Sonographic detection of secondary MALT lymphoma of the submandibular gland.

This report describes a case of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the lacrimal glands that recurred in the submandibular salivary glands. Gray-scale sonography showed small hypoechoic nodules, measuring less than 0.5 cm in diameter, in both submandibular glands. The echogenicity and echotexture of the rest of the submandibular glands and of the parotid glands was normal. Power Doppler sonography revealed increased vascularity within the nodules. A sonographically guided aspiration biopsy of the nodules revealed MALT lymphoma. Secondary MALT lymphoma should be considered in the presence of multiple small hypoechoic nodules in the salivary glands in patients with a history of MALT lymphoma at another location.     

Sonographic appearances of malignant lymphoma of the salivary glands.

PURPOSE: We undertook this retrospective study to describe the sonographic findings in patients with malignant lymphoma of the major salivary glands. METHODS: We reviewed the sonograms and medical records of 7 patients with histologically proven lymphoma of the parotid (3 patients) or submandibular glands (4 patients). RESULTS: Primary lymphoma was found in 1 parotid gland and 2 submandibular glands. The remaining 4 cases were secondary lymphomas. One patient had been diagnosed with Sj?gren's syndrome and had been followed up with sonography. In parotid glands, both parenchymal and intraparotid nodal lymphomas were found. All submandibular gland tumors were parenchymal. Intraparotid nodal involvement appeared as multiple small nodules with relatively smooth margins, whereas the parenchymal parotid and submandibular gland lymphomas were larger (25 to 45 mm in longitudinal diameter) and showed various degrees of margin irregularity. All tumors were hypoechoic relative to the normal parenchyma. The primary parotid lymphoma and intraparotid nodal lymphomas had a homogeneous echotexture; the secondary parotid lymphomas and submandibular gland lymphomas were heterogeneous. One submandibular gland lymphoma showed intratumoral echogenic stripes. Neither calcification nor cystic degeneration was observed within the lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Lymphomas of the salivary glands present a variety of sonographic appearances, ranging from multiple small, hypoechoic nodules to an irregularly shaped heterogeneous mass without cystic areas or calcifications.     

原发性甲状腺淋巴瘤的超声表现及病理特征

目的探讨原发甲状腺淋巴瘤(PTL)的超声表现及病理特征。方法回顾性分析28例经穿刺或手术病理证实的PTL患者的声像图表现,对病变的超声分型、形态特点、边界、回声及周围组织侵犯情况进行分析,并分析上述超声表现与其病理特征的关系。结果 28例PTL病例均为非霍奇金淋巴瘤,其中弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤19例,结外边缘带B细胞淋巴瘤/低度恶性黏膜相关组织淋巴瘤6例,结外边缘带B细胞淋巴瘤伴大细胞转化3例。7例合并桥本甲状腺炎。超声示甲状腺弥漫性肿大,累及单侧或双侧,多呈不均匀极低回声,可有条索状强回声,后方回声增强,可伴数目不等的低回声结节,边界欠清,易侵犯颈部淋巴结,还可累及周围软组织、压迫气管。结论充分认识不同病理类型的PTL超声表现特点、结合病史及临床资料,有助于提高PTL的超声诊断准确率。     

Kuttner tumour (chronic sclerosing sialadenitis) of the submandibular gland: sonographic appearances

Patients with Kuttner tumours present with clinical features simulating a submandibular tumour. This article aims to familiarise sonologists with the sonographic appearances of these tumours, to help in their differentiation from other salivary lesions. In 13 patients with histologically or cytologically proven Kuttner tumours, the features evaluated on sonography included: shape and border of the gland, internal architecture, duct dilatation, presence/absence of calculi and presence and distribution of vascularity. There was diffuse involvement of the submandibular glands in 11 patients and focal involvement in 2. The majority (9 of 11) of the patients with diffuse involvement showed sonographic appearances simulating a "cirrhotic" liver; 2 showed diffuse heterogeneous involvement with duct dilatation and calculus. Doppler showed prominent intraglandular vessels, with no evidence of displacement. Focal lesions (2 of 11) were seen as hypoechoic, heterogeneous "masses," with a radial branching vascular pattern within, on Doppler. In conclusion, sonographic features may help in identifying Kuttner tumours of the submandibular glands.     

Comparison of the sonographic features of acalculous and calculous submandibular sialadenitis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the sonographic features of acalculous and calculous sialadenitis of the submandibular gland. METHODS: A retrospective review of sonograms of the neck was performed in 25 patients with submandibular sialadenitis: 8 with acalculous and 17 with calculous disease. The submandibular glands were assessed for size, shape, border, and echogenicity; presence of dilated ducts or other intraglandular lesions; inflammatory changes in adjacent tissues; lymphadenopathy; and involvement of other salivary glands. RESULTS: In the group with acalculous sialadenitis, 4 (50%) of the 8 patients had unilateral disease, and 11 (92%) of 12 glands were rounded. In all cases (100%), multiple hypoechoic lesions were diffusely distributed throughout the submandibular glands against a heterogeneous parenchymal background. The lesions ranged from 3 to 15 mm and were oval or round. Confluent lesions were noted in 2 glands (17%). There was no sonographic evidence of duct dilatation, calculi, or abnormal lymph nodes. All patients with calculous sialadenitis had unilateral disease; 9 had a main duct calculus (53%), 7 had intraglandular calculi (41%), and 1 had both (6%). In 14 (82%) of 17 glands, normal shape was maintained, and 11 (65%) of 17 had duct dilatation. CONCLUSIONS: Acalculous submandibular sialadenitis differs from the calculous form of the disease. The former has characteristic sonographic features, including a round gland with numerous hypoechoic lesions in a heterogeneous parenchymal background. Sonographic imaging in conjunction with fine-needle aspiration is useful for detection of this disorder.     

Sonographic appearance of the submandibular glands in patients with immunoglobulin G4-related disease

Swelling of the salivary glands is often an initial sign of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related disease or IgG4-related sclerosing/autoimmune disease. We encountered 2 patients with IgG4-related disease who showed swollen submandibular glands with a unique characteristic sonographic pattern. Bilateral submandibular glands of both patients were enlarged with a smooth contour. The internal echo texture indicated multiple hypoechoic foci scattered against a heterogeneous background, which characteristically appeared with a mottled or irregular netlike appearance. A histopathologic examination of a resected section showed multiple foci of dense infiltrated lymphoplasmacytic cells and lymph follicles encircled by fibrous bands. A mottled appearance in the sonographic findings of the submandibular glands suggests the characteristic of IgG4-related disease and can be helpful in the differential diagnosis at the initial manifestation.     

Sonographic Assessment of Thyroglossal Duct Cysts in Children

Objective. The purpose of this study was to clarify the sonographic features of thyroglossal duct cysts (TDCs) in children. We also investigated how the presence of inflammation influences the sonographic appearance. Methods. We reviewed the sonograms from 36 children (0.5–14 years old) with pathologically proven TDCs. The lesions were evaluated for location, shape, internal echo pattern, internal septa, wall thickness, posterior enhancement, solid components, margins, and fistulas. The sonographic features of 7 lesions that pathologically showed inflammation were also investigated. Results. Most TDCs were midline (77.8%), were located at the hyoid bone (44.4%) or were infrahyoid (38.9%), showed posterior enhancement (77.8%), were unilocular (86.1%), lacked internal septa (91.7%), and had a thin wall (75%). None had a solid component. The internal echo patterns were classified into 4 types: anechoic (25%), homogeneously hypoechoic (16.7%), pseudosolid (16.7%), and heterogeneous (41.6%). Inflammation was confirmed in 78% of the lesions with wall thickening and 100% of the lesions with internal septa. Conclusions. Most TDCs in children had echogenicity ranging from hypoechoic to heterogeneous. A thick wall and internal septa were considered to correlate with the presence of inflammation but not with the internal echo patterns of TDCs.     

Sonographic appearances of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the submandibular gland confirmed with sonographically guided core needle biopsy

A 71-year-old man presented with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the submandibular gland 52 months after initial diagnosis of MALT lymphoma of the lung. Ultrasonography showed a well-demarcated, markedly hypoechoic, heterogeneous solid mass with linear echogenic strands and hypervascularity. Ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy demonstrated histological findings of MALT lymphoma. Sonographic features of MALT lymphoma of the submandibular gland are characteristic and ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy may be a suitable replacement for surgical biopsy.     

Sonographic patterns of splenic abscess: an analysis of 34 proven cases

Background: The sonographic patterns of splenic abscess are seldom reported. We report the different sonographic patterns in 34 proven cases. Methods: From 1984 to June 2000, 42 patients were diagnosed with splenic abscess by abscess aspiration or pathologic findings of surgical specimens. Among them, 34 cases underwent sonographic studies. Results: Fifteen cases had typical abscess echo patterns that included gas in the abscess (two cases) and debris in the abscess cavity (13 cases). Five cases of abscess showed subcapsular lesions with or without echo in the lesion. Two cases of abscess showed a thickened wall mimicking a tumor with central necrosis. Two cases showed a pattern suggesting a cyst. Ten cases showed a pattern suggesting tumor: eight had multiple lesions and two had solitary lesions. Of those 10 cases, seven multifocal abscesses were hypoechoic, and two solitary and one multifocal abscess were mixed echoic. Mortality from multiple splenic abscesses was higher than that from solitary abscess (p = 0.032). Both patients with gas in the abscess expired. Conclusion: Sonography of a splenic abscess is variable. A typical pattern was seen in only 44.1% (15 of 34) of patients in our series. We suggest using needle aspiration in each suspected case. Multiple and gas-containing abscesses indicate a poor prognosis. Received: 19 October 2001/Accepted: 12 December 2001     

T(11;18)及核bcl-10蛋白在胃肠MALT淋巴瘤中的表达

为了探讨t(11；18)(q21；q21)染色体易位及核bcl-10蛋白在胃肠粘膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤(MALT lymphoma)中的表达，用酸性酚氯仿法从石蜡组织中提取RNA；逆转录合成cDNA后用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增API2-MALT1融合基因；用免疫组织化学法检测石蜡切片中bcl—10蛋白的表达。结果表明：42例MALT淋巴瘤中，t(11；18)(q21；q21)染色体易位在低度恶性MALT淋巴瘤中的表达为14％，在伴高恶转化型MALT淋巴瘤中的表达为46％，在40例弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse 1arge B cell lymphoma，DLBCL)对照组中没有表达；43例MALT淋巴瘤中bcl-10蛋白在低度恶性MALT淋巴瘤的核表达为61％，在伴高恶转化型MALT淋巴瘤中的核表达为69％。结论：t(11；18)易位可能与高度进展MALT淋巴瘤有一定相关性，但与DLBCL无关;bcl-10蛋白的核表达在恶性程度不同的两组MALT淋巴瘤中无显著性差异，其原因有待进一步研究。     

经胸超声诊断纵隔淋巴瘤的临床价值

目的 探讨常规经胸超声检查在纵隔淋巴瘤诊断中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析临床确诊的纵隔淋巴瘤患者超声图像特征,观察病灶位置、内部回声特点及周围淋巴结情况,统计分析超声诊断纵隔淋巴瘤的真实性和一致性。结果 55例纵隔淋巴瘤患者,平均年龄27.5岁。大部分纵隔淋巴瘤的声像图表现为前上纵隔实性包块,包块内部可见结节状低回声和/或网状稍强回声,肿块周围或全身其他部位可见淋巴结肿大。根据超声声像图特征诊断纵隔淋巴瘤的灵敏度为85.45(%),特异度为85.45(%),约登指数为0.79,不同医生间诊断的一致率为80.61%,Kappa值为0.612。     

Delving deeper into MALT lymphoma biology

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas can arise in a variety of extranodal sites. Interestingly, at least 3 different, apparently site-specific, chromosomal translocations, all affecting the NF-kappaB pathway, have been implicated in the development and progression of MALT lymphoma. The most common is the translocation t(11;18)(q21;q21), which results in a fusion of the cIAP2 region on chromosome 11q21 with the MALT1 gene on chromosome 18q21 and is present in more than one-third of cases. The frequency of this translocation is site-related: common in the gastrointestinal tract and lung, rare in conjunctiva and orbit, and almost absent in salivary glands, thyroid, liver, and skin. In this issue of the JCI, Hu et al. add to our understanding of the molecular consequences of this translocation, showing that its fusion product, cIAP2-MALT1, may concomitantly contribute to lymphomagenesis both as a tumor suppressor gene and as an oncogene.     

肾上腺非霍奇金淋巴瘤的超声影像学表现

目的 探讨肾上腺非霍奇金淋巴瘤的声像图特征。方法 回顾性分析经穿刺活检或手术病理证实的13例肾上腺淋巴瘤的超声声像图特征。结果 13例肾上腺淋巴瘤患者累及双侧6例,单侧7例,共19个病灶,均为非霍奇金淋巴瘤弥漫大B细胞型。肿块大小3.0~14.0 cm,平均(7.99±3.08)cm。18个病灶为低回声,1个表现为杂乱回声。内部回声均匀者10个,不均匀者9个,其中内部可见条索状稍强回声者7个,伴小片状无回声区4个。彩色多普勒示68.42%(13/19)肿块内未见明显血流信号,仅31.58%(6/19)内探及点状血流信号。此外,3个较大病灶不同程度累及同侧肾脏及其周围组织,1个伴下腔静脉栓子形成。结论 肾上腺非霍奇金淋巴瘤超声声像图多表现为边界清楚的规则低回声团块,肿瘤内无明显或仅见少许点状血流信号,但对于内部回声不均匀伴有液化等征象的病灶,不能完全除外淋巴瘤的可能。     

Lymphoma of the testis and epididymis mimics chronic inflammation upon sonography

We report the sonographic findings in a case of lymphoma, which mimicked chronic inflammation. Scrotal gray-scale sonography revealed an irregularly margined, hypoechoic mass in the right testis and epididymis. Color Doppler sonography showed increased blood flow within the hypoechoic lesions in both testis and epididymis. Pathologic examination revealed a diffuse involvement of the testis and epididymis.     

Impact of miniprobes compared to conventional endosonography in the staging of low-grade gastric malt lymphoma

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: In patients with low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma, conventional endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is considered to be the most accurate modality for locoregional staging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic role of ultrasonic miniprobes as part of routine clinical staging. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 39 patients who were histologically diagnosed with low-grade MALT lymphoma were reviewed retrospectively before treatment (n = 15) and during follow-up (n = 24). Assessment of tumor penetration into the gastric wall was based on the TNM system. Pathological lymph-node involvement was suggested by the presence of inhomogeneous hypoechoic echo patterns, with clearly demarcated borders. All examinations were carried out using a mechanical miniprobe (Olympus; diameter 2.4 mm, 12 MHz) introduced through the working channel of the endoscope. Ultrasonic miniprobe findings were compared with conventional EUS data and histology. RESULTS: Using pretreatment endoscopic ultrasonography, gastric lymphomas presented endoscopically with an ulcer (in five of 15 patients) or a diffuse infiltrative pattern (ten of 15 patients). The ultrasonic miniprobe identified a T1 lesion in 53 % (T2, 33 %) and EUS in 60 % (T2, 20 %) of cases. Pathological lymph-node involvement in T1-T2 lesions was diagnosed with the ultrasonic miniprobe in 53 % of cases and with EUS in 60 %. Using endoscopic ultrasonography during the follow-up period, in patients with normal miniprobe ultrasonography (n = 15), the histological examination confirmed a complete remission in all patients. Hypoechoic thickening of the mucosa or submucosa, or both, was seen in nine patients. Endoscopic biopsies in four of these nine patients revealed recurrent lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS: The ultrasonic miniprobe can be recommended as part of routine care in patients with gastric MALT lymphoma, both initially and during the follow-up period. The clinical significance of ultrasonic miniprobe examinations is that they can be performed as a single-step procedure during diagnostic endoscopy.     

婴儿纤维性错构瘤超声组织成像特征:与病理相对照

目的 与病理结果对照分析婴儿纤维性错构瘤(FHI)的超声特征.方法 应用超声定量分析仪测量经病理确诊的FHI瘤体低回声与瘤体旁正常脂肪组织回声强度(EI),进行定量自身对照分析,并结合病理结果回顾分析FHI组织结构所对应的声像图特征.结果 28例FHI共30个病灶,声像图均表现为以高回声为主,混杂条带状或小片状低回声,...     

Straight Vessel Pattern and Rapid Filling Time

Six patients with 7 lesions that were histologically confirmed as primary testicular lymphoma were preoperatively investigated with a standardized sonographic protocol including contrast‐enhanced sonography. Duplex and contrast‐enhanced sonography showed marked hypervascularization in all 7 lesions. On contrast‐enhanced sonography, the filling time of lymphomatous lesions was significantly shorter than the filling time of a size‐matched sample of 10 patients with seminomas (P < .0001). The sonographic hallmarks of testicular lymphoma in our case series were as follows: (1) sharply demarcated homogeneous hypoechoic testicular lesions with marked hypervascularization; (2) a rapid (<7 seconds) filling time of contrast bubbles; and (3) a straight and parallel course of intralesional vessels on contrast‐enhanced sonography.     

Sonographic findings of immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing sialadenitis

Purpose

We evaluated the sonographic findings of immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing sialadenitis (IgG4-SS).

Methods

Nineteen patients with IgG4-SS and 12 healthy volunteers (controls) were enrolled. The following sonographic features were evaluated: (1) enlargement of the submandibular gland by measurement of the longitudinal diameter and thickness; (2) the contour texture of the submandibular gland (smooth or rough); (3) the internal echo texture, categorized into three sonographic patterns (homogeneous, multiple hypoechoic nodule, and diffuse hypoechoic); and (4) quantitative color Doppler signaling.

Results

The longitudinal diameter and the thickness (mean ± SD) of the submandibular gland were significantly greater in patients than in controls (p = 0.005 and p < 0.001, respectively). Contour roughness was seen in 62.9 and 8.3 % of patients and controls (p < 0.001), respectively. Homogeneous echo textures alone were seen in controls, whereas multiple hypoechoic nodule patterns were seen in 60 % of the patients, and diffuse hypoechoic patterns were seen in 40 %. Color Doppler signaling (mean ± SD) was significantly higher in patients as compared with controls (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Patients could be distinguished from healthy volunteers using four distinctive sonographic findings, suggesting that ultrasonography would be a useful diagnostic tool for IgG4-SS.

     

Sonographic findings of IgG4‐related disease of the salivary glands: Case report and review of the literature

IgG4‐related disease is a relatively newly described entity with findings that historically have been confused with a variety of other diseases with markedly different treatments and prognoses, including Sjogren's syndrome and MALT lymphoma. We present a case of IgG4‐related disease of the salivary glands and review the literature on sonographic findings of IgG4‐related disease. By connecting sonographic features of IgG4 disease with common ancillary features of IgG4 disease in other sites (pancreas, hilar lymph nodes, biliary tree, thyroid, and retroperitoneum), radiologists can play a pivotal role in the early diagnosis and identification of IgG4‐related disease. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 46 :73–77, 2018;     

Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's hepatic lymphoma: Sonographic findings

The sonographic studies of 72 patients with pathologically proven Hodgkin's or non-Hodgkin's hepatic lymphoma were retrospectively reviewed. Sixty-eight patients (94%) had secondary hepatic lymphoma (nine of them had AIDS-related lymphoma) and four patients (6%) had primary lymphoma of the liver. Forty-six of 72 patients (64%) had diffuse hepatic involvement, and 26 of 72 patients (36%) had focal liver lesions as demonstrated by sonography. Four patterns of disease were identified: (a) hepatomegaly was depicted by sonography in 26 of the 59 patients with secondary hepatic lymphoma not related to AIDS, in two of the nine patients with AIDS-related secondary hepatic lymphoma, and in one of the four patients with primary hepatic lymphoma; (b) multiple rounded well-delineated hypoechoic liver lesions were found in 22 of the 68 patients with secondary hepatic lymphoma; (c) a large heterogeneous echoic mass, which was an evocating clue to the diagnosis of primary lymphoma of the liver, was found in the four patients with primary lymphoma of the liver; and (d) an absence of sonographic abnormalities was found in 20 of the 59 patients with secondary lymphoma not related to AIDS. Liver involvement with lymphoma should be considered in any patient who develops multiple homogeneous hypoechoic liver masses, even in the absence of known underlying lymphomatous disease.