高频超声对肩袖撕裂诊断的应用价值

目的:对比分析高频超声检查对肩袖撕裂的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析临床怀疑肩袖撕裂并分别行超声、MRI检查及关节镜治疗的患者37例37肩,男21例,女16例;年龄51~75岁,平均64岁。通过超声检查对肩袖损伤进行分型,并与MRI及关节镜结果行对比分析。结果:超声检查诊断肩袖损伤32肩,诊断正常肩袖5肩;MRI诊断肩袖损伤29肩,正常8肩;手术诊断肩袖损伤33肩,诊断正常肩袖4肩。超声诊断肩袖损伤的敏感性为93.4%(31/33),特异性为75.0%(3/4);MRI诊断肩袖损伤的敏感性为87.5%(28/32),特异性为80.0%(4/5)。结论:超声检查在诊断肩袖损伤方面具有较高灵敏度及特异性,可以作为诊断肩袖损伤的常规检查方法。     

小切口和关节镜下的肩袖修复

对肩袖损伤传统上往往采用肩峰切开减压和肩袖修补术,此手术能成功地恢复功能和减轻疼痛。但肩袖切开修补术也存在着固有的缺点,由于术中剥离而造成的术后三角肌止点的脱离往往造成明显的病废;切开修复技术还可能因为需要较长时间的固定而造成肩关节僵硬。因此,有人提出了关节镜辅助下小切口修补术,近期更有人提出了完全关节镜下肩袖修补术,并且得到了越来越多的发展和应用。小切口和关节镜技术都避免了     

关节镜辅助下小切口修复肩袖损伤

目的　探讨关节镜辅助下小切口修复肩袖损伤的方法与疗效。方法　 1999年 5月至 2 0 0 3年 10月 ,采用关节镜辅助下小切口修复肩袖损伤 3 2例。术前 3 2例行肩关节X线片和肩关节MRI检查 ,其中 15例行肩关节造影检查 ,结果均证实为肩袖损伤。关节镜下发现肩袖附着处撕脱伤 5例 ,肩袖损伤2 7例。关节镜下行肩峰成形术 3 0例 ,小切口作肩峰成形术 2例。肩袖全层损伤在关节镜辅助下小切口行肩袖缝合术 2 2例 ,肩袖不完全性损伤在关节镜下作射频清理术 10例。结果　 3 2例术后随访 6～ 3 2个月 ,平均 10个月。根据美国UCLA肩关节评分标准评估 ,优 2 2例 ,良 5例 ,可 5例 ,优良率达 84.3 7%。结论　关节镜辅助下肩峰成形和小切口修复肩袖损伤具有操作安全简便、创伤小、有利于早期功能练习和康复。     

半月板损伤的MRI诊断与关节镜所见的比较研究

目的 探讨MRI对半月板损伤的诊断及其指导制定关节镜下手术方案的可行性。方法 将157个(147例)膝关节分为两组．骨性关节炎(osteoarthritis,OA)组107膝，运动创伤(sport injury，SI)组50膝。所有病例均行MR检查．152膝行关节镜下手术．按半月板损伤MRI诊断标准进行分级诊断，并将结果与关节镜下表现进行对比，结果 OA组中MRI诊断Ⅰ级21膝，Ⅱ级34膝，Ⅲ级40膝，Ⅳ级12膝，各级诊断的准确率分别为100％(21/21)、91．2％(31／34)、92.5％(37/40)和100％(12/12)，OA组总诊断准确率为94．39％；关节镜下行半月板修整15膝．部分切除及成形术25膝，次全切除4膝，全切8膝．未处理55膝。SI组中MRI诊断Ⅰ级5，Ⅱ级4膝．Ⅲ级26膝，Ⅳ级15膝，Ⅱ～Ⅳ级诊断的准确率分别为75％(3／4)．92.3％(24／26)和93.3％(14／15)．SI组Ⅱ～Ⅳ级总诊断准确率为91．11％；行关节镜下半月板修整2膝．半月板部分切除及成形21膝．半月板次全切5膝．半月板全切9膝，半月板修补2膝，未处理6膝。结论 MRI诊断Ⅰ级的半月板损伤可不必手术；Ⅱ级损伤必要时可行关节镜探查；Ⅲ级损伤可行部分切除或成形术．关节囊缘撕裂可行半月板修补术；Ⅳ级损伤应行半月板次全切除或全切术。     

关节镜下肩袖修补术

关节镜下肩袖修补术是20世纪90年代初发展起来的微创治疗肩袖撕裂的手术方法。随着新技术、新设备、新理论的提出和应用,肩袖撕裂的修补正逐渐由开放手术转向关节镜下微创手术,关节镜下肩袖修补术的适应证逐渐扩大,手术技术日益成熟。该文综述了关节镜下肩袖修补术的进展。     

肩袖部分撕裂的诊断和治疗

目的探讨肩袖部分撕裂的诊断和手术方法。方法1999年4月~2004年1月,我所对14例肩袖部分撕裂进行手术治疗。术前均拍摄肩关节正位和冈上肌出口位X线片,11例B超检查,14例MR I或MRA检查。5例行肩峰下间隙减压及肩袖清理术;9例行肩峰下间隙减压及肩袖修复术。采用UCLA肩关节评分标准进行评价。结果滑囊侧部分撕裂7例,关节侧部分撕裂7例。14例随访1~6年,平均38个月,UCLA评分由术前(15.9±3.9)分升至术后(30.9±5.2)分(t=15.000,P=0.000)。良13例,差1例;13例满意。结论关节镜检查是诊断肩袖部分撕裂的可靠方法。肩袖修复术是治疗肩袖部分撕裂的有效方法。关节镜下手术创伤小、恢复快。     

关节镜下巨大肩袖撕裂边缘切除及肱骨结节成形术简

目的探讨无法缝合的高龄巨大肩袖撕裂在关节镜下行肩袖边缘切除及肱骨结节成形术后的疗效。方法查阅文献并整理相关巨大肩袖损伤关节镜下手术方法及疗效,特别是检索国内外针对高龄患者且无法缝合的巨大肩袖撕裂,整理发表的关节镜下行肩袖边缘切除及肱骨结节成形术后疗效方面的论文资料。同时,结合笔者几年来肩关节镜手术中遇到的几乎不能进行肩袖缝合,而行切除退缩撕裂边缘及肱骨结节成形术的32例高龄肩关节镜病例为对象,实施临床及放射线随访分析其预后及影响因素。结果平均随访29个月（13～52个月）,结果表明,具有统计学意义的疼痛缓解、增加活动范围等功能得到改善。而术前肩峰下间隙小于2mm组,其预后不良。结论关节镜下处理巨大肩袖撕裂,首先游离松解撕裂退缩的组织后尝试缝合修补,而对于无法缝合的巨大肩袖撕裂,不必勉强缝合。如果术前虽有疼痛,但上臂能上举90°以上。放射线检查肩峰下间隙大于2mm时,考虑行包括肩峰下成形、肩袖撕裂边缘切除及肱骨结节成形术,也可以获得满意的效果。     

55例肩袖损伤的早期诊断和治疗

目的：通过对本组病人的观察，探讨对肩袖损伤的治疗方法。方法：部分肩袖断裂者采用保守疗法；完全断裂者采用手术或关节镜治疗。结果：肩袖损伤经综合治疗后，总有效率达98．15％。结论：肩袖损伤应根据不同类型，分别采用不同的治疗方法。     

经皮超声造影对肩袖撕裂亚型的诊断价值

目的:探讨肩袖撕裂亚型的超声造影(contrast-enhanced ultrasound,CEUS)图像特征及其对肩袖撕裂亚型的诊断价值。方法:自2019年1月至2022年3月,采用经皮超声引导下肩峰下滑囊造影(percutaneous ultrasoundguided subacromial bursography,PUSB)联合经皮超声引导下肌腱造影(persutaneous ultrasound-guide tendon lesionography,PUTL)评估疑似肩袖损伤的患者114例,其中男54例,女60例;年龄35～75 (58.8±8.7)岁;右侧76例,左侧38例。采用美国GE LOGIQ E9彩色多普勒超声诊断仪线阵探头,探头频率6～12 MHz,对患者进行超声造影检查。以肩关节镜为金标准,采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线评估超声(ultrasound,US),MRI及CEUS对肩袖损伤的诊断效能,并计算敏感度、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确度,采用Kappa检验比较US、MRI及CEUS诊...     

关节镜下肩峰减压肩袖清理术治疗老年不可修复性巨大肩袖损伤

目的分析关节镜下肩峰减压肩袖清理术治疗老年不可修复性巨大肩袖损伤的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2014-01—2019-12采用关节镜肩峰下减压肩袖清理术治疗的28例老年不可修复性巨大肩袖损伤,比较术前与术后6个月疼痛VAS评分、ASES评分、Constant评分。结果 28例均顺利完成手术并获得至少6个月的随访。术后3例出现关节僵硬,但不影响日常生活。术后6个月疼痛VAS评分较术前降低,ASES评分、Constant评分较术前提高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论节镜下肩峰减压肩袖清理术治疗老年不可修复性巨大肩袖损伤简单有效,术后恢复较快,并发症较少。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.