Electronic games and environmental factors associated with childhood obesity in Switzerland

OBJECTIVE: Environmental factors and behaviors associated with obesity have not been well described in children living in Europe. Although television watching has been repeatedly associated with obesity, it is unclear whether other sedentary activities, such as use of electronic games, are independently associated with obesity in children. The hypothesis was that various types of sedentary activities are associated with obesity in children living in Switzerland. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: This was a cross-sectional study of children (grades one to three) from four communities in the Greater Zurich Area (Switzerland). Obesity was defined as a combination of overweight (BMI) and overfat (skinfold thicknesses). Environmental factors were assessed by questionnaire. The children's physical activity was estimated by their teacher (scale 0 to 10). RESULTS: Of 922 eligible subjects, 872 (94.6%) took part in the study. Use of electronic games [odds ratio (OR) = 2.03 per hour per day, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.57 to 2.61, p < 0.001], television (OR = 2.83 per hour per day, 95% CI: 2.08 to 3.86, p < 0.001), physical activity (OR = 0.80 per unit, 95% CI: 0.72 to 0.88, p < 0.001), maternal work (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.13 to 3.29, p = 0.02), and paternal smoking (OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.07 to 2.96, p = 0.03) were independently associated with obesity. Further adjustment for socioeconomic status, when available, did not change these results. DISCUSSION: In this sample of children living in Switzerland, the use of electronic games was significantly associated with obesity, independently of confounding factors. The association of obesity with television use and lack of physical activity confirms results from other populations and points to potential strategies for obesity prevention.     

Family Meals and Diet Quality Among Children and Adolescents in North Carolina

ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between diet quality and frequency of family meals throughout childhood and adolescence.MethodsCross-sectional study of children ages birth through 17 years (n = 1,992) using data from the 2010 North Carolina Child Health and Monitoring Program. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the associations between family meals and fruit intake, vegetable intake, and sugar-sweetened beverage intake among younger children, older children, and adolescents.ResultsIn adjusted analyses, participating in ≥ 5 family meals/wk was associated with less sugar-sweetened beverage intake among younger (OR 2.04; CI 1.06–3.93) and older children (OR 2.12; 95% CI 1.27–3.55), greater vegetable intake among older children (OR 1.87; 95% CI 1.08–3.24) and adolescents (OR 1.81; 95% CI 1.14–2.88), and greater fruit intake among adolescents (OR 2.11; 95% CI 1.40–3.19).Conclusions and ImplicationsStrategies to encourage families to establish regular family meals early in life and continue them throughout childhood and adolescence is warranted.     

Environmental and lifestyle factors associated with overweight and obesity in Perth,Australia

PURPOSE: To examine associations between environmental and lifestyle factors and overweight or obesity. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey and an environmental scan of recreational facilities. SETTING: Metropolitan Perth, Western Australia. SUBJECTS: Healthy sedentary workers and homemakers aged 18 to 59 years (n = 1803) living in areas within the top and bottom quintiles of social disadvantage. MEASURES: Four lifestyle factors, one social environmental factor, and five physical environment factors (three objectively measured). RESULTS: After adjustment for demographic factors and other variables in the model, overweight was associated with living on a highway (odds ratio [OR], 4.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.62-11.09) or streets with no sidewalks or sidewalks on one side only (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.03-1.78) and perceiving no paths within walking distance (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.08-1.86). Poor access to four or more recreational facilities (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.11-2.55) and sidewalks (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, .98-2.68) and perceiving no shop within walking distance (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.01-3.36) were associated with obesity. Conversely, access to a motor vehicle all the time was negatively associated with obesity (OR, .56; 95% CI, .32-.99). Watching 3 or more hours of television daily (ORs, 1.92 and 1.85, respectively) and rating oneself as less active than others (ORs, 1.66 and 4.05, respectively) were associated with both overweight and obesity. After adjustment for individual demographic factors and all other variables in the model, socioeconomic status of area of residence and leisure-time physical activity were not associated with overweight or obesity. CONCLUSION: Factors that influence overweight and obesity appear to differ, but aspects of the physical environment may be important. Objectively measured neighborhood environment factors warrant further investigation.     

Predictors of changes in physical activity in a prospective cohort study of the Danish adult population

AIM: To investigate predictors of changes in physical activity, in a prospective population-based study. METHODS: Data were from the Danish Health Interview Surveys in 1994 and 2000, and included persons between 16 and 64 years of age who answered the questions on physical activity and various covariates in 1994, and who were re-interviewed in 2000. In total 2,957 subjects participated (62% of the original sample). Data were analysed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Predictors of physical inactivity were, for men and women respectively, heavy smoking (odds ratio (OR) 2.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24-3.48, and OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.34-3.71), poor self-rated health (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.25-3.58, and OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.10-2.80), and believing that one's own effort has no effect on health (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.20-2.88, and OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.00-2.65). For men, further predictors for physical inactivity were obesity as compared to normal weight (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.11-3.98), and being unmarried as compared to being married (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.40-3.51). The only predictor for becoming physically active among initially sedentary respondents was meeting often with family (p=0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show a number of strong predictors for physical inactivity. Variables of an unhealthy lifestyle tend to cluster in some individuals, and physical inactivity interventions may therefore be more successful if they also address smoking, self-belief, and obesity. Interventions tailored to raise inactive people's level of activity should focus on social support from the family.     

Television viewing and abdominal obesity in young adults: is the association mediated by food and beverage consumption during viewing time or reduced leisure-time physical activity?

BACKGROUND: The behavioral pathways through which television (TV) viewing leads to increased adiposity in adults are unclear. OBJECTIVE: We wanted to determine whether the association between TV viewing and abdominal obesity in young adults is mediated by food and beverage consumption during TV viewing time or by a reduction in overall leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). DESIGN: This study involved a cross-sectional analysis of data from 2001 Australian adults aged 26-36 y. Waist circumference (WC) was measured at study clinics, and TV viewing time, frequency of food and beverage consumption during TV viewing, LTPA, and demographic characteristics were self-reported. RESULTS: Women watching TV > 3 h/d had a higher prevalence of severe abdominal obesity (WC: > or = 88 cm) compared with women watching < or = 1 h/d [prevalence ratio (PR): 1.89; 95% CI: 1.32, 2.71]. Moderate abdominal obesity (WC: 94-101.9 cm) was more prevalent in men watching TV > 3 h/d than in men watching < or = 1 h/d (PR: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.37, 3.41). Adjustment for LTPA made little difference, but adjustment for food and beverage consumption during TV viewing attenuated the associations (PR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.17 for women; PR: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.83 for men). CONCLUSIONS: The association between TV viewing and WC in young adults may be partially explained by food and beverage consumption during TV viewing but was not explained by a reduction in overall LTPA. Other behaviors likely contribute to the association between TV viewing and obesity.     

Dietary risk factors for development of childhood obesity

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Controversial information exists on the contribution of several dietary factors for overweight development in childhood, but there is no doubt that obesity prevalence is increasing. We review the most up-to-date information in order to clarify the evidence-based dietary aspects influencing obesity development in children and adolescents. RECENT FINDINGS: Longitudinal studies are the preferred method for analysing the relationship between dietary factors and obesity development. With the exception of infants, there are no conclusive associations between energy intake or diet composition and later overweight development in children. Among formula or mixed-fed infants, the increase in energy intake has been associated with an increased risk of being overweight during childhood. Breastfeeding seems to be a protective factor for later obesity development. In terms of food intake, longitudinal studies have only found a clear and positive association between obesity development and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption; this is not the case with snacking, fast food or food portion sizes. Cross-sectional studies have found correlations between being overweight in childhood and buying lunch at school, eating supper while watching television or without family supervision, consuming less energy at breakfast or more at dinner, and missing breakfast. SUMMARY: Results from longitudinal studies must be taken into account in order to design preventive strategies to counteract the increased prevalence of obesity and its consequences in children. Lack of breastfeeding, high early energy intake and high intake of sugar-sweetened beverages seem to be the main dietary factors contributing to obesity development.     

上海市长宁区糖尿病高危人群筛查结果分析

目的 利用长宁区糖尿病高危人群的血糖筛查结果数据,分析长宁区糖尿病高危人群中糖尿病和糖调节受损的检出率,分析影响高危人群中糖尿病和糖调节受损的危险因素,为加强社区糖尿病防治力度提供参考依据。方法 收集糖尿病高危人群的基本信息、糖尿病危险因素及相关症状、体格检查数据及血糖数据进行统计分析。结果 2016 - 2017年,12 567名糖尿病高危人群中共检出糖尿病1 171人,糖调节受损者1 547人,检出率分别为9.3%、12.3%。多因素logistic回归分析发现,高龄（OR:1.032,95%CI:1.026～1.038）、男性（OR:1.161,95%CI:1.036～1.301）、低学历（P＜0.05）、糖调节受损史（OR: 6.257,95% CI:4.756～8.232）、亲属患2型糖尿病（OR: 1.388,95% CI:1.169～1.649）、高血压（OR: 1.463,95% CI:1.268～1.688）和体型超重/肥胖（OR: 2.228,95% CI: 1.940～2.559）是血糖代谢障碍的独立预测因素;高龄（OR:1.040,95% CI:1.035～1.045）、男性（OR:1.361,95% CI:1.224～1.581）、低学历（P＜0.05）、糖调节受损史（OR: 2.644,95% CI:1.949 ～3.586）、亲属患2型糖尿病（OR: 1.417,95% CI:1.217～1.650）、高血压（OR: 1.360,95% CI:1.199 ～1.543）、血脂异常（OR = 1.208,95% CI:1.019～1.432）、一过性类固醇糖尿病史（OR = 2.397, 95% CI:1.195～4.807)、长期静坐生活方式（OR = 2.542,95% CI:1.376～4.699）以及体型超重/肥胖（OR: 1.975,95% CI:1.754～2.224）是检出糖尿病的独立预测因素。结论 长宁区糖尿病高危人群的糖尿病和糖调节受损检出率较高。在高危人群中筛查,能使超过五分之一的血糖异常者得到早期诊断,应持续开展此项工作。     

#14-S breast-feeding and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Results and commentary from a case-control study

PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that breast-feeding mediates the occurrence of childhood ALL as a result of a rare, abnormal response to a common infection in the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study.METHODS: Incident cases of leukemia (age 0–14) were rapidly ascertained from 1995-1999. Controls were randomly selected from the statewide birth registry and were 1:1 matched to cases on date of birth, sex, maternal race, maternal “Hispanicity,” and maternal county of residence at birth. Breast-feeding data were obtained by self-administered questionnaire and in-home interviews. Using conditional logistic regression adjusting for household income and birth weight, 140 case-control pairs were analyzed.RESULTS: Compared to no breast-feeding, breast-feeding showed a non-significant, higher risk of ALL: ever breast-fed (odds ratio (OR) = 1.16; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.58–2.33), breast-fed ⩽6 months (OR = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.48–2.28), and breast-fed >6 months (OR = 1.31; 95% CI: 0.59-2.91). Compared to formula-fed only, breast-feeding exclusively produced no discernible pattern in ALL risk: ⩽3 months (OR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.37–1.96), 4–6 months (OR = 1.80; 95% CI: 0.68–4.75), 7–12 months (OR = 1.23; 95% CI: 0.49–3.05), and ⩾3 months (OR = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.24–2.79).CONCLUSION: In the current literature on breast-feeding and its role in mediating childhood ALL, two recent large studies were conducted in the United States and the United Kingdom. Both studies drew differing conclusions on the effect of breast-feeding on childhood ALL. Although this study was comparatively smaller, the results do suggest further methods of elucidating the role of breast-feeding in the occurrence of childhood ALL via an infectious pathway.     

Adolescent Sedentary Behaviors: Correlates Differ for Television Viewing and Computer Use

PurposeSedentary behavior is associated with obesity in youth. Understanding correlates of specific sedentary behaviors can inform the development of interventions to reduce sedentary time. The current research examines correlates of leisure computer use and television viewing among adolescents in California.MethodsUsing data from the 2005 California Health Interview Survey, we examined individual, family, and environmental correlates of two sedentary behaviors among 4,029 adolescents: leisure computer use and television watching.ResultsLinear regression analyses adjusted for a range of factors indicated several differences in the correlates of television watching and computer use. Correlates of additional time spent watching television included male sex, American Indian and African American race, lower household income, lower levels of physical activity, lower parent educational attainment, and additional hours worked by parents. Correlates of a greater amount of time spent using the computer for fun included older age, Asian race, higher household income, lower levels of physical activity, less parental knowledge of free-time activities, and living in neighborhoods with higher proportions of nonwhite residents and higher proportions of low-income residents. Only physical activity was associated similarly with both watching television and computer use.ConclusionsThese results suggest that correlates of time spent on television watching and leisure computer use are different. Reducing screen time is a potentially successful strategy in combating childhood obesity, and understanding differences in the correlates of different screen time behaviors can inform the development of more effective interventions to reduce sedentary time.     

Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary behaviours in relation to body mass index-defined and waist circumference-defined obesity

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships of physical activity types and sedentary behaviour with BMI and waist circumference (WC). The sample comprised 6215 adults (2775 men, 3440 women) aged 16 years and over living in Scotland. Self-reported physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity (MVIA) included domestic activity, walking, and sports and exercises. MVIA levels were classified as being inactive, being insufficiently active, being sufficiently active for general health benefits and being sufficiently active for obesity prevention. Sedentary time was defined as television and other screen-based entertainment time (TVSE). Dependent variables were BMI-defined obesity (BMI-OB) and WC-defined obesity (WC-OB). TVSE was positively related to both WC-OB (adjusted OR 1.69 (95 % CI 1.39, 2.05) for > or = 4 h of TVSE per d compared with < 2 h/d) and BMI-OB (OR 1.88; 95 % CI 1.51, 2.35) independently of MVIA. Those classified as most active who reported > or = 4 h/d of TVSE had higher prevalence of BMI-OB (18.9 v. 8.3 %; P < 0.05) and WC-OB (28.0 v. 10.0 %; P < 0.01) than those equally active with < 2 h/d of TVSE. Sports and walking were related inversely to WC-OB (OR for no time compared with > or = 30 min/d: 1.55 (95 % CI 1.24, 1.94); 2.06 (95 % CI 1.64, 2.58)), but only walking was related to BMI-OB (OR 1.94; 95 % CI 1.58, 2.37). Domestic physical activity was not related to BMI-OB or WC-OB. In conclusion, physical activity and sedentary behaviour are independently related to obesity. Public health recommendations should both promote physical activity and discourage engagement in sedentary pursuits.     

Arterial stiffness in 10-year-old children: current and early determinants

It has been suggested that CVD has its origins in early life. An impairment of fetal growth and early postnatal nutrition may have programming effects on cardiovascular physiology. In addition, traditional risk factors for CVD may initiate the atherosclerotic process during childhood. We explored the effect of fat intake, physical activity and lipid profile in childhood, and birth weight, growth during infancy and breast-feeding on arterial stiffness in a cohort study of ninety-three 10-year-old children followed during infancy and re-examined at the age of 10 years. Arterial stiffness in two arterial segments (aorto-radial and aorto-femoral) was measured as pulse wave velocity. Arterial stiffness was inversely associated with physical activity (a regression coefficient in cm/s (95 % CI) of -6.8 (-11.2, -2.4) and -3.9 (-6.9, -0.8) per h of high physical activity/d in the aorto-radial and aorto-femoral segments, respectively). Arterial stiffness was also positively associated with dietary fat energy percentage (3.1 (95 % CI 0.9, 5.2) and 1.8 (95 % CI 0.2, 3.2) per fat energy percentage in the aorto-radial and aorto-femoral segments, respectively) but was not related to body composition, insulin resistance or lipid profile. Arterial stiffness was also positively associated with duration of breast-feeding for the aorto-femoral segment only (2.1 (95 % CI 0.4, 3.7) per month) but was not associated with growth in early life. In conclusion, patterns of physical activity and diet, and history of breast-feeding in infancy, have an influence on the stiffness of the large arteries in children. The long-term effects of this are unknown.     

新疆农牧民静坐行为与心血管病风险的相关性研究

目的 探讨新疆农牧民静坐行为与心血管病风险的关系,为农牧民心血管病的防控提供依据。方法 2018年6月—2019年4月,完成新疆自然人群队列的基线调查,对其中农牧民的人口学信息、体力活动等进行分析,应用Framingham风险评分计算农牧民心血管病发生风险,并采用logistic回归模型,分析不同静坐行为与心血管病风险的关系;研究腰围和BMI的中介作用。结果 纳入农牧民12 528人,将静坐行为分为视屏静坐、阅读静坐和休闲娱乐静坐。经文化程度、地区、腹型肥胖、饮酒校正后,与总静坐时间<2h/d者相比,2～<3 h/d者和≥3 h/d者心血管病风险分别增加16.8%(OR=1.168,95%CI:1.003～1.359)和40.1%(OR=1.401,95%CI:1.201～1.634)。视屏静坐时间≥4 h/d者是心血管病风险的危险因素(OR=1.838,95%CI:1.346～2.509);阅读静坐时间≥2 h/d是心血管病风险的保护因素(OR=0.526,95%CI:0.420～0.660)。未发现休闲娱乐静坐时间与心血管病风险的相关性(χ²=0....     

Associations of Physical Activity and Dietary Behaviors With Children's Health and Academic Problems*

BACKGROUND: We examined the associations of physical activities and dietary behaviors with children's health and academic‐behavioral problems. METHODS: We employed a Community‐wide Children's Health Assessment and Planning Survey to examine physical activity, healthy meals, health status, and academic‐behavioral problems in 3708 children 7 to 14 years of age. Statistical associations were examined with chi‐square test and logistic regression analysis; we calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Among these children, 30.2% were overweight‐obese, 11.0% had academic problems, and 7.9% had behavioral problems. Children classified as healthy eaters were more likely to exercise ≥4 days/week (79.1% vs 64.6%, OR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.14 to 2.49), less likely to be overweight‐obese (27.7% vs 44.6%, OR: 0.48, CI: 0.31 to 0.73), less likely to have academic problems (9.1% vs 16.1%, OR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.41 to 0.79) and behavioral problems (6.9% vs 13.9%, OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.32 to 0.66) compared with their less healthy eating peers. Physical activity and healthy meals were associated with an improved health status (p < .001). However, the proportions of children taking unhealthy meals or choosing sedentary lifestyle increased as the cohorts progressed (p < .05) from childhood (7 to 8 years) to adolescence (13 to 14 years). CONCLUSIONS: Healthy (or unhealthy) lifestyle behaviors are significantly interrelated. Children who take healthy meals and exercise often are associated with better health and fewer academic and behavioral problems. Unfortunately, taking unhealthy meals and sedentary lifestyle characterize a growing proportion of young adolescents. Thus, curbing unhealthy lifestyle behaviors should start in early childhood.     

Additive interactions of maternal prepregnancy BMI and breast-feeding on childhood overweight

OBJECTIVE: To examine the interactions of maternal prepregnancy BMI and breast-feeding on the risk of overweight among children 2 to 14 years of age. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The 1996 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Child and Young Adult data in the United States were analyzed (n = 2636). The weighted sample represented 51.3% boys, 78.0% whites, 15.0% blacks, and 7.0% Hispanics. Childhood overweight was defined as BMI >/=95th percentile for age and sex. Maternal prepregnancy obesity was determined as BMI >/=30 kg/m(2). The duration of breast-feeding was measured as the weeks of age from birth when breast-feeding ended. RESULTS: After adjusting for potential confounders, children whose mothers were obese before pregnancy were at a greater risk of becoming overweight [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 4.1; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.6, 6.4] than children whose mothers had normal BMI (<25 kg/m(2); p < 0.001 for linear trend). Breast-feeding for >/=4 months was associated with a lower risk of childhood overweight (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4, 1.0; p = 0.06 for linear trend). The additive interaction between maternal prepregnancy obesity and lack of breast-feeding was detected (p < 0.05), such that children whose mothers were obese and who were never breast-fed had the greatest risk of becoming overweight (OR, 6.1; 95% CI, 2.9, 13.1). DISCUSSION: The combination of maternal prepregnancy obesity and lack of breast-feeding may be associated with a greater risk of childhood overweight. Special attention may be needed for children with obese mothers and lack of breast-feeding in developing childhood obesity intervention programs.     

Associations between the metabolic syndrome and its components, watching television and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations between watching television and physical activity with the metabolic syndrome and its components. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: This study was conducted among 358 subjects recruited from the Department of Health Management of Chang Gung Medical Centre in Linkou. After adjustment for gender, age and body mass index (BMI), the odds ratios (ORs) of the metabolic syndrome and its components were analysed for relative daily energy expenditure groups and time spent watching television categories. RESULTS: After adjustment for gender, age and BMI, the OR of the metabolic syndrome in the most active subjects compared with the least active subjects was 0.27 [95% confidence interval (CI)=0.08-0.88; P=0.030]. There was inconclusive evidence of an association between watching television for more than 20h/week and presence of the metabolic syndrome (OR=2.99; 95% CI=0.83-10.84; P=0.095). CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity was a significant protective factor for presence of the metabolic syndrome and low levels of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Watching television was positively associated with greater odds of high levels of triglycerides and fasting glucose. This study emphasized the importance of reducing the time spent watching television and increasing the level of physical activity for prevention of the metabolic syndrome.     

北京市儿童肥胖的生活行为因素和家庭聚集性

目的 探讨儿童肥胖与其生活行为因素、父母肥胖的关系,为制定儿童肥胖的防治政策提供依据.方法 整群随机选取北京市城郊21 198名2～18岁儿童进行横断面研究.问卷调查包括儿童肥胖的家庭环境因素及其父母的肥胖情况;体格测量主要为儿童的身高、体重.采用SPSS13.0软件进行统计学分析,包括一般性描述、趋势卡方检验和非条件logistic回归分析.结果采用国际肥胖工作组推荐的儿童肥胖参考值(IOTF参考值),21 198名2～18岁儿童肥胖率为5.6%.儿童吸烟、饮酒等行为因素及其肥胖状况存在家庭聚集性.父母均不吸烟、一方吸烟、双亲均吸烟的子女吸烟率分别为1.50%、2.93%和6.01%(χ2趋势=45.422,P<0.01);父母均不饮酒、一方饮酒、双亲均饮酒的子女饮酒率分别为5.85%、9.12%和13.96%(χ2趋势=107.009,P<0.01).根据双亲BMI状态分组,"父母正常"、"父亲肥胖"、"母亲肥胖"、"双亲肥胖"各组中儿童肥胖率分别为3.29%、11.48%、9.12%和27.01%(χ2趋势=293.404,P<0.01).控制性别、年龄后,体育锻炼、睡眠、吃禽类食物、看电视、饮酒可能是儿童肥胖的影响因素.控制年龄、性别、青春期等协变量,与父母体重正常相比,母亲肥胖对女儿肥胖的影响较大(OR=5.93,95% CI:3.57～9.84),而父亲肥胖对儿子肥胖的影响较大(OR=4.29,95% CI:3.21～5.72).父母同时肥胖对女儿肥胖产生的影响(OR=28.51,95%CI:15.13～53.72),远远大于其对儿子肥胖的影响(OR=7.21,95% CI:4.07～12.75);其对2～5岁、10～12岁儿童的影响(OR=18.67,95% CI.49～234.46;OR=22.25,95% CI:10.62～46.59),大于其对其他年龄组肥胖的影响.结论 父母肥胖可能是儿童肥胖的独立危险因素,且关联存在性别、年龄差异.父母生活行为对儿童具有重要影响,对儿童肥胖的预防或干预应重视家庭环境因素.     

北京市东城区儿童出生体重与肥胖的相关性

探讨儿童出生体重与肥胖之间的关联,为确定儿童肥胖的高危人群及制定相应防控措施提供依据.方法 采用整群抽样方法,对北京市东城区12所小学7~11岁1 574名儿童进行体格检查,测量身高、体重并计算体质量指数.通过问卷调查收集儿童出生体重、视屏行为时间、运动及饮食情况等信息.采用Logistic回归控制肥胖的其他混杂因素后,分析儿童出生体重与肥胖的关联.结果 正常出生体重组、低出生体重组和巨大儿组儿童的超重肥胖率分别为31.99%,27.03%和46.33%,肥胖率分别为17.43%,21.62%和28.81%,组间差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为15.17,13.50,P值均<0.01).Logistic回归分析显示,在控制了儿童年龄、年级、性别、中高等强度活动时间、饮食评分、视屏行为时间、母乳喂养、母亲文化程度以及父母肥胖因素后,巨大儿组儿童肥胖发生风险是正常出生体重组的1.76倍(95%CI=1.17~2.67);而低出生体重组儿童肥胖发生风险与正常出生体重组差异无统计学意义(OR=1.45,95%CI=0.56~ 3.75).结论 高出生体重是儿童期肥胖的独立危险因素之一.预防儿童肥胖,除关注儿童饮食、行为习惯、遗传等因素外,还应关注儿童生命早期营养状态.     

The Role of Children’s Dietary Pattern and Physical Activity in the Association Between Breastfeeding and BMI at Age 5: The GECKO Drenthe Cohort

Objectives

Breastfeeding is protective against childhood obesity, but the role of childhood lifestyle in this association is unclear. We investigated whether physical activity and dietary pattern at age 5 differed between breastfed and non-breastfed children, and how they relate to Body Mass Index (BMI) Z-scores.

Methods

1477 children of the Dutch GECKO Drenthe birth cohort were included. At one month, children were categorized as breastfed (receiving breast milk exclusively or in combination with formula milk) or non-breastfed (receiving formula milk exclusively). At age 5, height and weight were objectively measured, physical activity was measured by ActiGraph GT3x and dietary patterns were assessed with a parent-reported food pattern questionnaire, assessing the consumption frequency of selected food items at seven occasions over the day.

Results

Non-breastfed children had higher BMI Z-scores (0.36?±?0.90 vs. 0.20?±?0.80 SD, p?=?0.002), more frequently consumed sugar-sweetened beverages (25.0?±?10.5 vs. 22.5?±?9.71 times per week, p?<?0.001), and consumed relatively less whole-wheat or brown bread (p?=?0.007). Differences in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption were most pronounced during main meals. Total fruit consumption, sedentary time and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels did not differ between the groups. Multivariable adjusted linear regression analyses showed that the differences in BMI-z score between non-breastfed and breastfed children were not explained by the differences in sugar-sweetened beverages or type of bread consumed.

Conclusions

Infant breastfeeding itself is indicative of healthy dietary behaviors in early life, and is also more likely to be followed by a favorable dietary pattern at toddler age. However, the differences in dietary habits between breastfed and non-breastfed children did not explain the difference in BMI Z-score at the age of 5.

     

Obesity-related eating behaviors are associated with low physical activity and poor diet quality in Spain

This study examined the association of obesity-related eating behaviors (OREB) with physical activity, sedentariness, and diet quality. Data were taken from a cross-sectional study in 10,791 persons representative of the Spanish population who were ≥18 y of age in 2008-2010. The following self-reported information was collected on 12 OREB: not planning how much to eat before sitting down, not deciding the amount of food on the plate, skipping breakfast, eating precooked/canned food or snacks bought at vending machines or at fast-food restaurants, not choosing low-energy foods, not removing visible fat from meat or skin from chicken, eating while watching television or seated on a sofa or an armchair, and taking a short time for meals. Analyses were performed with linear or logistic regression, as appropriate, and adjusted for the main confounders. In comparison to participants with ≤1 OREB, those with ≥5 OREB performed less physical activity [β: -2.61 (95% CI: -4.44, -0.78); P-trend < 0.001] and spent more time watching television [β: 2.17 (95% CI: 1.39, 2.95); P-trend < 0.001]; furthermore, they had greater total energy intake [β: 160 (95% CI: 115, 210); P-trend < 0.001] and were less likely to follow a Mediterranean diet [OR: 0.55 (95% CI: 0.41, 0.73); P-trend < 0.001]. In conclusion, the association between OREB and obesity is biologically plausible because OREB are associated with energy intake and poor accordance with the Mediterranean diet. Studies on the association between OREB and obesity should control for the confounding effect of physical activity and sedentariness.     

Dietary fat and the risk of clinical type 2 diabetes: the European prospective investigation of Cancer-Norfolk study

The role of dietary fat in the etiology of type 2 diabetes remains uncertain. The authors investigated the association between dietary fat composition and risk of clinical type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer-Norfolk study and identified food consumption patterns associated with dietary fat composition. Diet was assessed at baseline (1993-1997) using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. From multiple sources of information, 414 incident cases of diabetes were identified among 23,631 men and women aged 40-78 years during 3-7 years of follow-up. The capture-recapture ascertainment level was 99%. The energy-adjusted dietary polyunsaturated:saturated fat ratio was inversely associated with the risk of diabetes (odds ratio (OR) = 0.84 per standard deviation change, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.75, 0.94). Adjustment for age, sex, family history of diabetes, smoking, physical activity, total fat, protein, and alcohol attenuated the association (OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.78, 0.99), and it was no longer statistically significant after including body mass index and the waist:hip ratio (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.81, 1.03). This prospective study showed that an increased dietary polyunsaturated:saturated fat ratio was associated with a reduced risk of diabetes, independent of age, sex, family history of diabetes, and other lifestyle factors.