川芎嗪诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞：最佳诱导剂量筛选☆

背景：目前用于体外诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化的诱导剂众多,但多数化学诱导剂具有毒性不适合用于人体。 目的：观察中药川芎嗪对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞的影响,并寻找川芎嗪诱导分化的最佳浓度。 方法：SD大鼠麻醉后无菌条件下取出股骨和胫骨,离心后弃上清液,加入含体积分数为15%胎牛血清的L-DMEM培养基重新悬浮细胞并转入培养瓶培养传代,用免疫细胞化学方法检测第5代骨髓间充质干细胞CD44、CD45的表达;取含1.00,1.25,1.50 g/L 3种剂量盐酸川芎嗪注射液的无血清L-DMEM培养基对体外培养的第5代骨髓间充质干细胞进行诱导。倒置相差显微镜下观察细胞形态变化,免疫细胞化学方法检测已诱导细胞巢蛋白、神经元特异性烯醇化酶和胶质纤维酸性蛋白的表达,比较3种剂量盐酸川芎嗪注射液诱导神经元样细胞抗原表达率。 结果与结论：①原代细胞接种3 d后多数细胞贴壁,传代后细胞贴壁速度和增殖更快,第5代基本纯化为骨髓间充质干细胞,细胞呈放射状或漩涡状排列。②第5代骨髓间充质干细胞(98.02±0.81)%CD44表达阳性,CD45表达阴性。③诱导后细胞出现类似神经元细胞样形态;免疫细胞化学方法检测显示多数细胞巢蛋白、神经元特异性烯醇化酶阳性表达,1.25 g/L浓度组细胞的神经元特异性烯醇化酶阳性表达率最高。提示川芎嗪可诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞,1.25 g/L为最适诱导剂量。     

全反式维甲酸诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞的研究

目的 体外探讨全反式维甲酸（ATRA）对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）分化为神经元样细胞的作用。方法 从大鼠股髓分离出MSCs，采用贴壁法体外扩增、传代，取5代后细胞采用EGF共培养，二巯基乙醇（2-ME）预诱导，再以ATRA为诱导剂诱导，然后免疫细胞化学检测巢蛋白（nestin）、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）、乙酰胆碱酯酶（AchE）、酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）的表达情况。结果 MSCs诱导后具有神经元样细胞的形态，免疫细胞化学显示nestin、NSE、AchE有阳性表达，而GFAP、TH表达为阴性。结论 ATRA在体外能够有效的诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞，且可表达AchE。     

全反式视黄酸诱导兔骨髓间充质干细胞向神经细胞的分化

背景：目前,在骨髓间充质干细胞体外向神经细胞分化的实验中,较多采用抗氧化剂法和细胞因子法,但诱导效率低。 目的：探讨全反式视黄酸在兔骨髓间充质干细胞向神经细胞分化中的作用。 方法：体外分离培养兔骨髓间充质干细胞,取第4代骨髓间充质干细胞观察细胞形态,实验组用0.4 μmol/L全反式视黄酸预诱导24 h后,改用神经细胞培养基继续培养。神经细胞培养基培养4,8,16及24 h,免疫组织化学检测巢蛋白、神经元特异性烯醇化酶和胶质纤维酸性蛋白的表达情况,采用RT-PCR的方法检测巢蛋白和神经元特异性烯醇化酶的表达水平。 结果与结论：骨髓间充质干细胞经培养、传代后,细胞贴壁生长,呈长梭形。免疫组织化学检测结果显示：全反式视黄酸诱导组巢蛋白及神经元特异性烯醇化酶呈阳性,诱导后细胞的活力良好。RT-PCR结果显示全反式视黄酸诱导组巢蛋白在诱导前后均有表达,神经元特异性烯醇化酶在诱导后16 h可见明显的扩增条带,24 h后更加明显。提示全反式视黄酸能够在体外促进兔骨髓间充质干细胞向神经细胞分化。     

Wnt3a促进大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞的分化

背景：Wnt信号通路是细胞增殖分化的关键调控环节,但与骨髓间充质干细胞神经分化的联系并不十分明确。 目的：寻找促进骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化的Wnt信号分子。 方法：首先体外分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞并传代,行形态学观察,并以流式细胞学方法检测细胞表型CD44,CD9,CD34和CD45。采用碱性成纤维细胞生长因子分别联合Wnt3a或Wnt5a的方案诱导分化,应用免疫组化和反转录-聚合酶链反应方法比较Wnt3a和Wnt5a对骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化的影响。 结果与结论：骨髓间充质干细胞为长梭形,CD9,CD44高表达,CD34,CD45低表达。Wnt3a诱导组的巢蛋白和神经元特异烯醇化酶呈阳性,而胶质纤维酸性蛋白无明显表达,诱导后细胞的活力良好。Wnt5a诱导组巢蛋白呈弱阳性表达,而神经元特异烯醇化酶及胶质纤维酸性蛋白阴性。反转录-聚合酶链反应结果显示,Wnt3a诱导组巢蛋白在诱导前后均有表达,神经元特异烯醇化酶在诱导后5 d可见明显的扩增条带,10 d后更加明显。胶质纤维酸性蛋白在诱导10 d后出现较弱的扩增条带。Wnt5a组、对照组骨髓间充质干细胞在诱导后10 d巢蛋白有微弱表达,神经元特异烯醇化酶和胶质纤维酸性蛋白几乎无表达。提示Wnt3a分子能够促进体外培养的骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化。     

Wnt信号分子诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化

间充质干细胞可向神经方向转化,但分子机制目前不清楚。 目的：观察Wnt3a和Wnt5a在骨髓间充质干细胞向神经细胞分化过程中的作用。 方法：体外分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,传代后通过形态学和流式细胞仪检测细胞表面标志物CD14,CD44,CD9,CD34,CD45表达。采用碱性成纤维细胞生长因子分别联合Wnt3a和Wnt5a的诱导方案,免疫组织化学法和RT-PCR检测Wnt3a、Wnt5a在骨髓间充质干细胞向神经样细胞分化过程中的作用。 结果与结论：骨髓间充质干细胞为长梭形,表面标志物CD9,CD44高表达,CD34,CD45低表达。诱导后细胞Wnt3a诱导组巢蛋白,神经元特异性烯醇化酶呈阳性,而胶质纤维酸性蛋白无明显表达,细胞活力良好。Wnt5a诱导组巢蛋白呈弱阳性表达,而神经元特异性烯醇化酶及胶质纤维酸性蛋白阴性。RT-PCR结果显示Wnt3a诱导组巢蛋白在诱导前后均有表达,神经元特异性烯醇化酶在诱导后5 d可见明显的扩增条带,10 d后更加明显。胶质纤维酸性蛋白在诱导10 d后出现较弱的扩增条带。提示Wnt3a分子能够促进体外培养的间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化。     

脐血间充质干细胞体外扩增和向神经元样细胞的定向诱导*

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞存在取材困难、供体有限、可能病毒污染等缺陷,限制了其临床应用,而目前已证实间充质干细胞不仅存在于骨髓,还存在于外周血,尤其是脐血。 目的：探讨人脐血间充质干细胞的体外分离、扩增纯化方法及其神经分化潜能。 设计、时间及地点：应用研究,体外细胞学观察,于2005-10/2007-10在南方医科大学神经生物学教研室完成。 材料：新鲜脐血来自南方医科大学南方医院足月剖宫产新生儿脐带,取脐血前征得新生儿监护人的知情同意。 方法：无菌条件下收集脐血,去除红细胞,采用低糖DMEM/F12进行培养;取扩增第3或4代的人脐血间充质干细胞,培养基中添加碱性成纤维细胞生长因子、表皮生长因子和全反式维甲酸。 主要观察指标：用流式细胞仪检测贴壁细胞的表面标志;用免疫组化法检测诱导后细胞神经元特异性烯醇化酶、巢蛋白、神经元特异性核内抗原和神经丝蛋白表达。 结果：人脐血间充质干细胞强表达CD13、CD 29、CD44和CD105,弱表达CD106,不表达CD34、CD11a、CD14、CD33和CD45。培养基添加神经营养因子诱导后的细胞呈现典型的神经元样表型,诱导后高表达巢蛋白、神经元特异性烯醇化酶、神经元特异性核内抗原和神经丝蛋白。 结论：人脐血富含间充质干细胞,分离培养后于培养基添加神经营养因子能够分化为神经元样细胞。     

人骨髓间质干细胞的分离培养和诱导分化为神经元样细胞的研究

目的:探索成人骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)的分离培养及诱导分化为神经元样细胞的体外条件。方法:采用Ficoll淋巴细胞分离液(1.077g·mL-1)密度梯度离心法从人的骨髓中分离出MSCs进行体外扩增。收集第2代细胞流式细胞仪检测MSCs表面标志。逐渐加入表皮生长因子(EGF)、β-巯基乙醇(BME)和全反式维甲酸(ATRA)诱导MSCs向神经元细胞分化,通过免疫细胞化学法鉴定诱导后细胞神经元烯醇化酶(NSE)、神经巢蛋白(nsetin)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达情况。结果:流式细胞仪检测结果显示培养后的MSCs强表达CD29;较强表达CD44、CD166和CD105;不表达CD45、CD34和HLA-DR。诱导剂诱导后,MSCs分化为具有典型的神经元形态的细胞,免疫细胞化学显示78%的细胞NSE表达阳性;大约51%细胞nsetin表达阳性;所有细胞GFAP均阴性表达。结论:成人MSCs在体外可定向诱导分化为神经元样细胞,且具有较高的阳性分化率。     

创伤性脑组织匀浆对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞的影响

目的：骨髓间充质干细胞在脑组织匀浆诱导环境下可以转化为神经元样细胞，损伤脑组织匀浆的骨髓间充质干细胞培养液中，不仅有脑组织中提取的生长因子，而且有骨髓间充质干细胞分泌的多种生长因子，共同刺激骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞的分化。实验观察了创伤后24 h和正常脑组织匀浆诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化的差别。 方法：实验于2007-03/08在河北医科大学解剖教研室细胞培养中心完成。①实验材料：体质量100~150 g的健康SD大鼠由河北医科大学实验动物中心提供，4~6周龄,清洁级。实验过程中对动物处置符合动物伦理学标准。②实验方法：取1只 SD大鼠，麻醉后分离股骨和胫骨，用培养基冲洗骨髓腔，离心弃上清液，加入含体积分数为0.10胎牛血清的L-DMEM培养基重悬，接种于培养瓶培养并传代，于倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态。采用Gruncr改良法制作中度脑损伤大鼠模型，取伤后 24 h和正常大鼠脑组织匀浆，对体外培养的第3代骨髓间充质干细胞进行诱导。③实验评估：在倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态学变化，并应用免疫细胞化学技术检测细胞内神经元特异性烯醇化酶的表达，比较创伤后和正常脑组织匀浆两组诱导率差别。 结果：骨髓间充质干细胞经创伤性脑组织匀浆培养基诱导24 h后，细胞的胞体变大，36 h后部分细胞分化，回缩成圆形或梭形，48 h后部分细胞可见两个或多个突起伸出，类似神经元。免疫细胞化学技术检测显示，创伤性脑组织匀浆培养基诱导组神经元特异性烯醇化酶阳性表达为（54.28±6.03）%，正常脑组织匀浆诱导分化率较前者低，神经元特异性烯醇化酶阳性表达为（32.76±3.25）%，细胞生长状态略差。 结论：脑组织匀浆可诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化，创伤性脑组织匀浆可明显促进其分化。     

bFGF和N2体外联合定向诱导骨髓间质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化

目的:将成年大鼠骨髓间质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells，MSCs)体外定向诱导分化为神经元样细胞。方法:成年大鼠骨髓间质干细胞，进行体外扩增、纯化培养，对纯化后的MSCs，使用碱性成纤维生长因子(basic fibroblast growth factor，bFGF)和神经培养添加剂N2进行诱导，使MSCs分化为神经元样细胞，并进行免疫细胞化学方法鉴定。结果：95．6％的MSCs出现形态改变，呈神经元样。免疫细胞化学法鉴定，显示神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、神经丝蛋白(NF)和神经干细胞标志物巢蛋白(nestin)阳性表达。结论体外MSCs可以分化为神经元样细胞。     

丹参诱导鼠骨髓间充质细胞向神经元分化

目的：研究丹参对鼠骨髓间充质细胞的分化作用。方法：丹参注射液诱导鼠骨髓间充质细胞向神经元方向分化，采用免疫细胞化学方法对分化的和未分化的细胞进行鉴定。结果：丹参可诱导鼠骨髓间充质细胞向神经细胞分化，分化的细胞早期表达巢蛋白和Musashi1蛋白，后期则表达神经元的标志物神经元特异性醇化酶和神经微丝M，在最适合的诱导条件下约50％-60％的细胞表达这两种神经元的标志物。结论：骨髓组织中存在能分化为神经元的干细胞，丹参能够诱导这种干细胞向神经元分化，这种细胞可能成为中枢神经系统自体细胞移植的另一个干细胞的来源。     

Autophagy activator promotes neuronal differentiation of adult adipose-derived stromal cells

Preliminary research from our group found altered autophagy intensity during adipose-derived stromal cell differentiation into neuronal-like cells, and that this change was associated with morphological changes in differentiated cells. This study aimed to verify the role of rapamycin, an autophagy activator, in the process of adipose-derived stromal cell differentiation into neuronal-like cells. Immunohistochemical staining showed that expression of neuron-specific enolase and neurofilament-200 were gradually upregulated in adipose-derived stromal cells after 5 mM β-mercaptoethanol induction, and the differentiation rate gradually increased with induction time. Using transmission electron microscopy, induced cells were shown to exhibit cytoplasmic autophagosomes, with bilayer membranes, and autolysosomes. After rapamycin (200 μg/L) induction for 1 hour, adipose-derived stromal cells began to extend long processes, similar to the morphology of neuronal-like cells, while untreated cells did not exhibit similar morphologies until 3 hours after induction. Moreover, the differentiation rate was significantly increased after rapamycin treatment. Compared with untreated cells, expression of LC3, an autophagy protein, was also significantly upregulated. Positive LC3 expression tended to concentrate at cell nuclei with increasing induction times. Our experimental findings indicate that autophagy can significantly increase the speed of adipose-derived stromal cell differentiation into neuronal-like cells.     

黄芪诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向神经类细胞分化

BACKGROUND： Chemical induction has been shown to be effective at promoting the differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs）. However, these inductors have cytotoxicity side effects that may damage cells over time. Traditional Chinese medicines avoid this disadvantage while still producing effective induction.
OBJECTIVE： To investigate the influence of RadixAstragafi （Huangql） on the differentiation of MSCs.
DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： In vitro study of traditional Chinese medicine in neural stem cell differentiation. The experiment was performed at the Central Laboratory of Hebei North University between April and June 2007.
MATERIALS： Radix Astragafi solution （lot No. 060105; license No. Z53021585） was purchased from Dali Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., China; rabbit anti-rat nestin, rabbit anti-rat neuron-specific enolase （NSE）, mouse anti-rat microtubule-associated protein 2, and rabbit anti-rat glial fibrillary acidic protein were purchased from Wuhan Boster, China.
METHODS： Whole bone marrow was isolated from the femur and tibia of 6-week-old male Wistar rats and subcultured. The fourth passage of MSCs were harvested and induced by different concentrations （50, 100, 200, 400 g/L） of Radix Astragali.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe MSC morphology after 24 hours of induction. Immunocytochemistry was employed to observe the expression of NSE （specific neuronal marker）, nestin （marker of neural stem cell）, glial fibrillary acidic protein and microtubule-associated protein 2 （markers of astrocytes）.
RESULTS： Following Radix Astragali treatment, changes occurred in cell morphology including： cell body pyknosis; thin and long processes formed in some cells, with growth corresponding to drug concentration and induction time; and the formation of network-like connections between some cells. With increasing drug concentration and induction time, nestin expression was upregulated, and the number of positive cells increased; cells produced NSE, glial fibrillary acidic protein and microtubule-associated protein 2; nestin was expressed earlier than glial fibrillary acidic protein and microtubule-associated protein 2 expression. In addition, the number of NSE-positive cells was increased significantly more than glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells.
CONCLUSION： Radix Astragafi promoted process formation in stem cells. It may induce the differentiation of MSCs into neural stem cells, and subsequently into neuronal- and glial-like cells. Radix Astragafi exhibits stronger inductive effect on neuronal differentiation than glial differentiation of MSCs.     

天然脑活素对骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元定向分化的诱导作用

BACKGROUND： Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） have been shown to differentiate into neuronal-like cells through the use of several factors, such as 2-mercaptoethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, or monothioglycero However, these factors are not suitable for human use due to toxicity. Theoretically speaking, traditional Chinese medicine could be used as potential and safe factors. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effect of natural cerebrolysin on neuronal-like differentiation of MSCs, based on protein and mRNA analyses. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A parallel controlled, in vitro experiment was performed at the Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, between June 2006 and April 2008. MATERIALS： Natural cerebrolysin was provided by Shenzhen Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China. It primarily consisted of Renshen （Radix Ginseng）, Tianma （Rhizoma Gastrodiae）, and Yinxingye （Ginkgo Leaf） at a proportion of 1：2：2. Natural cerebrolysin extract （1：20） was prepared using conventional water extraction methodology. Each gram of extract equaled 20 grams of the crude drug. Twelve adult, male, New Zealand rabbits were included, six of which underwent intragastric administration of natural cerebrolysin extract （0.976 g/kg per day） for 1 month for natural cerebrolysin-containing serum. The remaining six rabbits received intragastric administration of equal volumes of physiological saline for normal blank serum. METHODS： Sprague Dawley male rats, 6-8 weeks old, were used to harvest tibial and femoral bone marrow. Isolation and purification of MSCs were established from the whole bone marrow by removing the non-adherent cells in primary and passage cultures. For cellular identification, MSCs from four to five passages were co-cultured with LG-DMEM media containing 10% natural cerebrolysin. Simultaneously, MSCs cultured in/G-DMEM media containing 10% blank rabbit serum served as the control group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Morphology of MSCs and neurite outgrowth during differentiation was observed under inverted phase contrast microscope. Neurite-positive cells were classified by neurite length that was longer than 1.5x the cell body diameter. Immunocytochemistry was used to identify purity of MSCs following passage, as well as expression of nidogen, neuron-specific enolase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and microtubule-associated protein 2 following treatment with natural cerebrolysin, mRNA expression of neuron-specific enolase and glial fibrillary acidic protein was detected using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS： After MSCs were treated with natural cerebrolysin for 3-5 hours, the cell bodies were larger, and small neurites - similar to neuronal neurites - were observed. The number of neurite-positive cells significantly increased compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）. After MSCs were treated with natural cerebrolysin for 12 hours, most expressed nidogen, neuron-specific enolase, and microtubule-associated protein 2 at higher levels than the control group （P 〈 0.01）. No evident expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein was found （P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Natural cerebrolysin promoted neurite outgrowth and induced neuronal-like differentiation of MSCs.     

Differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into neuron-like cells by Radix Angelicae Sinensis

Human adipose tissues are an ideal source of stem cells. It is important to find inducers that can safely and effectively differentiate stem cells into functional neurons for clinical use. In this study, we investigate the use of Radix Angelicae Sinensis as an inducer of neuronal differentiation. Primary human adipose-derived stem cells were obtained from adult subcutaneous fatty tissue, then pre-induced with 10% Radix Angelicae Sinensis injection for 24 hours, and incubated in serum-free Dulbecco＇s modified Eagle＇s medium/Nutrient Mixture F-12 containing 40% Radix Angelicae Sinensis to induce its differentiation into neuron-like cells. Butylated hydroxyanisole, a common in- ducer for neuronal differentiation, was used as the control. After human adipose-derived stem cells differentiated into neuron-like cells under the induction of Radix Angelicae Sinensis for 24 hours, the positive expression of neuron-specific enolase was lower than that of the butylated hydroxyani- sole-induced group, and the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein was negative. Alter they were induced for 48 hours, the positive expression of neuron specific enolase in human adipose-derived stem cells was significantly higher than that of the butylated hydroxyanisole-induced group. Our experimental findings indicate that Radix Angelicae Sinensis can induce human adipose-derived stem cell differentiation into neuron-like cells and produce less cytotoxicity.     

细胞密度与骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞的分化

景：细胞种植密度是影响干细胞分化的因素之一,对于细胞种植密度在骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化过程中的作用尚缺乏深入研究。 目的：观察细胞种植密度对骨髓间充质干细胞诱导向神经元样细胞分化的影响。 方法：采用贴壁培养法分离大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,传至第4代后将其按2×102,2×103,4×103,8×103,2×104,4×104/cm2种植于六孔板,每组均加入碱性成纤维细胞生长因子+表皮生长因子+维甲酸诱导向神经元样细胞分化,并通过免疫组织化学染色鉴定,计算每组细胞出现神经元样细胞的比例,比较各组的分化率。 结果与结论：各组骨髓间充质干细胞加入诱导剂后均出现神经元样细胞,Nestin、NSE、GFAP细胞化学染色呈阳性。不同种植密度组出现神经元样细胞比例不同,以8×103/cm2组神经元样细胞比例最高,且神经元样存活时间最长,达7 d。结果说明骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化与细胞接种密度有关,过高或过低细胞密度均不利分化。     

Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells retain immunomodulatory and anti-oxidative activities after neural induction

The immunomodulatory and anti-oxidative activities of differentiated mesenchymal stem cells contribute to their therapeutic efficacy in cell-replacement therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from human umbilical cord and induced to differentiate with basic fibroblast growth factor, nerve growth factor, epidermal growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and forskolin. The mesenchymal stem cells became rounded with long processes and expressed the neural markers, Tuj1, neurofilament 200, microtubule-associated protein-2 and neuron-specific enolase. Nestin expression was significantly reduced after neural induction. The expression of immunoregulatory and anti-oxidative genes was largely unchanged prior to and after neural induction in mesenchymal stem cells. There was no significant difference in the effects of control and induced mesenchymal stem cells on lymphocyte proliferation in co-culture experiments. However, the expression of human leukocyte antigen-G decreased significantly in induced neuron-like cells. These results suggest that growth factor-based methods enable the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cell toward immature neuronal-like cells, which retain their immunomodulatory and anti-oxidative activities.