广西农村地区癫(癎)发病情况及丙戊酸钠疗效的初步研究

目的 观察广西部分农村地区癫(癎)发病情况,并通过治疗有效率和保留率评价丙戊酸钠单药治疗疗效.方法 由经过培训的全科医师采用统一调查表的方式对广西部分农村地区已明确诊断或可疑癫(癎)的部分人群进行筛查,再由神经科医师复查确诊人组.采用治疗有效率和治疗保留率评价丙戊酸钠单药治疗效果.结果 癫(癎)患者309例,病因明确者86例(27.83%);随访>6个月者134例,显效76例(56.72%),有效34例(25.37%),无效20例(14.93%),恶化4例(2.99%).其中,全面性强直-阵挛发作治疗总有效率为83.51%(81/97),部分继发性全面性发作87.50%(14/16),单纯部分性发作71.43%(5/7),复杂部分性发作60%(6/10),失神发作100%(3/3),其他类型100%(1/1);治疗第6、12及18个月时,治疗保留率分别为97.73%(302/309)、97.09%(300/309)和83.50%(258/309).共30例患者出现不良反应.依次为乏力、嗜睡、记忆力减退、肝功能异常、头晕、体质量增加、食欲亢进、头痛、震颤、脱发、步态不稳及食欲不振;不良反应总发生率为9.71%.结论 广西农村地区癫(癎)患者发病年龄及性别分布与全国其他农村地区相似.治疗保留率作为评价抗癫(癎)药物长期治疗效果的指标,与治疗有效率联合应用能够综合反映丙戊酸钠的治疗效果,丙戊酸钠具有向广西更多农村及条件相似地区临床推广应用的价值.     

丙戊酸钠治疗难治性癫(癎)持续状态疗效观察

目的 探讨丙戊酸钠治疗难治性癫(癎)持续状态的疗效.方法 我院2008-03-2011-03收治难治性癫(癎)持续状态患者29例,应用丙戊酸钠注射液治疗.结果 26例于1 h 内完全控制,控制率89.65%,本组起效时间5～15 min,平均(6±7)min,发作控制时间25～52 min,平均(38.56±10.85) min.结论 丙戊酸钠注射液治疗难治性癫(癎)持续状态具有起效快、应用安全,临床疗效确切等优点,适于临床应用.     

丙戊酸钠治疗中老年脑卒中后继发癫癎的疗效及对认知功能的影响

目的探讨丙戊酸钠治疗中老年脑卒中后继发癫癎的临床疗效及对认知功能的影响。方法选择56例脑卒中后继发癫癎中老年患者为研究对象,给予丙戊酸钠口服治疗6个月。采用简易精神状态检查表(MMSE)评估认知功能,比较患者治疗前后癫癎发作次数、血糖水平、脑水肿发生率及MMSE评分改变。结果本组患者治疗后癫癎发作次数显著少于治疗前(1.56±0.73vs 4.28±1.37,P<0.05);治疗后脑水肿发生率显著减少(8.9%vs 35.7%,P<0.05);治疗前后血糖水平差别无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后MMSE各项评分显著优于治疗前(P<0.05)。结论丙戊酸钠可显著减少中老年脑卒中后癫癎发作次数,改善认知功能。     

单纯地西泮与地西泮联合丙戊酸治疗癫(癎)持续状态的疗效比较

目的 比较单纯地西泮和地西泮联合丙戊酸钠治疗癫(癎)持续状态(SE)的疗效.方法 选择成人SE患者35例,分成地西泮组(给予地西泮静脉治疗)和地西泮联合丙戊酸钠组(地西泮联合丙戊酸钠静脉治疗)两组,观察两组的疗效.结果 两组治疗的有效率差异无统计学意义,地西泮联合丙戊酸钠组72 h内复发率低于地西泮组(P＜0.05).结论 地西泮联合丙戊酸钠治疗可降低SE患者的复发.     

偏头痛与癫癎共病的临床特点

目的 探讨偏头痛与癫癎共病的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析67例偏头痛患者的临床资料.结果 67例偏头痛患者中有癫癎发作6例,其中为局灶性发作2例,全面性发作4例;脑电图有疒间样放电57例,其中6例癫癎患者还有暴发性节律.6例偏头痛和癫癎共病患者经丙戊酸钠治疗后偏头痛和癫癎发作均得到控制;脑电图恢复正常.结论 偏头痛与癫癎存在共病现象,丙戊酸钠治疗的疗效好.     

丙戊酸钠和苯巴比妥对癫癎患儿尿β2-微球蛋白的影响

目的 研究丙戊酸钠和苯巴比妥对癫癎患儿肾小管功能的影响.方法 观察60例癫癎患儿,分别予丙戊酸钠及苯巴比妥单药治疗6个月,测定服药前后尿β2-微球蛋白的变化.结果 丙戊酸钠组治疗前尿β2-MG为(0.27±0.04)mg/L,治疗后为(0.31±0.06)mg/L,t=2.60.P<0.01.苯巴比妥组治疗前后相比较,差别无显著性.结论 丙戊酸钠对癫癎患儿肾小管功能有一定程度的损伤.     

小儿失神性癫(癎)68例治疗体会

目的 观察药物治疗小儿失神性癫(癎)的疗效.方法 68例患儿中,40例丙戊酸钠单药治疗后发作完全控制29例,发作完全控制率72.5%,其余28例加用氯硝西泮后,发作均得到完全控制,全部患儿发作完全控制率83.8%.随访40例遵医嘱服药2～3 a,服药期间无发作.结果 丙戊酸钠单药治疗小儿失神发作能使大部分患儿发作完全控制,但有20%患者出现嗜睡、烦躁、恶心、呕吐等不良反应.发作不能完全控制者加用氯硝西泮,二者联合用药疗效显著.结论 丙戊酸钠治疗小儿失神性癫(癎)起效快,价格低,不良反应轻而少,值的临床推广.     

醒脑静注射液辅助静脉用丙戊酸钠治疗癫(癎)持续状态效果观察

目的:探讨醒脑静注射液配合丙戊酸钠治疗癫(癎)持续状态的疗效.方法:选择我院2013年8月～2016年1月收治的癫(癎)持续状态患者74例为研究对象,以随机数字表法分组,观察组37例,对照组37例,对照组单用丙戊酸钠治疗,观察组采取醒脑静注射液辅助静脉用丙戊酸钠治疗,对两组患者疗效进行观察.结果:观察组总有效率为92％,对照组为81％,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组起效时间及完全控制时间均较对照组短,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组复发率与不良反应发生率分别为8％和11％,对照组分别为11％和21％,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:醒脑静注射液辅助静脉用丙戊酸钠治疗癫(癎)持续状态效果显著,此两药具有相互协同作用,可快速起效,安全性高,利于远期预后.     

西藏农村地区惊厥性癫(癎)患病率初步调查

目的 初步调查西藏农村地区惊厥性癫(癎)患病率、治疗缺口及患者生活质量.方法 利用统一的调查表,对西藏拉萨市墨竹工卡县工卡镇和扎西岗乡、昌都地区芒康县曲孜卡乡进行整群逐户问卷调查.结果 共调查14 822人,确诊惊厥性癫(癎)患者37例,患病率0.25%,其中活动性癫(癎)患者35例(94.59%),患病率为0.24%.调查前1周内接受西药正规治疗者1例,治疗缺口为97.1%.癫(癎)患者生活质量评定量表-31(QOLIE-31)总评分平均为(42.15±17.63)分,其中各分项得分中发作担忧得分最低[(22.59±20.31)分]、药物影响的评分最高[(85.83±18.59)分].年龄、职业、文化程度、经济状况、起病年龄、发作次数为QOLIE-31低评分的影响因素(P＜0.05).结论 西藏农村地区惊厥性癫(癎)患病率为0.25%,西药治疗缺口大,主要以藏医藏药治疗为主,对西药治疗癫(癎)的了解很少,生活质量评分低.探索藏西医结合防治癫(癎)、提高当地医护人员的癫(癎)防治知识及公众的健康意识迫在眉睫.     

抗癫癎药物致癎作用的临床观察

目的研究抗癫癎药物(AEDs)的致癎作用及对其的预防和治疗.方法总结32例AEDs致癫癎发作加重患者的临床资料.结果32例中以服用卡马西平最多(19.12%)、次之为巴比妥类药物(15%)、苯妥英钠(14.5%)、合并用药(14.29%)、苯二氮( )类(8.69%)、丙戊酸钠(2.78%).32例经停药并合理选择其他抗癫癎药物及减少药物剂量治疗,27例有效,5例无效.结论AEDs能致癫癎发作加重,应合理选择抗癫癎药物.     

Reflex epilepsy in the Papio-papio baboon,particularly photosensitive epilepsy

Papio-papio baboons may present two types of reflex paroxysmal manifestations:

- Myoclonia and generalized seizures are induced by intermittent light stimulation in predisposed animals; this photosensitive epilepsy resembles that observed in some human patients; it involves mainly the cerebral cortex during myoclonia which are accompanied by EEG paroxysmal discharges, and the mesencephalic reticular formation during seizures;

- Myoclonia of a different type, never accompanied by EEG paroxysmal discharged and never evolving into seizures, may occur during movement or agitation of predisposed animals; these myoclonia are considered “non-epileptic” since they do not involve the cerebral cortex but probably the lower brain stem; they resemble that observed in startle disease or in some human degenerative disorders.

The paper demonstrates that these manifestations constitute two different entities with clinical and electrophysiological characteristics as well as pharmacological reactivities completely different one from the other. Their “epileptic” or “non-epileptic” nature is discussed.     

Validation of the quality of life in childhood epilepsy questionnaire in American epilepsy patients

The aim of this study was to adapt the Australian Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy Questionnaire (QOLCE) and determine its psychometric properties in a North American population. Participants were North American families with children diagnosed with epilepsy. Parents were asked to complete the American QOLCE (USQOLCE) and the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ). Seventy-one families completed the USQOLCE. The internal consistency reliability of the subscales was good. USQOLCE subscales correlated highly with theoretically similar subscales contained in the CHQ. Theoretically dissimilar subscales on the two instruments did not correlate as well. USQOLCE correlated significantly with a parental rating of seizure severity and an independent measure of degree of postoperative seizure control. This study demonstrated that the USQOLCE is suitable for a North American population with evidence of its reliability and validity including its sensitivity to seizure burden.     

Management of epilepsy in the elderly

Epilepsy among the elderly is a frequently occurring pathology, differing in etiology, clinical presentation and prognosis from those of young people. In addition, beyond a certain age, physiological modifications are produced in the metabolism which alter the pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), increasing the risk of pharmacological interactions, already greater in these patients due to the frequency of polypharmacy. Furthermore, elderly patients are particularly sensitive to certain secondary effects of AEDs, as for example, cognitive disturbances, osteoporosis or weight increase. Given that the efficacy of the major AEDs is a priori quite similar, and that the epilepsies occurring in this age-group generally have a good prognosis, the selection of an AED will depend more upon its pharmacokinetics and ability to induce certain secondary effects than on its efficacy. In this respect, levetiracetam and pregabalin, followed by oxcarbazepine and lamotrigine have the most favorable pharmocokinetical profile. Moreover, on the whole these drugs have very few cognitive effects, do not induce osteoporosis and, with the exception of pregabalin, do not affect weight, making them the first selection for use in the treatment of epilepsy in the elderly.     

Devices in the treatment of epilepsy

The goal of the treatment of epilepsy is to eliminate seizures while causing no side effects. For persons whose seizures are refractory, epilepsy surgery may be an option. In addition, these patients may benefit from the vagus nerve stimulator (VNS), the first device approved for the treatment of refractory epilepsy. Although VNS was the first to be approved, investigators have been interested in the effectiveness of stimulating other brain regions: the cerebellum, thalamus, subthalamic nucleus, and locus coeruleus are a few examples. These studies have produced mixed results. As our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of epilepsy grows, it is likely that we will design better and more effective devices for the treatment of epilepsy.     

The concept of symptomatic epilepsy and the complexities of assigning cause in epilepsy

The concept of symptomatic epilepsy and the difficulties in assigning cause in epilepsy are described. A historical review is given, emphasizing aspects of the history which are relevant today. The historical review is divided into three approximately semicentenial periods (1860–1910, 1910–1960, 1960–present). A definition of symptomatic epilepsy and this is followed by listing of causes of symptomatic epilepsy. The fact that not all the causes of idiopathic epilepsy are genetic is discussed. A category of provoked epilepsy is proposed. The complexities in assigning cause include the following: the multifactorial nature of epilepsy, the distinction between remote and proximate causes, the role of nongenetic factors in idiopathic epilepsy, the role of investigation in determining the range of causes, the fact that not all symptomatic epilepsy is acquired, the nosological position of provoked epilepsy and the view of epilepsy as a process, and the differentiation of new-onset and established epilepsy. The newly proposed ILAE classification of epilepsy and its changes in terminologies and the difficulties in the concept of acute symptomatic epilepsy are discussed, including the inconsistencies and gray areas and the distinction between idiopathic, symptomatic, and provoked epilepsies. Points to be considered in future work are listed.