Long-term outcome and lung cancer incidence in patients with hemoptysis of unknown origin.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To provide current data on the long-term outcome and incidence of lung cancer in a large cohort of patients with hemoptysis of unknown origin. DESIGN: A retrospective chart review followed by a telephone interview for follow-up. SETTING: A university-affiliated tertiary referral center for pulmonary diseases. PATIENTS: Seven hundred twenty-two patients who presented with hemoptysis from January 1990 to December 1993. One hundred thirty-five patients were identified as having hemoptysis of unknown origin. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-five patients (19%) had hemoptysis of unknown origin; follow-up data were obtained in 115 patients, of whom 100 were still alive. The mean time of observation was 6.6 years after initial presentation. Lung cancer developed in 7 of 115 patients (6%) and was unresectable once detected; all of these patients were smokers > 40 years old, and malignancy developed within 3 years after first presentation. CONCLUSIONS: Hemoptysis of unknown origin is present in a minority of patients presenting with hemoptysis if evaluated at a referral center for pulmonary diseases. Lung cancer seems to be increasing in these patients compared to previous studies, and closer follow-up or additional testing may be indicated in the defined population at risk.     

Hemoptysis: a retrospective analysis of 108 cases

A retrospective analysis of 108 patients admitted to the hospital for hemoptysis in the year 2000 was performed. The aim of the study was to clarify the etiologic distribution of hemoptysis and the relation of etiology to the severity and recurrence of it. Of the cases, 79 were men and 29 were women, and the mean age was 51.74 +/- 17.51. In 77 of the cases it was the first attack, while in 31 it was recurrent. According to the severity of hemoptysis, it was classified as "mild" (<30 cm3), "moderate" (30-100 cm3), "severe" (100-600 cm3) and "massive" (>600 cm3). Lung cancer was the leading cause of hemoptysis (34.3%) followed by bronchiectasis (25.0%), tuberculosis (17.6%), pneumonia (10.2%) and pulmonary embolism (4.6%). Statistical analysis by chi-square test revealed that most of the lung cancer patients had mild hemoptysis (odds ratio 3.5; P<0.05), and the most frequent etiology in recurrent hemoptysis was bronchiectasis (odds ratio 3.25; P=0.01). Most of the lung cancer patients were male (P=0.002). The two leading causes of hemoptysis in our study are similar to many previous reports. The high rate of tuberculosis in our study is probably due to the high prevalence of tuberculosis in our country.     

A prospective analysis of 184 hemoptysis cases: diagnostic impact of chest X-ray, computed tomography, bronchoscopy

BACKGROUND: The clinical presentation of hemoptysis often raises a number of diagnostic possibilities. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate the relative frequency of different causes of hemoptysis and the value of chest radiography, computed tomography (CT) scanning and fiber-optic bronchoscopy in the evaluation of a Greek cohort population. METHODS: We prospectively followed a total of 184 consecutive patients (137 males/47 females, 145 smokers/39 nonsmokers) admitted with hemoptysis between January 2001 and December 2003 to the University Hospital of Heraklion. Follow-up data were collected on August 2005. RESULTS: The main causes of hemoptysis were bronchiectasis (26%), chronic bronchitis (23%), acute bronchitis (15%) and lung cancer (13%). Bronchiectasis was significantly more frequent in nonsmokers (p < 0.02). Among nonsmokers, patients with moderate/severe bleeding or a history of tuberculosis were more likely to have bronchiectasis (OR 8.25; 95% CI 1.9-35.9, p = 0.007 and OR 16.5; 95% CI 1.7-159.1, p = 0.007, respectively). Nonsmokers with normal or abnormal X-rays were equally likely to have bronchiectasis (OR 2.5; 95% CI 0.66-9.39, p = 0.2). Lung cancer was only found in smokers. Smokers with normal X-rays were less likely to have lung cancer compared to smokers with abnormal X-ray (OR 5.4; 95% CI 1.54-19.34, p = 0.004). There were no smokers with normal CT and lung cancer. Follow-up data were collected in 91% of patients. Lung cancer did not develop in any patient assumed to have hemoptysis of another origin than lung cancer on initial evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Bronchiectasis is the main diagnosis in patients admitted with hemoptysis to a Greek University Hospital and it is more frequent among nonsmokers with moderate/severe bleeding and/or previous tuberculosis infection. Nonsmokers with moderate/severe hemoptysis and/or a history of tuberculosis should be evaluated with high-resolution CT. Smokers with hemoptysis are at increased risk for lung cancer and need to be extensively evaluated with chest CT and bronchoscopy.     

Tenecteplase in the treatment of acute pulmonary thrombo-embolism

This is a retrospective study documenting the use of tenecteplase in 41 cases of suspected or confirmed pulmonary embolism receiving in-hospital tenecteplase as per weight-adjusted dosing in addition to standard heparin and oral anticoagulant therapy. The presenting symptoms of dyspnoea, chest pain, hemoptysis and syncope were found in 40 (97.56%), 19 (46.34%), 6 (14.63%) and 9 (21.95%) patients, respectively. There was one case of mortality who was a 26 yrs old female of postpartum pulmonary thrombo-embolism with severe hypotension, cyanosis, bilateral crepitations in lungs and pulmonary hypertension. In the 40 survived patients, there was alleviation of dyspnoea and hemoptysis in all patients. Significant reduction in tachycardia (P < 0.0001) and increase in the oxygen saturation (SaO?) (P < 0.0001) were seen at discharge as compared to at the time of presentation. Eighteen patients had hypotension which recovered in all patients till the time of discharge (P < 0.0001). There was a significant reduction in right ventricular systolic pressure in all 18 patients who underwent 2-D echocardiography both before and after the tenecteplase therapy. Resolution of pulmonary embolism on CT pulmonary angiography was documented in only two patients. No bleeding events or any other adverse events were reported during this study. The present study suggests favourable efficacy of tenecteplase in patients with suspected or confirmed acute pulmonary embolism. Although no major adverse events were noted, a large prospective study on the use of tenecteplase in pulmonary embolism is suggested.     

Sensitivity and specificity of helical computed tomography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: a systematic review

PURPOSE: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of helical computed tomography (CT) for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism and to determine the safety of withholding anticoagulant therapy in patients who have clinically suspected pulmonary embolism and negative results on helical CT. DATA SOURCES: The MEDLINE database was searched for all reports published from 1986 to October 1999 that evaluated the use of helical CT for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Bibliographies of the retrieved articles were cross-checked to identify additional studies. STUDY SELECTION: All prospective English-language studies were selected. Retrospective studies, review articles, and case reports were excluded, and 5 of the 20 identified articles were excluded. The scientific validity of the remaining 15 articles was assessed. DATA EXTRACTION: Two of the authors used a priori, pre-defined criteria to independently assess each study. A third author resolved disagreements by adjudication. The pre-defined criteria were inclusion of a consecutive series of all patients with suspected pulmonary embolism, inclusion of patients with and those without pulmonary embolism, a broad spectrum of patient characteristics, performance of helical CT and pulmonary angiography (or an appropriate reference test) in all patients, and independent interpretation of the CT scan and pulmonary angiogram (or reference test). Specific data on sensitivity and specificity and the associated 95% CIs were recorded when available. DATA SYNTHESIS: No study met all of the predefined criteria for adequately evaluating sensitivity and specificity. The reported sensitivity of helical CT ranged from 53% to 100%, and specificity ranged from 81% to 100%. In no prospective study was anticoagulant therapy withheld without further testing for venous thromboembolism in consecutive patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. One prospective study reported the outcome of selected patients with negative results on helical CT who did not receive anticoagulant therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Use of helical CT in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism has not been adequately evaluated. The safety of withholding anticoagulant treatment in patients with negative results on helical CT is uncertain. Definitive large, prospective studies should be done to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and safety of helical CT for diagnosis of suspected pulmonary embolism.     

选择性支气管动脉造影栓塞术治疗大咯血(附32例报告)

目的 探讨大咳血时动脉造影栓塞的治疗意义。方法 对32例大咯血患者进行选择性支气管动脉造影及栓塞治疗。病因包括:支气管扩张症16例,支气管扩张症伴陈旧性肺结核7例,侵润性肺结核2例,支气管肺癌3例,不能确定病因4例,按病情分二组:急诊治疗组,择期治疗组。结果 急诊组疗效达88.9％,择期组达100％。二组均无严重并发症,择期组轻于急诊组。4例不能确定病因的患者亦达满意效果。结论 支气管动脉造影及栓塞治疗能进一步明确出血性病变的诊断,也是有价值的治疗方法。     

The negative predictive value of spiral computed tomography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in patients with nondiagnostic ventilation-perfusion scans

BACKGROUND: There is no noninvasive method to rule out pulmonary embolism when the clinical suspicion for pulmonary embolism is high. We did a prospective observational study to determine the negative predictive value of spiral computed tomography (CT) in this situation. METHODS: We performed spiral CT scans of the thorax in consecutive patients with high clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism with intermediate or low probability ventilation-perfusion scans. Patients with negative or indeterminate spiral CT results had conventional angiography at the discretion of the attending physician. Only patients with positive spiral CT results or positive conventional angiograms were treated. All patients were observed for 6 months for evidence of venous thromboembolic disease. Clinical outcome without treatment or the results of conventional angiography were used as reference standards. False-negative results were defined as a negative spiral CT with a positive conventional angiogram or any diagnosis of venous thromboembolism within 6 months. RESULTS: Among the 103 patients who were studied, spiral CT scans were positive in 22 patients, indeterminate in 10 patients, and negative in 71 patients. Twenty-seven (26%) patients had pulmonary embolism by clinical outcome, including 3 of the 71 patients with negative spiral CT scans and 2 of the 10 patients with indeterminate scans. A negative spiral CT result had a likelihood ratio of 0.12 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.04 to 0.35) with a negative predictive value of 96% (95% CI: 88% to 99%). Using conventional angiography only as the reference standard, a negative spiral CT result had a likelihood ratio of 0.08 (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.31) and a negative predictive value of 93% (95% CI: 77% to 98%). CONCLUSIONS: Spiral CT has a high negative predictive value for pulmonary embolism and may replace conventional angiography in the workup of pulmonary embolism. Patients with indeterminate spiral CT results should be considered for conventional angiography.     

The role of plasma D-dimer concentration in the exclusion of pulmonary embolism

Objective . To determine the role of four ELISA D-dimer assays in the exclusion of pulmonary embolism.
Design . Blinded comparison using pulmonary angiography and/or lung scintigraphy as a reference method.
Setting . A secondary and tertiary referral centre.
Patients and methods . Consecutive patients with suspected pulmonary embolism underwent lung scintigraphy, followed by angiography if a non-diagnostic result was obtained. Comorbid conditions resulting in elevated plasma D-dimer levels were defined a priori . Cut-off levels for 100% sensitivity were determined. A decision-analytic model was used to determine effectiveness and costs in the management pulmonary embolism.
Main outcome measures . The exclusion efficacy of the various assays at a sensitivity of 100%, and cost-effectiveness.
Results . A total of 179 patients were included (78 inpatients and 101 outpatients; 74 patients had comorbid conditions). Pulmonary embolism could be adequately excluded in between 8% and 18% of all patients, and in between 3% and 7% and 11% and 27% of inpatients and outpatients, respectively, depending on the assay used. D-dimer assays could exclude pulmonary embolism in <5% of patients with comorbid conditions, whereas this increased to 14–32% in outpatients without comorbid conditions. A cost-effectiveness analysis showed a cost reduction of 10% at a specificity of 30%, largely due to a 28% decrease in angiography requirements. Furthermore, for every 2% decrease in sensitivity, one per 1000 evaluated patients would die as a result of inadequately treated pulmonary embolism.
Conclusion . D-dimer ELISA assays may have a role in the exclusion of pulmonary embolism in symptomatic outpatients, where the application may reduce angiography by 30% and costs by 10%.     

The rehabilitation of clinical assessment for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary angiography is the gold standard for diagnosis of segmental pulmonary embolism, but no longer for subsegmental pulmonary embolism because the inter-observer agreement for angiographically documented subsegmental pulmonary embolism is only 60%. A normal rapid ELISA VIDAS D-dimer test result and a normal perfusion scan exclude pulmonary embolism with a negative predictive value of >99%, irrespective of clinical score. The positive predictive value for pulmonary embolism of a high probability VP-scan compared to pulmonary angiography is 87% indicating that 13% of patients with a high probability VP-scan do not have pulmonary embolism. The combination of a negative CUS, a low clinical score, and a non-diagnostic VP-scan safely excludes pulmonary embolism. Patients with a non-diagnostic VP-scan, a negative CUS, but a moderate to high clinical score are candidates for pulmonary angiography. The positive predictive value of helical spiral CT is >95 to 99%. The combination of a negative CUS, a low clinical score, and the presence of a clear alternative diagnosis is predicted to safely exclude pulmonary embolism. Helical spiral CT detects all clinical relevant pulmonary emboli and a large number of alternative diagnoses in symptomatic patients with a non-diagnostic or a high-probability VP-scan. The negative predictive value during 3 months followup after a negative spiral CT for pulmonary embolism in 4 retrospective studies and 1 prospective management study was >99%. Only a small group of patients (1-2%) with a non-diagnostic spiral CT are candidates for pulmonary angiography. Therefore, it is predicted that the spiral CT will replace both VP-scanning and pulmonary angiography to safely exclude or diagnose pulmonary emboli in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism.     

119例咯血临床分析

目的分析引起咯血的病因。方法以咯血症状的患者的发病年龄、伴随症状、X线胸片或肺CT等相关检查明确病灶部位与疾病的关系。结果咯血最常见的为支气管扩张、肺结核、支气管肺癌,占咯血原因的大多数。结论中青年的咯血病人以肺结核为主;老年人肺结核发病率占一定比例,且发病率有增高趋势;有反复咯血症状而全身症状不明显的患者以支气管扩张多见;少量咯血或痰血为主伴胸痛、消瘦的需高度警惕肺癌。     

Role of the 12-lead electrocardiogram in diagnosing pulmonary embolism

We investigated the role of the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) to improve the pretest probability of pulmonary embolism before performing computed tomographic (CT) pulmonary angiography. A retrospective chart analysis was performed on patients who underwent CT pulmonary angiography at a tertiary care hospital during a 30-month period. Comparison of 15 ECG parameters was made between those with CT pulmonary angiograms positive for pulmonary embolism and a matched control group with negative CT pulmonary angiograms. Data were analyzed by chi-squared tests and logistic regression. Sinus tachycardia (39% vs. 24%, P <0.01), an S1 Q3 T3 pattern (12% vs. 3%, P <0.01), atrial tachyarrhythmias (15% vs. 4%, P <0.005), a Q wave in lead III (40% vs. 26%, P <0.02), and a Q3 T3 pattern (8% vs. 1%, P <0.02) were the findings significantly associated with pulmonary embolism. We conclude that 1) standard 12-lead ECG findings can increase the pretest probability of pulmonary embolism before performing CT pulmonary angiography; and that 2) the ECG findings have relatively low likelihood ratios to have clinical use.     

Value of the association of D-dimer measurement and the evaluation of clinical probability in a non-invasive diagnostic strategy of pulmonary embolism

New diagnostic tools in suspected pulmonary embolism complete the classical diagnostic strategy of pulmonary scintigraphy and pulmonary angiography to limit the indications of these two invasive investigations. In a prospective series of 204 consecutive patients with suspected pulmonary embolism the association of D-dimer measurement and clinical probability was assessed for the exclusion of the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. The D-DI Liatest is a new generation, unitary, rapid and quantitative latex test with a comparative diagnostic performance to that of the reference ELISA test, and well adapted to emergency situations.The clinical probability was assessed by a quantitative score based on past history, clinical symptoms and signs. The positive diagnosis of pulmonary embolism was made by spiral CT scanner and/or pulmonary angiography, associated with Duplex ultrasonography of the leg veins in nondiagnostic results. The prevalence of pulmonary embolism was 42.6% and the absence of anticoagulation in patients considered not to have pulmonary embolism was associated with a thrombo-embolic incidence of 0.9% at 3 months. Fifty-six patients had D-dimer concentrations equal or inferior to the threshold of 500 microg/L; the sensitivity was 99% and the specificity 47% with a negative predictive value of 98% to 100% in cases with a low clinical probability. D-dimer measurement is reliable and has a high cost-benefit value in ambulatory patients with suspected of pulmonary embolism and is even more valuable when the clinical probability of this diagnosis is low.     

多层螺旋CT和MR肺动脉成像诊断急性肺动脉栓塞的对比研究

目的探究多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影和MR肺动脉成像对急性肺动脉栓塞(PE)疾病的的诊断价值。方法对2014年1月~2015年1月我院临床诊断为急性肺栓塞病接受住院治疗的120例患者进行分组,分组依据为随机数字表法,分为采用多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影诊断的CT组和采用MR肺动脉成像诊断的MR组,每组60例,对两组的诊断价值进行比较。结果两组患者经过检查对PE的显示率均为100%,且两组患者栓子栓塞部位比例相当,无统计学差异(P0.05),PE的间接征象有马赛克征、心包积液、肺动脉高压、胸腔积液、肺段梗死、局限性肺纹理稀疏,两组患者具体征象无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论对急性肺动脉栓塞的患者采用MR肺动脉成像进行诊断较为方便,准确率也高,是一种简便、快捷、无创、有效的诊断方法,值得在临床上推广应用。     

肺动脉造影与核素肺灌注/通气扫描在肺栓塞诊断价值相关性研究

目的 :探讨选择性肺动脉造影与核素肺灌注 通气扫描在肺栓塞诊断的相关性。方法 :回顾性分析 2 3例肺栓塞选择性肺动脉造影与核素肺灌注 通气扫描显像。结果 :2 3例选择性肺动脉造影与核素肺灌注 通气扫描显像结果比较 ,肺血管堵塞≥ 8支以上者 ,二者相关性达 10 0 % ;<8支者二者相关性为 90 5 %。 7例冠状动脉造影阴性患者 ,经肺动脉造影证实为肺栓塞。结论 :选择性肺动脉造影是临床肺栓塞诊断和病变定位的可靠依据 ,而核素肺灌注 通气扫描显像检查则是目前临床诊断肺栓塞的有价值的无创性诊断方法之一。     

肺结核患者咯血责任血管及其相关胸部CT表现的分析

目的分析肺结核患者咯血责任血管及其相关胸部CT表现,以期提高支气管动脉介入栓塞(BAE)的治疗效果。方法收集我院2017年10月至2020年10月在本院行胸部CTA及BAE治疗的94例患者的临床及影像资料。总结肺结核不同胸部CT表现与咯血责任血管之间的关系。结果94例患者经CTA检查共发现187支咯血责任血管,其中支气管动脉(BA)124支,非支气管性体动脉(NBSA)63支(多位于肋间动脉及锁骨下动脉);DSA发现咯血责任血管192支,以DSA为诊断“金标准”,CTA对咯血责任血管的检出率为97.4%;35例(占37.2%)病灶周围可见支气管动脉分支局限性迂曲、扩张,供血支气管动脉平均内径为(2.0±0.7)mm;肺结核伴咯血患者胸部CT发现病灶多位于多肺叶,病灶以弥漫性分布为主,多无胸腔积液,此外伴空洞、钙化、支气管扩张及淋巴结钙化等,均与咯血责任血管来源无明显相关性(P>0.05),病灶性质、胸膜增厚程度及结核病灶与增厚胸膜之间关系与咯血责任血管来源明显相关(P<0.05),其中咯血责任血管来源于BA的肺结核伴咯血患者,病灶病变以增殖、渗出为主,邻近胸膜增厚程度多较轻微或没有增厚且增厚胸膜无或轻度黏连者居多,而咯血责任血管来源于BA合并NBSA的肺结核伴咯血患者肺部病变以纤维化为主,邻近胸膜增厚明显,且肺部病灶与增厚胸膜紧密粘连者居多。结论肺结核伴咯血胸部CT表现与咯血责任血管来源关系紧密,可通过胸部CT表现提示咯血责任血管是否源于NBSA,可帮助提高BAE的治疗效果。     

Bronchoscopy-guided topical hemostatic tamponade therapy for the management of life-threatening hemoptysis

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Massive hemoptysis is a life-threatening condition. Therapeutic strategies such as interventional angiography, surgery, and/or bronchoscopy have been applied in the clinical setting with variable results. We investigated the efficacy of bronchoscopy-guided topical hemostatic tamponade therapy (THT) using oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) mesh in the management of life-threatening hemoptysis. DESIGN: Seventy-six consecutive patients underwent emergency bronchoscopy for massive hemoptysis. Fifty-seven patients (75%) had persistent endobronchial bleeding despite bronchoscopic wedging technique, cold saline solution lavage, and instillation of regional vasoconstrictors. These patients subsequently underwent THT according to the same procedure. SETTING: Teaching hospital, bronchoscopy unit of a 300-bed tertiary pulmonary referral center. RESULTS: THT with ORC was successfully performed on 56 of 57 patients (98%) with an immediate arrest of hemoptysis. All patients successfully treated with THT remained free of hemoptysis for the first 48 h. None required intensive care support or immediate surgery. Mean procedure time (+/- SD) of THT was 11.5 +/- 4.2 min. Recurrence of hemoptysis that was characterized as being mild (< 30 mL) to moderate (30 to 100 mL) developed in six patients (10.5%) 3 to 6 days after THT. Post-obstructive pneumonia developed in five subjects (9%) after endoscopic THT. A subgroup of patients (n = 14) underwent bronchoscopic follow-up 4 weeks after discharge. The ORC mesh was absorbed in all of these patients without signs of foreign body reaction. CONCLUSIONS: Endobronchial THT using ORC is a safe and practicable technique in the management of life-threatening hemoptysis with a high success and a relatively low complication rate.     

肺结核患者咯血责任血管及其相关胸部CT表现的分析

目的分析肺结核患者咯血责任血管及其相关胸部CT表现,以期提高支气管动脉介入栓塞(BAE)的治疗效果。方法收集我院2017年10月至2020年10月在本院行胸部CTA及BAE治疗的94例患者的临床及影像资料。总结肺结核不同胸部CT表现与咯血责任血管之间的关系。结果94例患者经CTA检查共发现187支咯血责任血管,其中支气管动脉(BA)124支,非支气管性体动脉(NBSA)63支(多位于肋间动脉及锁骨下动脉);DSA发现咯血责任血管192支,以DSA为诊断“金标准”,CTA对咯血责任血管的检出率为97.4%;35例(占37.2%)病灶周围可见支气管动脉分支局限性迂曲、扩张,供血支气管动脉平均内径为(2.0±0.7)mm;肺结核伴咯血患者胸部CT发现病灶多位于多肺叶,病灶以弥漫性分布为主,多无胸腔积液,此外伴空洞、钙化、支气管扩张及淋巴结钙化等,均与咯血责任血管来源无明显相关性(P>0.05),病灶性质、胸膜增厚程度及结核病灶与增厚胸膜之间关系与咯血责任血管来源明显相关(P<0.05),其中咯血责任血管来源于BA的肺结核伴咯血患者,病灶病变以增殖、渗出为主,邻近胸膜增厚程度多较轻微或没有增厚且增厚胸膜无或轻度黏连者居多,而咯血责任血管来源于BA合并NBSA的肺结核伴咯血患者肺部病变以纤维化为主,邻近胸膜增厚明显,且肺部病灶与增厚胸膜紧密粘连者居多。结论肺结核伴咯血胸部CT表现与咯血责任血管来源关系紧密,可通过胸部CT表现提示咯血责任血管是否源于NBSA,可帮助提高BAE的治疗效果。     

CT肺动脉及支气管动脉联合造影对咯血患者的诊断价值

目的 探讨建立CT肺动脉(PA)及支气管动脉(BA)联合造影的方法及其对咯血患者的诊断价值.方法 连续纳入北京朝阳医院2007年6月至2009年7月36例中等量及以上咯血住院患者,其中男21例,女5例,年龄27 ～ 83岁,平均(56±14)岁.使用16排螺旋CT,静脉注射对比剂后,首先完成CT肺动脉造影(CTPA),延迟时间12～16 s,继之完成CT支气管动脉造影(CTBA),延迟时间26～28 s,经图像重建后对PA及BA进行评价.结果 36例患者CTPA检查发现7例PA异常(肺栓塞3例,PA畸形、原发性PA平滑肌肉瘤、PA边缘模糊及右下PA闭塞各1例).36例患者CTBA检查共显示37支右侧BA,其中11支迂曲增粗、40支左侧BA及3支非支气管体循环动脉,其中来源于腹主动脉的1支迂曲增粗.异常血管与肺部疾病关系密切.结论 利用16排螺旋CT技术,可进一步完成CTPA及CTBA检查,清楚显示异常的PA及BA,对咯血的诊断及治疗具有重要价值.     

疑诊肺栓塞患者337例中合并下肢深静脉血栓的发生率

目的 评价疑诊肺栓塞患者中合并下肢深静脉血栓的发生率.方法 顺序收集2004年1月至2006年6月在北京首都医科大学附属朝阳医院和宁夏医学院附属医院内疑诊肺栓塞的患者,进行CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)联合下肢CT静脉造影检查(CTV)或CTPA联合下肢静脉超声检查.分析肺栓塞患者中合并下肢深静脉血栓的发生率以及下肢深静脉血栓的发生部位有无不同.采用SPSS 11.5统计软件进行数据分析,描述性结果采用频数分析法,组间比较采用卡方检验.结果 共337例患者纳入研究,男189例,女148例,中位年龄62岁,范围19～84岁.CTPA诊断肺栓塞者144例,CTV和下肢超声检查诊断下肢深静脉血栓患者100例.肺栓塞患者合并下肢深静脉血栓的发生率为44%(63/144),其中76%(48/63)发生于近端深静脉内;而下肢深静脉血栓形成患者中合并肺栓塞的发生率为63%(63/100).结论 无论肺栓塞患者合并下肢深静脉血栓,还是下肢深静脉血栓患者合并肺栓塞的发生率均很高,有必要同时进行肺动脉和下肢深静脉检查.     

致命性大咯血的病因及其选择性支气管动脉栓塞的疗效分析

目的了解致命性大咯血的病因及其选择性支气管动脉栓塞(bronchial artery embolization,BAE)的疗效。方法对2007年1月至2012年1月期间84例致命性大咯血患者进行病因分类,对2009年8月至2012年1月期间的30例致命性大咯血患者进行选择性支气管动脉栓塞治疗,观察其即刻、近期和远期疗效。结果致命性大咯血的病因分别为肺结核(63例,75.0%)、支气管扩张症(11例,13.1%)、肺曲霉病(6例,7.1%)、肺癌(2例,2.4%)和肺动静脉瘘(2例,2.4%)。对其中30例致命性大咯血患者(肺结核25例,肺曲霉病和肺动静脉瘘各2例,支气管扩张症1例)进行选择性支气管动脉栓塞治疗,即刻止血率达90.0%(27/30)。术后随访5~29个月(平均16个月),近期止血率93.3%(28/30),远期止血率达96.7%(29/30)。结论致命性大咯血的病因主要为肺结核,其次为支气管扩张症和肺曲霉病,BAE是治疗致命性大咯血的首选措施,具有安全、有效、高成功率优点,为基础肺疾病的治愈提供了条件。