影响显微外科输精管吻合术后复孕的多因素研究

通过采用作者改良的显微外科输精管吻合法和总结查找近睾端输精管液中精子的方法。对５６例输精管结扎术后要求复育者进行了输精管吻合术，术后２年随访５０例，复通率达１００％，复孕率达６０％，以抗精子抗体，精子穿卵试验，辅精管结节精子肉芽肿，精液质量等２１个指标对孕组和未孕组进行了对照观察，经过Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归等方法进行统计学处理，筛选出术后ＳＩＴ，精子存活率，精子密度、ＩＢＴ给合ＩｇＡ和ＩｇＧ、ＭＡＲ     

影响显微外科输精管吻合术后复孕的多因素研究

通过采用作者改良的显微外科输精管吻合法和总结查找近睾端输精管液中精子的方法，对56例输精管结扎术后要求复有者进行了输精管管吻合术．术后2年随访50例，复通率达100％，复孕率达60％、以抗精子抗体、精子穿卵试验、输精管结节精子肉芽肿、精液质量等21个指标对孕组和未孕组进行了对照现实，经过Logistic回归等方法进行统计学处理，筛选出术后SIT、精子存活率、精子密度、IBT结合IgA和IgG、MAR、TAT和精子活动率等8个影响吻合术后受孕的主要因素，其中前2个最为主要。     

显微外科技术针头支架法输精管吻合术42例分析

目的探讨输精管吻合术的新方法及复育效果。方法通过显微外科技术针头I临时支架固定法，行输精管吻合术42例。结果42例输精管吻合术，术后随访，检查精液有精子36例，术后再通率85．7％；配偶受孕25例，复孕率59．5％。结论应用显微外科技术针头临时支架法行输精管吻合术，可有助于提高输精管再通率复育率。     

应用显微外科技术治疗梗阻性无精症42例疗效分析

目的 探讨应用显微外科技术治疗梗阻性无精子症的临床治疗效果.方法 自2000年12月至2011年12月,应用显微外科技术对梗阻性无精子症患者施行输精管吻合和输精管附睾吻合术42例并进行回顾性分析.结果 42例中,36例术后精液可见精子,术后复通率85.7％;配偶已怀孕27例,致孕率64.3％.结论 应用显微外科技术行输精管吻合和输精管附睾吻合术治疗梗阻性无精子症临床效果良好.     

输精管显微两层吻合术

输精管吻合术是计划生育工作的一项辅助性措施,其手术方法较多。显微外科技术的应用,进一步提高了输精管再通术的效果,输精管显微两层吻合术术后复通率达100％,复孕率达72％,明显优于其它手术方法。本文根据作者的体会并复习文献,就输精管显微两层吻合术的手术方法与效果讨论如下。     

输精管转位附睾吻合术治疗特殊梗阻性无精子症

目的 探讨应用显微外科技术施行输精管转位附睾端侧吻合术在特殊梗阻性无精子症治疗中的作用.方法 对梗阻性无精于症患者施行阴囊探查术,术中行精路通液试验确诊为特殊梗阻性无精子症14例,即一侧附睾梗阻或发育异常未检出精子而输精管通畅,对侧附睾检出活精子但输精管梗阻或发育异常.应用显微外科技术行输精管转位附睾吻合术,健侧输精管与对侧附睾检出活精子处吻合,术后随访其疗效. 结果 14例获随访7～31个月,9例于术后3～9个月从精液中检出活精子,复通率64%,5例配偶受孕成功,致孕率36%. 结论 显微外科输精管转位附睾吻合术治疗这种特殊梗阻性无精子症效果良好,值得临床推广.     

影响输精管吻合后生育力恢复相关因素的初探

目的 探讨影响输精管吻合术后生育力恢复的相关因素。方法 41例对象，在输精管吻合术时，收集30例近睾端输精管液体(附睾精子)，在输精管吻合术后3～18个月进行精液和妊娠的随访。分别做了多种参数的分析。统计有关参数之间的关系，并用Logistic回归对术后生育恢复与上述参数的关系进行分析。结果 按术后是否使妻子怀孕分为生育组(20例)和未育组(21例)。两组除输精管结扎术后的年限在未育组显著高于生育组外，附睾精子分析的结果均无差异。输精管吻合术后精液分析的结果显示：除精子活动率、精子存活率、正常形态精子等在未育组显著低于生育组外，其它均无显著差别。Logistic回归分析结果表明：输精管吻合术后生育力恢复与精子活动率和正常形态精子两个变量有关。结论 输精管吻合术后精液中精子活动率、精子存活率、正常形态精子未能恢复至正常水平．是影响输精管吻合术后未能生育的因素．     

显微外科输精管吻合术进展

随着显微外科的发展,应用显微外科技术进行输精管吻合,愈来愈受到人们的重视。自Barolenver(1866)首创输精管成形术后,Marlin(1902)进行了输精管附睾吻合术,最早报道输精管吻合术后复孕率仅为5～35％。近几十年,随输精管绝育术的增加而要求作输精管吻合术的绝对人数也大大增加,相对比例也有增加。全世界大约有5000万男子自愿作了输精管绝育术,每年约有100万人递增。美国作输精管绝育术已稳定在每年50万例左右,其中,     

显微外科输精管再吻合15例分析

对经常规输精管吻合1次未复通的9例,2次仍未复通的6例以显微外科技术施行了再次输精管吻合术。后获精液复查的14例均再现精子,复通率达100％。这15例在本次吻合术前检查血清精子凝集抗体有80％为阳性,术中取输精管结节病检有16.7％发现精子肉芽肿。吻合术采用4定点全层缝合后先将两侧壁打结,然后间针浆肌层缝合前后壁再打结,这样缝合方便准确,对合严整。术中检查近睾端输精管精子采用消毒玻片直接沾涂溢液、附睾及输精管曲段按摩,生理盐水低压灌注等方法使精子检出率达80％。     

显微技术输卵管复通效果及影响因素探讨

目的：探讨用显微外科技术进行输卵管复通术的效果及影响因素。方法：对用显微外科技术施行输卵管复通术１５年共７６８例进行长期随访研究，并对复通患者的年龄、绝育期限、输卵管长度、不同术者等影响复通手术效果的因素进行分析。结果：术后２年以上的随访率８９．８％，复孕率８４．７％，宫内流产率１１．４％，宫外孕率１．７７％。结论：上述诸因素中以输卵管长度与显微外科技术最为重要。     

Microsurgical vasovasostomy after failed vasovasostomy

PURPOSE: We analyzed our experience with repeat microsurgical vasovasostomy after failed vasovasostomy and elucidate the possible predictors of surgical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 62 repeat vasectomy reversal cases with followup data available. Regardless of the intraoperative observation of sperm in the vasal fluid bilateral microsurgical 2-layer vasovasostomy was performed when surgically possible. Of these 62 patients 60 (97%) underwent bilateral (58) or unilateral (2) vasovasostomy and 2 (3%) underwent unilateral vasovasostomy with contralateral epididymovasostomy. RESULTS: Patency and pregnancy followup data were available on 62 and 42 patients, respectively. The overall patency and pregnancy rates achieved were 92% and 57%, respectively, and the natural birth rate was 52%. Increased age of the wife proved a negative prognostic factor for pregnancy (p = 0.018). The intraoperative detection of sperm and other factors, including obstructive interval, reconstruction type, anastomotic site, patient age and postoperative semen parameters, did not influence the surgical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the detection of sperm in the intravasal fluid during the operation repeat microsurgical vasovasostomy resulted in a better outcome than in other studies, in which adopted epididymovasostomy was done when sperm was absent from the vas fluid. Our study suggests that compromised anastomosis after previous surgery is the most common cause of failed vasovasostomy. We recommend that microsurgical vasovasostomy should be performed preferentially in failed vasovasostomy cases.     

Robotic microsurgical vasovasostomy and vasoepididymostomy: a prospective randomized study in a rat model

PURPOSE: Microsurgical vasovasostomy and vasoepididymostomy remain technically challenging procedures. Refinements in technique have continually improved patency and pregnancy rates for the 2 procedures in experienced hands. Advances in surgical robotics produced the Da Vinci robot (Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Sunnyvale, California) with motion reduction and no tremor, features that may improve outcomes in microsurgery. We report a randomized prospective study of vasoepididymostomy and vasovasostomy using the Da Vinci robot in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 24 adult male Wistar rats underwent vasectomy through a midline abdominal incision. Two weeks later the animals were randomized to microsurgical multilayer vasovasostomy, longitudinal vasoepididymostomy or robotic vasovasostomy and vasoepididymostomy groups. Outcomes measured included surgical time, complications, patency and sperm granuloma formation at 9 weeks. RESULTS: Animals were sacrificed 9 weeks after microsurgery. There were no significant differences in complications among the groups. Robotic vasovasostomy was significantly faster than the conventional microsurgical technique (68.5 vs 102.5 minutes, p = 0.002). The robotic and microsurgical vasoepididymostomy groups did not differ significantly in time. Patency rates were 100% for the robotic vasovasostomy and vasoepididymostomy groups, and 90% in the microsurgical vasovasostomy and vasoepididymostomy groups. These differences were not significant. Sperm granulomas were found in 70% of microsurgical vasovasostomy anastomoses and 27% of robotic vasovasostomy anastomoses (p = 0.001). No significant difference in the sperm granuloma rate was found between the robotic or microsurgical vasoepididymostomy groups (42% and 50%, respectively, p = 0.37). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge we report the first randomized prospective study using the Da Vinci robot for microsurgery. We believe that the improved stability and motion reduction during microsurgical suturing with the robot helped achieve excellent patency rates for vasovasostomy and vasoepididymostomy. The robot may also allow experienced microsurgeons to perform microsurgical procedures in patients at remote locations where no experienced microsurgeons are available.     

Chronic testicular pain: an overview

Chronic testicular pain (orchialgia, orchidynia or chronic scrotal pain) is common and well recognized but its pathophysiology is poorly understood. Currently treatment is largely empirical. This article aims to present an overview of its prevalence, possible aetiology and the available treatment options. The contribution of psychological factors is unclear, although some of these patients undoubtedly are depressed. Post vasectomy chronic testicular pain may be due to functional obstruction of the vas, or to spermatic granuloma. The surgical technique used may be relevant and the application of intraoperative local anaesthetic may have a role in reducing the risk. The importance of the sympathetic nervous system and the role of a possible alteration of the adrenergic receptors of the vas deferens in patients with chronic testicular pain are discussed. For patients failing to respond to conservative treatment, microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord, epididymectomy and vasovasostomy have all shown a degree of relief. Unfortunately a small number of patients fail to respond to both conservative and more invasive treatment methods and for them the only available therapeutic option is inguinal orchiectomy.     

Treatment of failed vasectomy reversal using a microsurgical two-layer anastomosis technique

Objective

To evaluate the application of a microsurgical two-layer anastomosis technique in the treatment of failed vasectomy reversal.

Methods

A microsurgical two-layer anastomosis was used in a series of 24 patients with confirmed anastomotic obstruction after previous vasectomy reversal. The patients were followed up for 9 months to 6 years, and the efficacy of the procedure was evaluated by regular seminal analysis and pregnancy records. The results were compared with those obtained from 34 patients who had received primary microsurgical vasovasostomy in our hospital using the same microsurgical technique.

Results

In the treatment group for failed vasectomy reversal patients, the postoperative patency rate was 87.5% (21/24), resulting in a pregnancy rate of 54.2% (13/24). In primary reversal group, the postoperative patency rate was 94.1% (32/34), resulting in a pregnancy rate of 67.6% (23/34). Both the patency and pregnancy rate were not significantly different between these two groups.

Conclusions

The microsurgical vasovasostomy and vasoepididymostomy provided satisfactory patency rate and natural pregnancy rate for patients with a previous failed vasectomy reversal, which is comparable with the results of patients who had undergone primary procedure.     

显微外科技术治疗梗阻性无精子症的新进展

显微外科技术在最近 5～ 10年的生殖医学发展中扮演了重要角色。显微外科的睾丸取精技术和附睾取精技术 ,与体外受精和卵细胞内单精子注射技术的结合 ,使得过去一直被认为是难以治疗的因生精功能障碍所致的非梗阻性无精子症的治疗成为现实。与此同时 ,显微外科输精管吻合和输精管附睾吻合的技术革命使治疗梗阻性无精子症的效果显著地改善 ,成为治疗梗阻性无精子症的首选方法。本文着重介绍了显微外科输精管吻合术、输精管附睾吻合术、手术指征与手术成功的要素 ,预测了未来的发展方向 ,讨论了显微外科技术的优势 ,强调了显微外科培训对泌尿外科医生治疗男性不育患者的重要意义。     

Failed vasectomy reversal: is a further attempt using microsurgery worthwhile?

OBJECTIVE: To determine, in failed vasectomy reversal, the usefulness of a revised anastomosis using microsurgery in achieving sperm in the ejaculate and fertility, and to relate the outcome to the site of the anastomosis, length of time from vasectomy, and presence or absence of sperm in the vas at surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a series of 28 patients with confirmed anastomotic obstruction undergoing vasectomy reversal (over a 10-year period), a microsurgical technique using an oblique end-to-end two-layer interrupted anastomosis with 10/0 Nylon was used to establish vasal continuity. Subsequent seminal analysis at 3-6 months and ensuing paternity were related to several variables. The results were compared with those obtained after 137 cases of primary microsurgical vasovasostomy. RESULTS: Sperm was restored to the ejaculate in 16 (57%) of the patients and successful fertilization was reported in nine (32%). The interval between vasectomy and reversal surgery was relevant to the outcome, with four out of four men having sperm in the ejaculate within 5 years and three achieving paternity. However, the fertility rate was still moderate after an interval of 6-10 years (two of six) and at > 10 years (four of 18). The presence of sperm in the ejaculate was related to whether or not sperm were found in the testicular end of the vas at operation, but absence did not preclude a successful outcome. The overall results were not significantly different from those after primary microsurgical reversal surgery. CONCLUSION: Microscopic vasovasostomy after previous obstructive failure provides the patient with a further reasonable chance of becoming fertile; although diminishing with time from vasectomy, even after a prolonged period there can be success. The absence of sperm at the time of vasovasostomy does not necessarily indicate failure, but in these cases the presence of thick creamy fluid in the vas predicts a poor outcome, and alternative methods of management should be considered. A microsurgical technique extending, if necessary, well into the convoluted part of the vas, is recommended. Microsurgical skills, relevant equipment and adequate time are required.     

The relationship between intravasal sperm quality and patency rates after vasovasostomy

PURPOSE: Most surgeons examine the intravasal fluid at vasectomy reversal. Vasovasostomy is performed when sperm are identified in the intravasal fluid or when sperm are absent but the fluid is copious and clear. When sperm are absent and the intravasal fluid is not copious and clear, vasoepididymostomy is often performed. Frequently the intravasal fluid contains only fragments of sperm. This study examines patency rates after microsurgical vasovasostomy as a function of the quality of sperm in the intravasal fluid. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of patients who had undergone microsurgical vasovasostomy were reviewed. The intravasal fluid was examined and sperm quality was recorded as no sperm, sperm heads, sperm with short tails or whole sperm. Results of postoperative semen analyses were recorded. Patency rates and postoperative semen parameters were compared. RESULTS: A total of 53 patients satisfied the entrance criteria. Ages ranged from 25 to 53 (mean age 39). Mean obstructive interval was 9.9 years (range 1 to 20). Overall patency was 98% (52 of 53 cases). Patency rates were 95% for the group with sperm heads and 100% for whole sperm, sperm with short tails and absent sperm groups. Patency rates did not vary significantly as a function of intravasal sperm quality. CONCLUSIONS: Modern microsurgical techniques yield excellent patency rates. The presence of sperm parts compared to whole sperm does not adversely affect patency rates after vasovasostomy. Vasovasostomy should be performed if any sperm parts are identified in the intravasal fluid.     

Repeat vasectomy reversal after initial failure: overall results and predictors for success

PURPOSE: We review the treatment outcomes for microsurgical reconstruction following failed vasectomy reversal and identify predictors for success. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of our experience with microsurgical reconstruction in 41 men who underwent 1 or more prior unsuccessful vasectomy reversal procedures. Of these patients 20 underwent bilateral (16) or unilateral (4) vasoepididymostomy, 11 underwent bilateral (7) or unilateral (4) vasovasostomy and 10 underwent unilateral vasoepididymostomy with contralateral vasovasostomy. Postoperative followup consisted of serial semen analyses and telephone interviews. RESULTS: Patency and pregnancy followup data were available in 33 and 31 patients, respectively. Five couples had ongoing uncorrected female factor infertility problems and were not included in pregnancy rate calculations. Mean obstructive interval was 10.6 years. Overall patency and pregnancy rates were 79 and 31%, respectively. Mean total motile sperm count for patients demonstrating patency at followup was 38.0 million. History of conception with the current partner was predictive of future conception with 4 of 5 nonremarried couples (80%) initiating a pregnancy versus 3 of 18 remarried couples (17%) (p = 0.006). Other factors, including smoking history and obstructive interval, did not correlate with postoperative success. Reconstruction with vasovasostomy on at least 1 side trended toward improved patency (p = 0.17) and pregnancy rates (p = 0.15), although they did not assume statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Microsurgical reconstruction following failed vasectomy reversal is associated with high patency and moderate pregnancy rates at short-term followup. In our series previous conception with the current partner was predictive of future conception after reconstruction. Urologists performing repeat vasectomy reversal must be familiar with microsurgical techniques, since almost three-quarters of patients will require at least unilateral vasoepididymostomy.     

Toward a sutureless vasovasostomy: use of biomaterials and surgical sealants in a rodent vasovasostomy model

PURPOSE: With 500,000 to 800,000 vasectomies performed annually and a reversal rate of 3% to 8% vasectomy reversal has become a commonly performed procedure. Two-layer microsurgical vasovasostomy remains the gold standard for surgical reconstruction of the vas. However, this procedure is technically demanding and time-consuming. We determined the ability of biomaterials and surgical sealants to decrease the number of sutures used, enhance anastomosis watertightness and decrease operative time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats underwent vasectomy 2 weeks prior to vasovasostomy. Standard 2-layer microsurgical repair was performed in control animals. Experimental groups underwent 3-suture mucosal approximation and then completion of the anastomosis with a biomaterial membrane and/or synthetic sealant. The rats were sacrificed 9 weeks after vasovasostomy. Anastomotic patency was assessed functionally by the presence of motile sperm in the vas distal to the testes and anastomosis, and mechanically by methylene blue vasogram. The presence and size of sperm granulomas were also recorded. RESULTS: Microsurgical vasovasostomy required significantly less time when biomaterial (42.7 minutes) or sealant (40 minutes) was used compared to the standard sutured group (102.5 minutes, each p < 0.001). There was no difference in patency between the standard sutured and biomaterial groups (90% vs 92%). Patency was significantly lower in the sealant groups, that is 70% in the suture, biomaterial and sealant group, and 75% in the suture and sealant group. The biomaterial group had only 1 sperm granuloma in 12 procedures, which was significantly better than the 7 in the control group (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Using a biomaterial wrap during vasovasostomy resulted in significantly decreased operative time and fewer sperm granulomas than in the control group. Sealants were not effective. Biomaterial wrap may support vasovasostomy and by decreasing leakage improve the outcome.