、82.76%和72.41%;表皮葡萄球菌对青霉素、环丙沙星及克林霉素耐药率较高,分别为90.91%、72.00%和48.00%。四种病原菌对万古霉素耐药菌株数量均为0。结论 四肢骨折伤口感染患者中病原菌类型主要为革兰阳性菌,其对青霉素、克林霉素等耐药率较高,临床中应该根据具体药敏结果选择用药。     

骨科患者伤口感染病原菌的分布及耐药性

目的 分析骨科患者伤口感染病原菌的分布及对抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 连续收集2010年7月至2012年6月河北医科大学第三医院骨科999例住院患者伤口分离出的病原菌,进行菌株鉴定,并采用纸片扩散法进行药敏试验.采用双向纸片法确证超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检测,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检测以头孢西丁纸片法判定.采用WHONET 5.4软件作耐药率统计.结果 999例患者的感染伤口中共分离出无重复病原菌1056株,其中革兰阴性菌739株(69.98％),革兰阳性菌304株(28.79％),真菌13株(1.23％).主要病原菌依次为金黄色葡萄球菌(265株,25.09％),铜绿假单胞菌(245株,23.20％),鲍曼不动杆菌(199株,18.84％)和大肠埃希菌(86株,8.14％)等.革兰阴性菌中,铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率较低,分别为13.58％,21.25％,21.67％和22.45％,但对复方磺胺甲(口恶)唑的耐药率较高,为98.04％.鲍曼不动杆菌除对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率为14.29％外,对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均较高,其泛耐药菌株的检出率为5.53％(11/199).肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南全部敏感,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和阿米卡星的敏感性亦较高,耐药率介于1.16％～28.12％.大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs菌株的检出率分别为48.84％ (42/86)和34.38％(11/32).革兰阳性菌中,金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺均敏感,但对氨苄西林、青霉素G和红霉素的耐药率很高,分别为100.00％,99.25％和80.06％；MRSA的检出率为41.51％(110/265).肠球菌对红霉素、利福平、左氧氟沙星、高浓度庆大霉素、米诺环素和呋喃妥因的耐药率较高,对替考拉宁和利奈唑胺全部敏感,万古霉素中介株的检出率为4.55％ (1/22).结论 骨科患者伤口感染病原菌种类复杂,以金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌等为主,且多为多重耐药菌株.     

外科感染常见病原菌及耐药现状

1外科感染常见病原菌20世纪60年代以前,外科感染病原菌以金黄色葡萄球菌和化脓性链球菌为主。20世纪70年代以后,革兰阳性(G )球菌的占有比例有所下降,尤其是化脓性链球菌明显减少,而革兰阴性(G-)杆菌,主要是以大肠埃希菌为代表的肠道杆菌科细菌,则相对增多;两类细菌的比值大约是3∶7。到了20世纪90年代,国内外都注意到G 球菌引起的感染又有增多趋势。中国细菌耐药监测研究(9个城市13~18所医院)结果显示,G 球菌所占比例在1999年为28.8%,2001年为33.5%,2003年为38.2%[1-2]。湖北地区15所医院报告,外科感染病原菌中G 球菌在1998-1999年占36.5…     

慢性伤口感染常见病原菌及其干预效果研究

目的探讨慢性伤口常见病原菌种类、阳性率及其分布对伤口愈合的影响,分析含银敷料对不同种类病原菌的干预效果及其有效作用时间,为临床有效护理伤口提供依据。方法对入选的178例慢性伤口按照统一方法评估、清洗伤口和清创,含银敷料覆盖或填充,隔日处理1次,连续干预28d,随访3个月。结果干预前检出致病菌阳性率和耐药菌阳性率分别为76.40%和67.42%,病原菌10种,排序前3的依次为金黄色葡萄球菌(31.46%)、铜绿假单胞菌(13.48%)和大肠杆菌(8.43%)。含银敷料干预后7d病原菌阳性率有不同程度下降,干预14d和28d阳性率进一步下降,以大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌下降最明显。干预后14d伤口面积缩小,干预后7d疼痛计分下降,干预28d面积缩小和疼痛减轻最明显。干预期内和随访期内愈合率分别为18.54%(33例)和87.08%(155例)。结论慢性伤口中存在高阳性率的病原菌,影响伤口愈合。含银敷料对不同细菌抑菌效果存在差异性,至少连续使用2~4周才能奏效。临床需结合伤口类型、细菌种类等综合分析,动态调整,合理使用含银敷料。     

外科感染常见菌群分布及致病菌耐药性监测

目的了解武汉地区外科感染致病菌的菌群分布及其对抗生素的耐药现状。方法将武汉地区１３所医院所做的抗生素对外科分离菌的抑菌结果即抑菌圈直径输入计算机。采用“ＷＨＯＮＥＴ３”软件进行统计和分析,根据１９９３年美国临床实验室标准委员会（ＮＣＣＬＳ）发布的标准判断细菌耐药性。结果１９９６年共收集外科感染菌株９５７株。金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠杆菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（ＣＮＳ）是主要菌种。１２４％的金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林耐药,对其它抗生素的耐药性也有所增加。肠杆菌科菌株对氨苄西林的耐药率＞７５％,克雷伯菌属对此的耐药率达９３％。大多数革蓝阴性（Ｇ－）杆菌,包括肠杆菌科和铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺配南、头孢他啶、阿米卡星和环丙沙星敏感。结论在外科领域开展细菌耐药性监测工作,并随时掌握细菌耐药动态具有重要的临床意义     

ICU内中心静脉导管相关性血流感染病原菌耐药性分析

目的：了解ICU内中心静脉导管相关性血流感染（CRBSI）病原菌的分布特点及其耐药性,以指导临床合理用药。方法：回顾性分析2009年1月至2011年12月ICU内CRBSI患者病原菌分布和药物敏感试验资料,比较排位前7位细菌的耐药特征。结果：67例CRBSI患者共检出81株病原菌,其中革兰阳性（G＇）菌40株,占49.2%;革兰阴性（G^-）菌38株,占46.9%;真菌3株,占3.7%,引起CRBSI的主要病原菌依次为凝固菌阴性葡萄球菌（27株,33.3%）,鲍曼不动杆菌（12株,14.8%）,肺炎克雷伯菌（9株,11.1%）,金黄色葡萄球菌（8株,9.9%）,铜绿假单胞菌（7株,8.6%）,大肠埃希菌（6株,7.4%）,G^＋菌中对碳青霉烯菌类最为敏感。结论：近3年来ICU内CRBSI患者病原菌以表皮葡萄球菌及鲍曼不动杆菌为主,并且鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率较高。     

保留内置物清创联合真空负压封闭引流治疗早发性腰椎融合术后感染

目的回顾分析保留内置物清创联合真空负压封闭引流治疗早发性腰椎融合术后感染的疗效。方法785例腰椎后路融合病例中术后早发性深部伤口感染6例,均为术后30d内出现发热、疼痛加重等症状,并伴有炎性指标升高,均采用保留内置物,彻底清创后持续冲洗负压引流,抗炎治疗。结果清创术后腰痛即明显缓解,体温下降,2周左右伤口渗液停止,疼痛消失,血常规和C反应蛋白检查结果正常,血沉明显下降。随访平均35．3个月,末次随访时X线片提示腰椎植骨融合。JOA评分改善率为82．2％。结论对于早发性腰椎融合术后感染病例,进行积极清创手术,保留内置物联合真空负压封闭引流能够及时控制感染,是一种较为有效的处理。日服抗生素抑菌治疗可以降低清创术术后感染复发。     

细菌耐药的流行现状及防控对策

青霉素的发现开启了治疗细菌感染性疾病的新篇章,同时也打响了一场人类与细菌耐药的战役.随着抗菌药物的广泛应用,细菌耐药也迅速成为一个普遍问题,新的耐药菌伴随新的抗菌药物的应用不断出现.     

Vacuum-assisted closure therapy for deep sternal wound infections: the impact of learning curve on survival and predictors for late mortality

The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible learning curve effects on survival during the introduction of vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy in patients with deep sternal wound infection (DSWI). Furthermore, predictors of late mortality were analysed and causes of late death were examined. Fifty-three patients (early Group, n = 26, January 1999 to July 2001 versus late group, n = 27, August 2001 to March 2003) were all treated with VAC for DSWI. A follow-up was carried out in September 2006. Multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the predictors of late mortality. The 90-day mortality was 0% in both groups. The survival rates at 5 years were 69.2 +/- 9.1% (early group) versus 58.5 +/- 11.7% (late group), P = ns (non significant). The time interval from cardiac surgery to diagnosis of DSWI and prolonged VAC therapy were identified as independent predictors of late mortality. Our concept for VAC therapy in DSWI seems to be readily introduced in clinical practice. There was no difference in survival between our initial cases and later cases. Late diagnosis and prolonged wound therapy were identified as predictors for late mortality.     

Determining risk factors for surgical wound dehiscence: a literature review

Postoperative wound healing plays a significant role in facilitating a patient's recovery and rehabilitation. Surgical wound dehiscence (SWD) impacts on mortality and morbidity rates and significantly contributes to prolonged hospital stays and associated psychosocial stressors on individuals and their families. A narrative review of SWD was undertaken on English‐only studies between 1945 and 2012 using three electronic databases Ovid CINHAL, Ovid Medline and Pubmed. The aim of this review was to identify predisposing factors for SWD and assessment tools to assist in the identification of at‐risk patients. Key findings from the included 15 papers out of a search of 1045 revealed the most common risk factors associated with SWD including obesity and wound infection, particularly in the case of abdominal surgery. There is limited reporting of variables associated with SWD across other surgical domains and a lack of risk assessment tools. Furthermore, there was a lack of clarity in the definition of SWD in the literature. This review provides an overview of the available research and provides a basis for more rigorous analysis of factors that contribute to SWD.     

Sternal wound infections

The incidence of DSWI after cardiac surgery is approximately 1.1% with an associated mortality of 13%. These numbers have changed little in the last 20 years despite numerous advances in the care of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. This is likely a reflection of an older patient population with more co-morbidities in the modern era. Many of the risk factors for DSWI are not modifiable. However, treating these diseases when possible, particularly glucose intolerance with insulin infusions seems beneficial in reducing the incidence of DSWI. There is active investigation into the utility of eradicating S. aureus from the naso-pharyngeal and skin flora. To this end, mupirocin and chlorhexidine gluconate may prove beneficial. While there has been some interest in using glycopeptides (vancomycin) for surgical prophylaxis in areas where MRSA infections are highly prevalent, this practice is not supported by any evidence based literature.

• The use of insulin infusions to maintain glucose levels < 200 mg/dl perioperatively appears to be beneficial in preventing DSWIs. However, very tight intraoperative glucose control (80–100 mg/dl) may increase the risk of stroke and death.

• Eradication of Staphylococcus aureus from the naso-pharygeal flora with topical mupirocin and/ or chlorhexidine oral rinse is a low risk intervention that may decrease the incidence of DSWI as well as antibiotic usage

• It appears that even in hospitals with a high incidence of methicillin resistant S. aureus surgical site infections first generation cephalosporins (cefazolin) are superior to glycopeptides (vancomycin) for surgical prophylaxis.

• The low incidence of DSWIs makes the performance of appropriately powered, randomized trials difficult.

• Large, multi-center trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of interventions such as the eradication of S. aureus from the nasopharynx in preventing DSWIs.

• Like many complications from cardiac surgery including neurocognitive dysfunction and renal impairment, there is likely no “silver bullet” that will prevent DSWIs. As such, the focus should be on system-based approaches that incorporate multiple modalities of prevention.

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目的　探讨手术中、手术后短时间高浓度氧疗对腹部污染手术切口感染的影响。方法　 2 0 0 1年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 4月行腹部污染手术 196例 ,随机分组。手术开始至术后 2h内观察组 (98例 )用防漏面罩供氧 (FiO26 0 % ) ,对照组 (98例 )用鼻导管供氧 (FiO2 2 8% )。除阑尾手术外术后 2h抽股动脉血测定血气分析 ,均测定末梢动脉血氧饱和度 ,记录有无氧中毒表现。观察切口至术后 15d ,切口丙级愈合为切口感染。结果　两组无氧中毒表现。术后 2h动脉血气分析 ,观察组PaO2 为 (16 5 3± 38 6 )mmHg ,对照组为 (118 1± 2 9 4 )mmHg ,两组比较 P<0 0 0 1。术后末梢动脉血氧饱和度两组均正常。观察组切口感染 5例 (5 1% ) ,对照组 14例 (14 3% ) ,两组比较P <0 0 5。结论　手术中、手术后短时间高浓度氧疗可减少腹部污染手术切口感染。     

Negative pressure wound therapy for the treatment of sternal wound infections after cardiac surgery

We retrospectively collected and analysed data from patients with sternal wound infections between 1995 and 2001, which were treated with different wound management strategies, and compared them with our patients from 2002 to 2011, who were treated with the sternal negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT). From 1995 to 2001, a total of 198 patients (group A) with a mean age of 65 ± 10 years developed sternal wound infection (67% deep) after cardiac surgery. Wound management consisted of surgical debridement and immediate sternal closure or open packing. From 2002 to 2011, a total of 326 patients (group B) (71% deep) were managed with NPWT at the time of surgical debridement. Total mortality was 10% in group A and 3·6% in group B. Recurrence rates were 34 and 8·5%, respectively, for the groups A and B. The meantime of NPWT was 11 days. In group B patients, 75% proceeded to sternal closure. With the introduction of NPWT, the treatment of sternal wound infections could be substantially improved. Particularly, the high recurrence rates could be minimised; furthermore, the goal to salvage the sternal bone is facilitated.     

An update review on risk factors and scales for prediction of deep sternal wound infections

Surgical site infections are the most common nosocomial infections in surgical patients. The preventable and the unmodifiable risk factors for deep sternal wound infections (DSWI) have been amply assessed in the literature. The aim of this review was to describe the results of the numerous published studies to describe all the DSWI risk factors and the scales devised to predict SWI, with a view to providing an update on this issue. A comprehensive search of the Medline and Embase databases was performed (considering studies from January 1995 to April 2011); and a manual search was also conducted using references cited in original publications and relevant review articles. There are several risk factors associated with DSWI, which could be classified in four categories as demographic (e.g. sex and age), behavioural (e.g. smoking and obesity), baseline clinical conditions (e.g. diabetes, hypertension and COPD) and surgical operative risk factors (e.g. duration of operation and emergency operation). Six scales for predicting the risk of DSWI are described in the literature: they vary not only in accuracy but also in ease of application and they are applied at different times (some only preoperatively and others also postoperatively). This study provides a broad update on our knowledge of the risk factors for DSWI and the scales for prediction with a view to improving the management of infections at cardiosurgery units.