住院精神病患者约束护理与呼吸道医院感染的关联性研究

目的 探讨约束护理与呼吸道医院感染的关联性，及呼吸道医院感染的预防控制措施。方法 选取住院精神病患者75例，分约束护理≤8h组、约束护理〉8h组及无约束组，观察3组患者呼吸道医院感染的发生率，并通过咽拭子细菌培养，分析3组患者口咽部定植菌群的改变。结果 约束护理组呼吸道医院感染率达50％，与无约束组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。约束〉8h组的呼吸道医院感染率高达66．67％，且随约束时间延长而增高（P〈0．01）。约束护理组66．67％的患者口咽部定植菌群发生改变，其G杆菌定植率也高达47．22％（P〈0．01）。结论 约束护理可并发较高的呼吸道医院感染率，临床应慎用约束护理，并尽量缩短约束时问。     

住院精神病病人口咽部定植菌群改变与医院感染的相关性研究

[目的]探讨住院精神病病人口咽部定植菌群的改变与呼吸道医院感染发生的关系。[方法]采集105例病人住院不同时期的273例次咽拭子标本进行细菌培养鉴定。[结果]入院后第1天、第5天、第21天奈瑟氏菌分离率均在80%以上。革兰阴性杆菌入院后第1天分离率为11.4%,第5天上升为22.8%,第21天为18.4%。口咽部有革兰阴性杆菌定植者呼吸道医院感染率高达52.4%。[结论]第5天口咽部革兰阴性杆菌分离率呈上升趋势,表明病人在住院初期可出现口咽部革兰阴性杆菌定植明显改变,且医院感染发生率高,因此应采取积极有效地预防措施。     

咽部定植菌与住院精神病人呼吸道医院感染相关性的研究

目的探讨咽部定植菌与住院精神病人呼吸道医院感染的相关性及预防控制对策。方法将符合入组条件的新入院精神病人纳为研究对象,分别在入院后24 h、第4 d、第21 d时取咽拭子送检做细菌培养和药敏试验,并对其住院期间的医院感染情况进行统计分析。结果咽部有病原菌定植组病人呼吸道医院感染率达53.84%,与无定植组的16.98%比较,有极显著差异(P<0.01),定植菌耐药情况严重。结论咽部病原菌定植是住院精神病人呼吸道医院感染的主要潜在危险因素之一,抗精神病药物的副反应和约束护理是引起高感染率的主要原因;临床应重视咽拭子培养和药敏结果来指导预防和治疗住院精神科病人呼吸道医院感染。     

住院精神病病人口咽部定植菌群改变与医院感染的相关性研究

[目的]探讨住院精神病病人口咽部定植菌群的改变与呼吸道医院感染发生的关系。[方法]采集105倒病人住院不同时期的273例次咽拭子标本进行细菌培养鉴定。[结果]入院后第1天、第5天、第21天奈瑟氏菌分离率均在80％以上。革兰阴性杆菌入院后第1天分离率为11．4％，第5天上升为22．8％，第21天为18．4％。口咽部有革兰阴性杆菌定植者呼吸道医院感染率高达52．4％。[结论]第5天口咽部革兰阴性杆菌分离率呈上升趋势，表明病人在住院初期可出现口咽部革兰阴性杆菌定植明显改变，且医院感染发生率高，因此应采取积极有效地预防措施。     

口咽部护理在抑制全身麻醉气管插管呼吸道感染方面的临床研究

[目的]研究全身麻醉气管插管手术前积极口咽部护理在抑制术后呼吸道感染方面的作用与意义。[方法]将100例住院行全身麻醉气管插管手术病人按术前是否进行口腔护理分为观察组与对照组,每组50例。术后常规吸痰,进行痰半定量培养,比较两组病人发生呼吸道感染发生率。[结果]口咽部护理明显减少口咽部细菌定植量,术后发生呼吸道感染率为22.0%,显著低于对照组的40.0%(P0.05)。[结论]全身麻醉气管插管术后对病人进行积极的口咽部护理能有效去除细菌定植,减少后期呼吸道感染的发生。口咽部护理在预防呼吸道感染方面是首要工作,是控制感染的重要举措。     

咽部菌群在呼吸道感染治疗中的临床应用

目的 以健康人咽部菌群密度为参考^[1],研究呼吸道感染在治疗过程中咽部菌群密度的变化和临床症状改变的相关性分析,探讨以咽部菌群的密度变化来评估分析呼吸道感染患者的治疗和预后。方法 采集102例上呼吸道感染患者(其中62例咽部菌群正常,60例咽部菌群异常)和219例下呼吸道感染患者的咽拭子进行细菌培养,研究咽部菌群密度的变化与临床症状改变的相关性。结果 62例咽部菌群正常的上呼吸道感染患者其治疗与不治疗在症状改善和痊愈上差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),60例咽部菌群异常的上呼吸道感染患者其治疗组和不治疗组的CPIS评分差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05); 对于219例下呼吸道患者(其中121例细菌性肺炎、74例重症肺炎及24例肺脓肿患者)的治疗观察,发现当咽部菌群在治疗过程中恢复正常时,与患者的临床病理改变符合率分别为92.6%,86.5%和87.5%。结论 咽部菌群密度在健康人群之间保持着一定菌群种类和数量的稳定,但广谱抗生素的应用会导致咽部菌群失调; 如何合理有效地治疗呼吸道感染应结合咽部菌群密度的变化来评估,这样可减少患者使用抗生素的天数,同时避免诱发耐药菌的产生和呼吸道菌群的失调。     

ICU获得性肺部感染相关因素分析与护理

ＩＣＵ获得性肺部感染指病人在入住ＩＣＵ前不存在也不处于感染潜伏期 ,而在入住ＩＣＵ期间发生的肺部感染 ,也包括在出ＩＣＵ 4 8ｈ内所发生的肺部感染。它占医院感染首位 ,是ＩＣＵ病人死亡的主要原因。ＩＣＵ获得性肺部感染主要见于实施人工气道和接受机械通气的病人 ,其发生率为 7%～ 5 4% [1] 。现将ＩＣＵ获得性肺部感染相关因素分析与护理综述如下。1　相关因素1.1　口咽部细菌定植和误吸口咽部定植菌误吸是医院内肺部感染的最主要的发病因素。 5 0 %～ 70 % [1] 健康人睡眠时可有口咽部分泌物吸入下呼吸道 ,吞咽和咳嗽反射减弱或消…     

外科监护病房气管切开病人气道致病菌的监测及护理

对医院普外科监护病房 1996～ 1999年 38例气管切开、机械通气持续 2天以上的患者行下呼吸道分泌物培养 ,结果显示本组以革兰氏阴性杆菌感染为主。在护理上采取以加强气道管理为中心的护理措施 ,从清除外源性污染 ,控制口咽部细菌定植 ,减少胃肠液反流。医疗上根据培养及药敏使用抗生素 ,使原革兰氏阴性杆菌中检出率为第一二位的铜绿假单胞菌与鲍曼氏不动杆菌 ,检出率下降 ,细菌检出总阳性率也有所下降 (P <0 .0 5 )。对临床探讨气管切开下呼吸道菌群性质及预防下呼吸道菌群定植有一定意义     

呼吸道感染及其治疗过程中咽部菌群密度的研究

目的 以健康人咽部菌群为基础,研究呼吸道感染经广谱抗生素治疗后咽部菌群密度的变化.方法 采集180例健康人群与180例呼吸道感染未治疗的患者、呼吸道感染治疗后患者的咽拭子进行需氧培养、二氧化碳培养及厌氧培养,通过数据分析呼吸道感染未治疗患者和治疗后患者咽部菌群密度的分布和呼吸道菌群数量的变化.结果 呼吸道感染未治疗患者的需氧菌密度为4.875 2±0.971 3,与健康组需氧菌密度5.193 1±1.091 7相比差异有统计学显著性意义(P＜0.01);厌氧菌的密度为5.147 6±0.903 8,与健康组厌氧菌密度5.0917±0.922 4相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);而呼吸道感染经5天三代头孢菌素治疗后患者的需氧菌密度为5.457 9±1.023 1,与健康组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);厌氧菌密度为5.896 3±0.763 5,与健康组相比差异有统计学显著性意义(P＜0.001).呼吸道感染未治疗患者组咽部的主要细菌甲型链球菌、奈瑟菌、消化链球菌的密度与健康组相比差异有统计学显著性意义(P＜0.001),微球菌的密度与健康组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),而葡萄球菌、类杆菌、韦荣球菌、梭杆菌的密度与健康组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 呼吸道咽部菌群密度在健康人群之间保持着一定菌群种类和数量的稳定,但在呼吸道感染时菌群可失调,并随着广谱抗生素的应用会导致咽部菌群严重失调;呼吸道抗感染治疗应合理使用抗生素,避免严重导致呼吸道菌群失调.     

氧化电位水用于经口气管插管患者口腔护理的效果观察

目的 研究氧化电位水(EOW)用于经口气管插管患者口腔护理的效果.方法 将经口气管捅管患者60例随机分为实验组与对照组.实验组采用EOW口腔护理;对照组采用生理盐水口腔护理,比较2组口腔护理的效果.结果 实验组口腔清菌率为95.21%,口臭发生率为3.33%,口腔真菌感染率为0,口腔溃疡发生率为10.00%.对照组口腔清菌率为37.19%,口臭发生率为86.60%,口腔真菌感染率为43.33%,口腔溃疡发生率为23.33%.2组口腔清菌率与口臭发生率有显著差异.结论 EOW口腔护理可有效减少或控制经口气管插管患者口咽部细菌定植数及口臭,预防呼吸道感染.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.