妊娠糖尿病孕妇部分凝血指标的检测及其意义

目的 探讨妊娠糖尿病(GDM)孕妇的部分凝血相关因子及血栓分子标志物水平对GDM孕妇合并高凝状态的诊断意义。方法 采用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测44例GDM、43例正常晚孕及44例正常非孕妇女血浆组织型纤溶酶原活化物活性(tPA)、纤溶酶原活化物抑制物活性(PAI)、D-二聚体(DD)、血管性假血友病因子抗原(vWF:Ag)、凝血酶原断片(F1 2)、血小板α颗粒膜蛋白(伽'140)水平。结果 GDM组PAI、DD、vWF:Ag、F1 2和GMP140水平。差异有非常显著性(p<0.01);GDM组、正常晚孕组各指标水平均比正常非孕组高,差异有显著性(p<0.05-0.01);GDM孕妇血浆F1 2、GMP140、DD与血浆vWF:Ag水平呈显著正相关(r分别为0.563,0.597,0.394,均p<0.01);GDM孕妇血浆tPA、PAI、ATⅢ与血浆vWF:Ag水平无显著相关(r分别为0.182,0.191,-0.117,均p>0.05)。结论 GDM孕妇存在较正常晚期妊娠更严重的血液高凝状态。     

妊娠高血压综合征患者血浆血管性血友病因子及其裂解酶的测定及临床意义

目的检测正常孕妇及妊娠高血压综合征(PIH)患者血浆血管性血友病因子(vWF:Ag)水平及vWF裂解酶(vWF-CP)活性,探讨vWF及vWF-CP在PIH中的临床意义。方法采用残余胶原结合实验法及ELISA法分别对35例正常孕妇及52例PIH患者血浆vWF-CP活性及vWF:Ag水平进行检测。结果正常妊娠妇女血浆vWF:Ag(103．4±68．4)％显著高于正常非孕妇(78．4±51．6)％(P＜0．01),而血浆vWF-CP活性(76．3±1 8．4)％显著低于正常非孕妇(84．7±2．1)％(P＜0．05)。轻度妊高征妇女血浆vWF:Ag(98．8±48．5)％及vWF-CP活性(70．4±2 1．8)％与正常妊娠妇女无显著性差别(P＞0．05),而中、重度妊高征妇女血浆vWF:Ag(148．4±75．6)％显著高于正常妊娠妇女(P＜0．01),血浆vWF-CP活性(60．8±19．8)％显著低于正常妊娠妇女(P＜0．05)。结论妊高征患者血浆vWF升高,vWF-CP活性低下,参与妊高征的发生、发展,内皮损伤可能是致妊高征患者血浆vWF升高,vWF-CP活性低下的原因。     

妊娠高血压综合征患者血浆血管性假血友病因子及血栓调节蛋白水平的变化

目的 探讨孕妇血浆血管性假血友病因子(vWF)及血栓调节蛋白(TM)水平变化与妊娠高血压综合征(PIH)发病的关系.方法 应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)分别测定38例PIH患者(PIH组)及16例正常妊娠妇女(正常妊娠组)血浆中vWF及TM水平,并以20名健康未孕妇女(正常未孕组)为对照.结果 正常妊娠组vWF(95.4±40.2)%,轻度PIH患者血浆vWF为(98.1±41.1)%.二者比较,无显著性差异(P＞0.05);正常妊娠组TM为(13.7±4.6)ng/mL,轻度PIH患者为(17.4±7.1)n2/mL,二者比较,有显著性差异(P＜0.05).中、重度PIH患者血浆vWF为(195.6±39.8)%,TM为(21.8±7.4)ng/mL,与正常妊娠组比较,有显著性差异(P＜0.01).PIH患者血浆vWF与TM呈显著正相关.结论 vWF和TM可作为判断PIH病情程度的指标;vWF与TM在PIH发病中起相互协同作用.     

妊娠相关血浆蛋白A在初产妇妊娠期糖尿病中的应用价值

目的探讨初产妇孕早期血清中的妊娠相关血浆蛋白A(PAPP-A)水平与妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)发生的关系。方法用非参数检验及Logistic回归分析对168例GDM孕妇及273例健康孕妇的年龄、体质量、PAPP-A、游离β人绒毛膜促性腺激素(fβ-HCG)水平进行回顾性分析。结果 GDM组年龄与对照组差异有统计学意义(P0.01),PAPP-A浓度及PAPP-A MoM均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论初产妇孕早期低水平PAPP-A与GDM强相关,并可作为GDM的危险因素。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者红细胞分布宽度及中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值分析

目的探讨红细胞分布宽度(RDW)、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)在妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者中的变化。方法将2016年1月至2016年10月于广州市妇女儿童医疗中心产科就诊的160例孕妇纳入该研究。将诊断为妊娠糖尿病(GDM)的80例患者作为GDM组,正常妊娠孕妇80例作为对照组,分析孕中期(24~28周)孕妇的临床资料、RDW及NLR的变化。结果 GDM组孕妇与对照组孕妇在年龄、孕周、既往孕产次及孕前体质量指数(BMI)方面比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。GDM组孕妇高血压家族史及巨大儿的发生率与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而GDM组孕妇糖尿病家族史、胎膜早破及早产的发生率与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。GDM组RDW、NLR水平均高于对照组(P0.01)。结论 GDM与炎症之间有一定的联系。     

血浆氧化三甲胺水平与妊娠糖尿病的相关性

目的探讨血浆氧化三甲胺(TMAO)水平与妊娠糖尿病(GDM)的相关性。方法选取孕24～28周时接受口服糖耐量实验(OGTT)检查的单胎妊娠孕妇272例,其中GDM患者178例(GDM组)、正常孕妇94例(正常妊娠组)。记录所有孕妇的一般资料,同时检测孕早期(孕周≤13周)血清三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白(apo)A1、apo B100、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、空腹血糖(FBG)以及孕中期和孕晚期的血浆TMAO水平。采用多因素Logistic回归分析评估GDM发生的危险因素。结果 GDM组孕早期血清TG、FBG水平均高于正常妊娠组(P0.05);而GDM组孕早期血清ALT、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、apo A1、apo B100水平与正常妊娠组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。GDM组孕中期血浆TMAO水平显著高于正常妊娠组(P0.05)。GDM组孕中期与孕晚期血浆TMAO水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,孕早期FBG、TG及孕中期TMAO水平升高是GDM发病的独立危险因素[比值比(OR)值分别为3.883、2.146、1.514,95%可信区间(CI)分别为1.805～8.353、1.245～3.702、1.079～2.125]。结论孕中期孕妇血浆TMAO水平与GDM的发病风险有关。     

高血压患者血管内皮标志物与内皮依赖性血管舒张功能的关系

目的探讨高血压患者血管内皮标志物与内皮依赖性血管舒张功能的关系。方法用放射免疫分析法和酶联荧光免疫测定法检测56例高血压患者和32例正常对照组血浆内皮素(ET-1)和血管性假血友病因子(vWF),并用高分辨彩色多谱勒超声仪检测肱动脉内皮依赖性血管舒张功能。56例高血压患者按危险度分层,分为低/中危险度30例,高/极高危险度26例;其中50例用药物治疗后复查血浆ET-1、vWF和肱动脉内皮依赖性血管舒张功能。结果高血压组血浆ET-1、vWF水平显著高于正常对照组[(53.3±16.2)pg/mlvs(42.5±8.5)pg/ml,(158.2±28.6)%vs(130.6±35.2)%],高/极高危组明显高于低/中危组(P<0.001);高血压组肱动脉反应性充血诱导下血管内径舒张率较正常对照组明显减弱[(7.5±4.2)%vs(12.3±4.3)%],高/极高危组明显高于低/中危组(P<0.001),低/中危组也较正常对照组明显减弱(P<0.05)。经抗高血压药物治疗后,血浆内皮标志物和内皮依赖性血管舒张功能明显改善。相关分析显示,血浆内皮标志物和内皮依赖性血管舒张功能存在显著的负相关关系(P<0.01)。结论高血压患者存在血浆vWF、ET-1水平升高和内皮依赖性血管舒张功能障碍,且与靶器官的损伤相关;血浆内皮细胞标志物可反映内皮依赖性血管舒张功能。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者与正常妊娠妇女血脂代谢的特点及饮食护理

目的 观察并分析正常妊娠和妊娠期糖尿病孕妇的血脂代谢特点。方法 选择本院健康非孕妇女30例（对照组，正常孕妇50例（正常对照组），妊娠期糖尿病孕妇30例（GDM组），后两组分别于孕24周，28周，36周抽取空腹静脉血测定各项血脂值；三组妇女均测空腹静脉血浆总胆固醇（TC），甘油三酯（TG），高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL－C），低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL－C）。结果 （1）与对照组比较，正常妊娠组孕28周，孕36周以及GDM组各孕周的TC，TG，LDL－C血脂测定值及TG／HDL－C比值均较对照组明显升高（P＜0．001）；（2）正常妊娠组与GDM组孕妇随着孕周的增加，TC，TG，LDL－C测定值及TG／HDL－C比值明显升高；（3）GDM组孕妇不同孕周的TC，TG，LDL－C测定值及TG／HDL－C比值明显高于正常妊娠组不同孕妇周的测定值（P＜0．001）；HDL－L测定值降低（P＜0．05）。结论 妊娠后各血脂值均随孕周增加而升高，孕晚期各值明显高于孕早中期，更高于非孕期；GDM组孕妇不同孕周的血脂值明显高于正常妊娠组的不同孕周；GDM孕妇存在血脂增高，血脂代谢紊乱。     

妊娠期糖尿病对妊娠分娩结局的影响

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)对于妊娠分娩结局的影响。方法选取2014年1月至2015年10月在南京六合区人民医院产检并分娩的孕妇,根据其在妊娠24~28周行75g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)结果,将278例GDM孕妇设为GDM组,同期选取278例健康孕妇作为对照组,并对2组孕妇妊娠分娩结局进行统计分析及比较。结果 GDM组孕妇的OGTT 3个时间点的血糖[空腹血糖(FPG)、服糖后1h(1hPG)、服糖后2h(2hPG)]值分别为(5.08±0.56)、(9.22±1.71)、(7.62±1.48)mmol/L,均高于对照组孕妇OGTT 3个时间点的血糖值,分别为(4.45±0.43)、(7.76±1.35)、(6.34±0.96)mmol/L,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);GDM组妊娠期高血症、胎膜早破、早产、胎儿窘迫、产后出血、巨大儿发生率及剖宫产率均高于对照组,差异有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 GDM对妊娠结局有较大影响,可导致母婴严重的并发症,应加强妊娠期糖代谢监测及相关知识的宣教以改善母婴结局。     

早期妊娠妇女血浆中血小板活化因子含量和血小板活化因子-乙酰水解酶活性的变化及意义

目的:探计早期妊娠妇女血浆中血小板活化因子(platelet-activating factor,PAF)的含量、血小板活化因子-乙酰水解酶(PAF-acetyl-hydrolase,PAF-AH)的活性变化及意义.方法:通过病史询问、妇科检查及B超确定早孕.采用生物法检测120例早期妊娠妇女和20例正常非孕妇女血浆中的PAF含量,同时采用酶水解底物显色法测定血浆中的PAF-AH活性,放射免疫法检测血清中的hCG-β.结果:早期妊娠妇女血浆中PAF含量为(12.5±4.3)ng/mL,正常非孕妇女为(6.7±2.8)ng/mL,两组比较差异有显著性(P＜0.01);早期妊娠妇女血浆中PAF-AH活性为(17±1.1)nmol/(min·mL),正常非孕妇女为(32±1.8)nmol/(min·mL),两组比较差异有显著性(P＜0.01).结论:早期妊娠妇女血浆中PAF含量和PAF-AH活性的变化在妊娠的发生和发展中起着较为重要的作用.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.