房颤对急性缺血性脑卒中患者尿激酶溶栓疗效的影响

目的 探讨房颤是否对急性缺血性脑卒中患者尿激酶溶栓疗效产生影响及对于合并房颤的急性缺血性脑卒中患者是否给予尿激酶溶栓治疗.方法 本研究为回顾性病例对照研究.从2006年4月到2012年1月连续收集发病6小时内给予尿激酶溶栓的急性缺血性脑卒中患者作为研究对象.根据有无合并房颤将符合入选标准的病例分为两组:房颤组(26例)和无房颤组(60例).采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、改良的Rankin量表评价治疗效果.结果 房颤组与无房颤组溶栓治疗后7d溶栓有效率比较,差异无统计学意义(57.7％ vs 56.7％,P＞0.05).在尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗后90 d,房颤组57.7％的病人功能恢复好,无房颤组65.0％的病人功能恢复好,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).房颤组颅内出血的发生率、症状性颅内出血的发生率及死亡率均较高,但与无房颤组比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 合并房颤的急性缺血性脑卒中患者与无合并房颤的急性缺血性脑卒中患者均可以从溶栓中获益,房颤对急性缺血性脑卒中患者尿激酶溶栓疗效无显著影响,合并房颤的急性缺血性脑卒中患者应予尿激酶溶栓治疗.     

非瓣膜性房颤并急性缺血性卒中抗凝治疗时机

抗凝治疗是非瓣膜性房颤合并急性缺血性卒中的脑卒中二级预防重要策略,但其最佳启动时机尚无一致性意见。近年的循证医学证据发现急性缺血性卒中后早期启动抗凝治疗较延期抗凝治疗更具优势。本文拟对非瓣膜性房颤合并急性缺血性卒中患者抗凝治疗的启动时机进行综述,以期在平衡减少脑卒中复发与降低出血性转化风险的基础上,为此类患者选择更合理的抗凝治疗启动时机提供参考。     

心房纤颤与缺血性脑卒中

目的 探讨心房纤颤对缺血性脑卒中临床表、CT及预后的影响。方法 将31例合并心房纤颤的急性缺血性脑卒中患者（房颤组）与162例不合并心房纤颤的患者（非房颤组）进行对照分析。结果 房颤组神经功能缺损严重、意识障碍重、上消化道出血多;大面积脑梗死、中线移位、梗死后出血的发生率以及1月内病死率均明显高于非房颤组（P＜0．01）。结论 房颤严重影响了缺血性脑卒中患者的及临床及CT改变并影响其预后,是引起缺血性脑卒中独立和重要的危险因素。     

心房颤动对急性缺血性脑卒中溶栓后出血转化的影响

目的研究心房颤动(简称房颤)对急性缺血性脑卒中患者静脉溶栓治疗后发生出血转化的影响。方法采用巢式病例对照研究,回顾性和非随机分析2014年1月至2018年4月西安交通大学第一附属医院卒中中心接受重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂静脉溶栓治疗的急性缺血性脑卒中(≤4. 5 h)患者211例,依据是否有房颤病史分为脑卒中合并房颤组(63例)和非房颤组(148例)。溶栓后复查头颅CT,观察有无出血转化发生。通过单因素卡方检验和Logistic回归分析研究房颤与急性缺血性脑卒中患者接受重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂静脉溶栓治疗后发生出血转化的关系。结果 211例患者中,发生出血转化33例,无出血转化178例。其中,急性缺血性脑卒中合并房颤组患者出血转化的发生率为30. 2%(19/63例),高于非房颤组(9. 5%,14/148例),组间比较P 0. 001。结论房颤可能是急性缺血性脑卒中患者重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂静脉溶栓后发生出血转化的独立危险因素。     

二次缺血性脑卒中患者的预防控制及抗栓治疗

目的分析二次缺血性脑卒中患者二级预防危险因素控制及抗栓治疗效果。方法选取我院2012-03—2015-03收治的缺血性脑卒中患者308例,对其中62例二次缺血性脑卒中患者的危险因素进行分析,提出控制策略,并进一步提高抗栓治疗的依从性。结果二次缺血性脑卒中患者的危险因素包括高血压、糖尿病、房颤和总胆固醇;控制高血压、糖尿病,治疗房颤,干预总胆固醇水平,同时加强抗栓药物的治疗效果。患者治疗前后NIHSS及改良Rankin评分比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论针对缺血性脑卒中患者,注意控制高血压、糖尿病、房颤和总胆固醇,可有效避免二次缺血性脑卒中的发生,同时采取合理方案抗栓治疗,建议联用阿司匹林,可明显促使缺血性脑卒中患者治疗效果的提升。     

缺血性脑卒中患者中无症状心房颤动的临床意义

心房颤动(房颤)是临床上最常见的心律失常,左房内(主要是左心耳)内血栓形成脱落可导致缺血性脑卒中.已经发生了缺血性脑卒中的房颤患者1年内卒中复发率明显增高[1～3],华法林抗凝治疗能显著降低复发率[1,3,4].     

2型糖尿病合并缺血性脑卒中患者113例分析

目的分析2型糖尿病合并急性缺血性脑卒中的发病机制以及临床特点。方法选择2010-01—2013-03在我院住院的急性缺血性脑卒中患者226例为观察对象。其中113例属于2型糖尿病合并急性缺血性脑卒中患者设为观察组,另选择113例不伴有2型糖尿病的急性缺血性脑卒中患者为对照组,总结2组患者头颅CT扫描图像特点;根据对照组患者病情给予扩血管药物或(和)解除血管痉挛药物、抗血小板凝集药物、营养脑神经药物等,有高血压患者给予降压药,血脂高患者给予调脂药物,对梗死面积大急性期伴有脑水肿颅内压增高患者给予脱水治疗,维持水电解质及酸碱平衡,积极预防或控制感染等并发症。观察组患者在对照组治疗基础上行饮食控制及药物治疗,控制血糖水平,纠正酮症酸中毒以及代谢紊乱,同时对症支持治疗,评价治疗康复的效果。结果观察组大面积脑梗死、腔隙性脑梗死、多发性脑梗死及再发性脑梗死发生率显著高于对照组,2组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组有效率69.91%,显著低于对照组的89.38%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=13.21,P<0.05)。结论结论2型糖尿病合并缺血性脑卒中的发生、病情和预后与血糖水平密切相关,高血糖又是急性缺血性脑卒中的独立危险因素,治疗上应尽早控制血糖,使血糖水平尽可能接近正常,并控制好血压、血脂。     

急性冠状动脉综合征并缺血性脑卒中与血清细胞因子的关系

目的分析急性冠状动脉综合征合并缺血性脑卒中的临床治疗效果。方法选取2012-03—2013-05我院诊治的120例伴缺血性脑卒中急性冠状动脉综合征患者,均在药物治疗前12h及药物治疗2个疗程后,空腹采集静脉血检测细胞因子,观察治疗前后血清细胞因子的变化,观察临床治疗效果。结果药物治疗后,血清细胞因子IL-18、hs-CRP、干扰素-γ等细胞因子的水平产生显著变化,治疗前后的细胞因子水平有显著性差异(P0.05),总有效率94.2%。结论通过药物治疗,显著改变了伴缺血性脑卒中急性冠状动脉综合征患者的细胞因子水平,获得较好的临床效果,值得临床推广使用。     

抗凝患者缺血性脑卒中急性期阿替普酶静脉溶栓安全性研究进展

<正>急性缺血性脑卒中是最常见的卒中类型，占我国脑卒中的69.6%～70.8%[1]。最新调查显示我国每年约有200万新发卒中患者[2]。脑卒中是致残致死率极高的疾病，严重威胁人类健康，增加疾病负担。静脉溶栓治疗是目前国际公认的急性缺血性脑卒中最主要恢复血流措施。重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂阿替普酶(alteplase, rtPA)是我国目前使用的主要溶栓药。血栓栓塞症(房颤、肺栓塞和深静脉血栓等)也是临床常见的致死致残性疾病，     

899例缺血性脑卒中二级预防干预调查

目的 了解缺血性脑卒中患者住院期间二级预防药物的应用情况,为改进缺血性脑卒中二级预防工作提供依据.方法 回顾性调查899例缺血性脑卒中患者住院期间二级预防药物的服药率.结果 在899例缺血性脑卒中患者中,合并高血压者有632例,合并糖尿病者有220例,既合并有高血压又合并糖尿病者有177例.入选的899例患者中,服用抗血小板药物者占91.9％ (826例),在短暂性脑缺血发作组和脑梗死组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);服用调脂药物者占77.2％(694例),在短暂性脑缺血发作组和脑梗死组间差异无统计学意义;632例缺血性脑卒中合并高血压患者中服用降压药者占95.4％(603例);220例缺血性脑卒中合并糖尿病患者中服用降糖药者(包括使用胰岛素)占84.5％(186例);177例既合并有高血压又合并有糖尿病的脑卒中患者中均用药者占83.1％(147例).结论 住院期间脑梗死患者抗栓药物服用率较短暂性脑缺血发作高,缺血性脑卒中二级预防用药尚不令人满意,临床医生应对脑卒中的二级预防治疗给予重视.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.