江西省燃煤污染型氟中毒病区氟化物来源调查分析

目的调查分析江西省燃煤污染型氟中毒病区氟化物的来源,为制定防治措施提供理论依据。方法对调查地区8~12岁儿童采用Dean法进行氟斑牙普查,并采集调查地区饮用水、地表水、室内外空气、食物(大米)、煤、粘土进行氟含量的测定。结果 8~12岁儿童病区村氟斑牙检出率为34.12%(58/170),非病区村氟斑牙检出率为10.05%(37/368),病区村与非病区村氟斑牙检出率差异有统计学意义(Ⅹ2=44.67,P<0.001)。8~12岁儿童病区村尿氟含量几何均数为1.07 mg/L,非病区村为0.74 mg/L,差异有统计学意义(t=3.71,P<0.001)。病区村室内空气平均氟含量为0.056 mg/m3,而非病区村为0.015 mg/m3,且病区村室内空气氟含量高于非病区村(t=2.33,P=0.031)。病区村的原煤、蜂窝煤、拌煤粘土平均氟含量分别为296.08 mg/kg、327.11 mg/kg、935.56 mg/kg,拌煤粘土氟含量最高达1 350.00 mg/kg,病区村原煤、蜂窝煤、拌煤粘土的氟含量高于非病区村,差异均有统计学意义(均有P<0.05)。结...     

重庆市燃煤型氟中毒病区煤氟调查分析

[目的]掌握重庆市燃煤型氧中毒病区煤氟含量及其与病情的变化关系,为分析氟中毒的主要氟源提供科学依据.[方法]以病情较重的彭水县的大青村、太平村和巫山县的凌云村、栗子村为调查点,永川区的双楼村、现龙村为对照点,调查8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率,16岁以上人群氟骨症患病情况;检测病区和非病区的煤、拌煤土、拌煤、煤渣、饮用水、土壤、空气中的氟含量,调查病区和非病区居民生活,估算出通过不同途径进入人体的氟的含量.[结果]病区儿童的氟斑牙检出率以及16岁以上人群氟骨症检出率均高于非病区的水平,病区与非病区居民经消化道进入人体的氟含量相差不大,经水体进入人体的氟虽有差别,但未超过国家标准,但病区空气氟含量超过国家标准,经呼吸系统进入人体的氟的总量病区是非病区的7.57倍.[结论]重庆市燃煤型氧中毒氟源是煤,主要的摄氟途径为呼吸系统.     

娄底市地氟病相关危害因素与综合防制研究

目的确证娄底市地氟病的主要氟源,探讨同一区域内病区轻重程度相差悬殊的问题和改灶降氟项目的可持续性。方法检查学生氟斑牙和尿氟浓度,测定煤、制作藕煤的壤土、饮用水和食物氟含量及改灶前后室内空气氟浓度,评价改灶降氟的效果。结果原煤氟含量平均值为91.90 mg/kg,拌煤壤土平均氟含量816.90 mg/kg,各病区差异无统计学意义(F=0.58,P>0.05),干蔬菜氟含量超过卫生标准;25年来病区村数增加了2.42倍,重病区分布于海拔800 m以上山区;实施改灶降氟后,室内空气氟含量下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),学生和村民地氟病防控知识知晓率明显提高。结论娄底市地氟病的氟源具有多源性,且主要来源于拌煤壤土,地氟病病区轻重程度与拌煤壤土氟含量高低不呈正相关;病区分布具明显高海拔特征,社会经济因素在病区形成与发展中起重要作用;地氟病防控项目管理模式要创新,必须强化综合防制策略。     

地氟病区,克山病区及非病区人群内外环境氟含量调查

地氟病区、克山病区及非病区人群内外环境氟含量调查＊胡梅１朱岚１李平１燃煤污染氟中毒是由居民燃用含氟煤污染粮食、蔬菜、空气等引起，人通过这些介质而长期摄入过量氟引起的一种地方性氟病，这种类型的地氟病７０年代在我国被确认。有资料报道四川省燃煤污染氟病区无...     

燃煤型氟中毒地区人群血浆中髓过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶活力的变化

目的探讨燃煤型氟中毒地区人群血浆中髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GSTs)活力与氧化应激的关系。方法2007年6月至8月在于贵州省毕节市鸭池镇燃煤型氟中毒非改灶村抽取245名村民作为非干预组,于该市长春镇燃煤型氟中毒改灶村抽取240名村民作为干预组,于非地方性氟中毒病区的长顺县白云山镇抽取247名村民作对照组,利用比色法分别测定血浆中髓过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶活力。结果非干预组血浆MPO活力>干预组>对照组,各组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);非干预组血浆GSTs活力<干预组<对照组,各组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。各组间MPO、GSTs活力无性别差异(P>0.05)。结论过量氟可能使体内自由基代谢失衡,推测通过人为干预氟的摄入,有助于机体恢复氧化平衡。     

云南昭通燃煤中砷的释放规律及其环境效应研究

目的探讨燃煤型氟中毒病区燃煤中砷的实际燃烧释放规律及其环境效应。方法于2005—2010年,在云南昭通系统采集了24户农户的煤、拌煤粘土、煤泥、煤渣以及新鲜玉米和烘烤玉米样品进行砷含量的检测,并计算煤泥中砷元素的燃烧释放量及释放率,分析了煤泥中砷释放量与烘烤玉米中砷增加量的关系。结果煤中砷含量为0.72~14.35 mg/kg,中位数为3.92 mg/kg;拌煤粘土中砷含量为1.66~66.59 mg/kg,中位数为17.22 mg/kg;煤泥中砷含量为1.81~29.52 mg/kg,中位数为7.79 mg/kg;煤泥中砷的释放量为0.09~22.47 mg/kg,中位数为2.00 mg/kg;煤泥中砷的释放率为0.92%~76.10%,中位数为31.76%;新鲜玉米中的砷含量为未检出~0.03 mg/kg,中位数为0.02 mg/kg,远低于GB 2762—2005《食品中污染物限量》中砷限量(0.2 mg/kg);烘烤玉米中的砷含量为未检出~0.34 mg/kg,中位数为0.09 mg/kg,与新鲜玉米相比有了大幅增加,超标率仅为23.8%。粘土与煤泥中砷释放量呈正相关(P=0.001),而砷释放量与烘烤玉米砷增加量间无统计学相关性(P=0.604)。结论拌煤粘土是燃煤中砷污染物释放的重要来源。烘烤玉米中砷污染程度不仅与煤泥中砷释放量有关,而且受到烤房条件、敞炉结构、烘烤时间等多种因素的影响。     

常山县燃煤污染型地方性氟中毒调查与结果分析

目的:了解掌握农村改灶降氟后地方性氟中毒病情动态,以便制定防治措施与对策.方法:按<常山县燃煤污染型地方性氟中毒病区监测方案>要求,对常山县芳村、洁湖村进行病情、外环境氟含量调查,采用氟离子选择电极法.结果:居民饮用水氟含量缸水为(0.254±0.106)mg/L,源(井)水氟含量为(0.236 ±0.086)mg/L,T=-0.294,P=0.772.居民户室内空气氟含量为(0.002 ±0.0008)mg/m3,燃煤型户儿童尿氟含量为(1.016±0.728)mg/L,非燃煤型户儿童尿氟含量为(0.617 ±0.344)mg/L,T=1.718,P=0.102.8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率为5.88%.结论:常山县燃煤污染型地方性氟中毒病情得到控制,已不构成当地重要的公共卫生问题.     

河间市地方性氟中毒病区井水的氟含量

目的 了解河间市地方性氟中毒病区井水氟含量.方法 于2003年7月-2005年1月在河间市境内选取2个乡镇,每个乡镇分别随机抽取20个村,每个村取集中供水的深水井1眼,测量井深.每眼井分别在每年夏季丰水期及冬季枯水期采集水样1次,每次采2件平行水样,1周内测定,连续采样2 a.结果 水氟含量为1.2～4.4mg/L,均超过1.0mg/L,超标率达100%.不同氟含量水平的井水总硬度不同,差异有统计学意义(F=7.14,P＜0.01);并且随着氟含量的增加,水的总硬度降低,呈负相关关系(r=-0.615,P＜0.01).不同氟含量水平的井水pH值不同,差异有统计学意义(F=38.79,P＜0.01);井水的pH值与氟含量呈正相关关系(r=0.687,P＜0.01).井深范围为250～400 m.按井深从浅到深分成3组(250 m～,300 m～,350～400m),各组间氟含量比较,差异有统计学意义(F=6.22,P＜0.01).并且随着井深的增加,井水的氟含量升高,呈正相关关系(r=0.560,P＜0.01).结论 河间市2个地方性氟中毒病区井水氟含量超标严重,井水氟含量与水的总硬度、pH值、井深具有明显的相关性.     

豫西产煤区空气氟污染与氟中毒发病关系探讨

对豫西不同生活水平的４个产煤村空气氟污染状况进行调查，结果室内空气氟含量分别为国家标准０．００７ｍｇ／ｍ３的１．４９－２．８６倍，而烧柴和燃用外购蜂窝煤的对照村空气氟含量未超标。产煤村８－１２岁儿童氟斑牙率显著高于对照村，其中３个村达到氟病区标准，证实空气氟污染是形成燃煤型病区的主要氟源。但经济状况好，住室宽敞的产煤村儿童牙齿损害程度轻或氟斑牙率达不到病区标准，提示生活水平与居住条件是影响燃煤型氟中毒发生的一个重要因素。     

常山县燃煤污染型地方性氟中毒病区调查

1984年我省开展地方性氟中毒普查后发现,常山县芳村镇的芳村、洁湖、石壁底等10个村以当地石煤为燃料已有200多年历史.经流行病学调查,确定芳村镇为燃煤污染型地方性氟中毒病区.据1990年调查,病区居民燃用石煤户达60%以上[1],8～15岁儿童氟斑牙患病率为76.0%,成人骨关节疼痛发生率为60.6%,居民晨尿氟含量为0.66～7.50mg/L.病区居民室内空气含氟均值达0.026mg/m3,＞0.02mg/m3占41.0%.为了解目前病区燃煤污染型地方性氟中毒现状,改炉、改灶减少氟污染的防治效果,2003年对该地区地方性氟中毒情况进行调查,现报告如下.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.