A comparison of two implant techniques on patient‐based outcome measures: a report of flapless vs. conventional flapped implant placement

Background: Flapless implant surgery is considered to offer advantages over the traditional flap access approach. There may be minimized bleeding, decreased surgical times and minimal patient discomfort. Controlled studies comparing patient outcome variables to support these assumptions, however, are lacking. Aim: The objective of this clinical study was to compare patient outcome variables using flapless and flapped implant surgical techniques. Patients and methods: From January 2008 to October 2008, 16 consecutive patients with edentulous maxillas were included in the study. Patients were randomly allocated to either implant placement with a flapless procedure (eight patients, mean age 54.6±2.9 years) or surgery with a conventional flap procedure (eight patients, mean age 58.7±7.2 years). All implants were placed using a Nobel guide^® CT‐guided surgical template. Outcome measures were the Dutch version of the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised (IES‐R), dental anxiety using the s‐DAI and oral health‐related quality of life (OHIP‐14). Results: Ninety‐six implants were successfully placed. All implants were placed as two‐phase implants and the after‐implant placement dentures were adapted. No differences could be shown between conditions on dental anxiety (s‐DAI), emotional impact (IES‐R), anxiety, procedure duration or technical difficulty, although the flapless group did score consistently higher. The flap procedure group reported less impact on quality of life and included more patients who reported feeling no pain at all during placement. Conclusions: Differences found in the patient outcome variables do suggest that patients in the flapless implant group had to endure more than patients in the flap group. To cite this article:
Lindeboom JA, van Wijk AJ. A comparison of two implant techniques on patient‐based outcome measures: a report of flapless vs. conventional flapped implant placement.
Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21 , 2010; 366–370.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01866.x     

Implant surgery using bone‐ and mucosa‐supported stereolithographic guides in totally edentulous jaws: surgical and post‐operative outcomes of computer‐aided vs. standard techniques

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the surgical and post‐operative outcomes of a computer‐aided implant surgery performed by bone‐ and mucosa‐supported stereolithographic (SLA) guides against the standard technique. Material and methods: Multiple‐ and single‐type SLA guides from two commercial manufacturers were produced and a total of 341 implants were placed to 52 patients using the standard technique (Control group), bone‐ (bone‐supported guide [BSG] group) and mucosa‐supported SLA guides (Flapless group) in 21, 16 and 15 patients, respectively. Surgical duration (min), number of analgesics (tablets) as well as hemorrhage, difficulty in mouth opening (or trismus) and other incidences were recorded. Pain and swelling was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS). Parametric and non‐parametric tests were used for statistical analysis (P<.05). Results: The mean surgery duration (23.53±5.48 min) and the number of analgesics consumed (four tablets) in the Flapless group were lower than those in the control (68.71±11.4 min and 10 tablets) and BSG groups (60.94±13.07 min and 11 tablets, P<0.01). The change in pain scores (VAS) and the number of analgesics consumed in time were statistically significant (P<0.01 and 0.05, respectively) and the Flapless group reported a lower pain score than the BSG (P<0.01) and Control groups (P<0.001). The Flapless group experienced less hemorrhage (χ²=4.12, P=0.041 on the day of surgery) and fewer instances of trismus (χ²=6.91, P=0.031 the day after surgery). The differences in early‐term failures were not statistically significant between the groups (log‐rank test: P=0.782). Conclusion: The use of mucosa‐supported single SLA guides for flapless implant placement may help reduce the surgery duration, pain intensity, related analgesic consumption and most other complications typical in the post‐implant surgery period. However, there are particular drawbacks in both guide types and further studies are required to confirm the prosthodontic conformity and long‐term success of implants placed using computer‐assisted techniques. To cite this article:
Ar?san V, Karabuda CZ, Özdemir T. Implant surgery using bone‐ and mucosa‐supported stereolithographic guides in totally edentulous jaws: surgical and post‐operative outcomes of computer‐aided vs. standard techniques.
Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21 , 2010; 980–988.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.01957.x     

Flapless, CBCT-guided osteotome sinus floor elevation with simultaneous implant installation. I: radiographic examination and surgical technique. A prospective 1-year follow-up

Background: Survival rates of implants placed in transalveolar sinus floor augmentation sites are comparable with those placed in non‐augmented sites. Flapless implant surgery can minimize postoperative morbidity, alveolar bone resorption and crestal bone loss. The use of cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) provides 3D presentations with reduced dose exposure. Objectives: To evaluate a flapless, CBCT‐guided transalveolar sinus floor elevation technique with simultaneous implant installation. Material and methods: Fourteen consecutive patients in need of maxillary sinus floor augmentation were enrolled in this study. Preoperative CBCT with a titanium screwpost as an indicator at the intended implant position was used to visually guide the flapless surgical procedure. Twenty one implants all with a length of 10 mm and a diameter of 4.1 and 4.8 mm were inserted and followed clinically and with CBCT for 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Intraoral radiographs were taken for comparison. All patients were provided with permanent prosthetic constructions 8–12 weeks after implant surgery. Results: Ten (47.6%) implants were inserted in residual bone of 2.6–4.9 mm and 11 (52.3%) implants were inserted in residual bone of 5–8.9 mm. No implants were lost after surgery and follow‐up. There was no marginal bone loss during the follow‐up verified by CBCT. The implants penetrated on average 4.4 mm (SD 2.1 mm) into the sinus cavity and the mean bone gain was 3 mm (SD 2.1 mm). Conclusion: Flapless transalveolar sinus lift procedures visually guided by preoperative CBCT can successfully be used to enable placement, successful healing and loading of one to three implants in residual bone height of 2.6–8.9 mm. There was no marginal bone loss during the 3–12 months follow‐up. To cite this article :
Fornell J, Johansson L‐Å, Bolin A, Isaksson S, Sennerby L. Flapless, CBCT‐guided osteotome sinus floor elevation with simultaneous implant installation. I: radiographic examination and surgical technique. A prospective 1‐year follow‐up.
Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23 , 2012; 28–34.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02151.x     

SurgiGuide数字化黏膜支持式导板全程引导牙种植术的精确度研究

目的 探讨计算机辅助种植外科手术(computer assisted implantology,CAI)的精确度,对黏膜支持式导板全程引导的种植手术的误差进行分析.方法 选取接受CAI的无牙颌患者9例,共植入63枚种植体(27枚植入在上颌,36枚植入在下颌).9例患者术前均制作放射导板并采用双扫描技术(Dual-Scan)拍摄CBCT,即患者佩戴放射导板进行CBCT检查及放射导板单独拍摄CBCT,并将所得数据以DICOM格式导出,再将该数据导入到Simplant软件中并进行种植体术前虚拟设计,设计结果和患者口腔硬石膏模型发往Materi-alise公司(Belgium)制作SurgiGuide黏膜支持式手术导板,在导板全程引导下完成种植体的植入,术后再次获取患者颌骨及种植体的CBCT数据,应用Simplant软件对种植体术前虚拟设计位置和术后实际位置进行匹配,获取术前、术后种植体肩部、根尖部、角度以及深度4项误差距离.结果 63枚种植体术后随访6个月至10年,留存率为100%,肩部的平均误差为(0.73±0.53)mm;根部的平均误差为(1.16±0.62)mm;深度的平均误差为(0.95±0.64)mm;种植体角度的平均误差为4.10° ±3.23°.结论 SurgiGuide黏膜支持式种植导板引导的种植手术存在一定误差,术前设计时应将误差结果考虑在内,以避开重要的解剖结构来保证手术安全,术中要正确操作以减少种植体植入的误差.     

自主研发CAD/CAM种植导板制作系统在无牙颌种植修复中的临床应用研究

目的评价自主研发CAD/CAM种植导板制作系统在无牙颌种植修复中的临床应用。方法选择5例单颌无牙颌患者。锥形束CT扫描采集数据,导入自主研发种植导板软件进行导板的数字化设计,快速成型机制作种植导板。在导板引导下进行无牙颌种植手术,植入ITI种植体。3个月后复查,行种植义齿修复。术后定期随访。结果为5例患者制作完成丙烯酸树脂CAD/CAM种植导板,在导板引导下采用不翻瓣术式共植入38枚ITI种植体,初期稳定性良好,术后反应小。术后3个月骨结合良好,仅1枚种植体脱落。5例患者均采用固定式种植修复,术后6个月及1年的随访显示,修复体功能和美观良好。结论该自主研发的CAD/CAM种植导板制作系统应用于无牙颌种植手术,能实现术前精确设计和术中精确控制种植体位置,减少了手术创伤和术后并发症,取得良好的种植修复效果。     

A Prospective Study on the Accuracy of Mucosally Supported Stereolithographic Surgical Guides in Fully Edentulous Maxillae

Background: Flapless implant placement using guided surgery is widespread, although clinical publications on the precision are lacking. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of mucosal‐supported stereolithographic guides in the edentulous maxillae. Materials and Methods: Seventy‐eight OsseoSpeed? implants (Astra Tech AB, Mölndal, Sweden) of 3.5 to 5 mm width and 8 to 15 mm length were installed consecutively in 13 patients. Implants were functionally loaded on the day of surgery, and implant location was assessed with a computed tomography scan. Mimics 9.0 software (Materialise N.V., Leuven, Belgium) was used to fuse the images of the virtually planned and actually placed implants, and the locations, axes, and interimplant distances were compared. Results: One implant was lost shortly after insertion because of abscess formation caused by remnants of impression material. Seventy‐seven implant locations were analyzed. The deviation at the entrance point ranged between 0.29 mm and 2.45 mm (SD: 0.44 mm), with a mean of 0.91 mm. Average angle deviation was 2.60° (range 0.16–8.86°; SD: 1.61°). At the apical point, the deviation ranged between 0.32 mm and 3.01 mm, with a mean of 1.13 mm (SD: 0.52 mm). The mean deviation of the coronal and apical interimplant distance was respectively 0.18 mm (range 0.07–0.32 mm; SD: 0.15) and 0.33 mm (range 0.12–0.69 mm; SD: 0.28). These deviations are lower than the global coronal and apical deviations. Conclusion: The present study is the first to investigate the accuracy of stereolithographic, full, mucosally supported surgical guides in the treatment of fully edentulous maxillae. Clinicians should be warned that angular and linear deviations are to be expected. Short implants show significantly lower apical deviations compared with longer ones. Reasons for implant deviations are multifactorial; however, it is unlikely that the production process of the guide has a major impact on the total accuracy of a mucosal‐supported stereolithographic guide.     

Computed tomography-based evaluation of template (NobelGuide™)-guided implant positions: a prospective radiological study

Objectives: This prospective study was intended to evaluate the overall deviation in a clinical treatment setting to provide for quantification of the potential impairment of treatment safety and reliability with computer‐assisted, template‐guided transgingival implantation. Material and methods: The patient population enrolled (male/female=10/8) presented with partially dentate and edentulous maxillae and mandibles. Overall, 86 implants were placed by two experienced dental surgeons strictly following the NobelGuide^? protocol for template‐guided implantation. All patients had a postoperative computed tomography (CT) with identical settings to the preoperative examination. Using the triple scan technique, pre‐ and postoperative CT data were merged in the Procera planning software, a newly developed procedure – initially presented in 2007 allowing measurement of the deviations at implant shoulder and apex. Results: The deviations measured were an average of 0.43 mm (bucco‐lingual), 0.46 mm (mesio‐distal) and 0.53 mm (depth) at the level of the implant shoulder and slightly higher at the implant apex with an average of 0.7 mm (bucco‐lingual), 0.63 mm (mesio‐distal) and 0.52 mm (depth). The maximum deviation of 2.02 mm was encountered in the corono‐apical direction. Significantly lower deviations were seen for implants in the anterior region vs. the posterior tooth region (P<0.01, 0.31 vs. 0.5 mm), and deviations were also significantly lower in the mandible than in the maxilla (P=0.04, 0.36 vs. 0.45 mm) in the mesio‐distal direction. Moreover, a significant correlation between deviation and mucosal thickness was seen and a learning effect was found over the time period of performance of the surgical procedures. Conclusion: Template‐guided implantation will ensure reliable transfer of preoperative computer‐assisted planning into surgical practice. With regard to the required verification of treatment reliability of an implantation system with flapless access, all maximum deviations measured in this clinical study were within the safety margins recommended by the planning software. To cite this article:
Vasak C, Watzak G, Gahleitner A, Strbac G, Schemper M, Zechner W. Computed tomography‐based evaluation of template (NobelGuide^?)‐guided implant positions: a prospective radiological study.
Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22 , 2011; 1157–1163.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02070.x     

Model-based guided implant insertion for solitary tooth replacement: a pilot study

Objective: The impact of the implant position on the restorative outcome could justify guided surgery even for the single implants particularly in the aesthetic zone and especially when a simplified concept is available. Material and methods: Based on a plaster model, on which the soft tissues were mimicked (according to the thickness measured on a Cone‐Beam CT), a tooth‐supported, surgical template was prepared. The latter guided all drills so that even flapless implant insertion became possible. All implants were placed by students of the master‐after‐master training program in Periodontology. Results: The prospective cohort included a total of 34 implants, all of AstraTech (Osteospeed^®) type, which were successfully inserted in 29 patients, 16 flapless, 32 onestage. The marginal bone along the integrated implants remained stable over time, with 0.13 mm loss during the first year. The aesthetic parameters were reassuring. Conclusions: This simple model‐based concept seems to be reliable for the guided placement of single implants and the pre‐operative preparation of their restorations. To cite this article:
Marcelis K, Vercruyssen M, Naert I, Teughels W, Quirynen M. Model‐based guided implant insertion for solitary tooth replacement: a pilot study. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23 , 2012; 999–1003
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02242.x     

Effects of Flapless Implant Surgery on Soft Tissue Profiles: A Prospective Clinical Study

Background: Flapless implant surgery has been suggested as a suitable treatment modality for the preservation of soft tissue after implant placement. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of soft tissue profile changes around implants after flapless implant surgery. Materials and Methods: A total of 44 patients received 76 implants using a flapless implant procedure. The marginal level of the peri‐implant soft tissue was evaluated using dental casts 1 week, 1 month, and 4 months after implant placement. Results: The mean soft tissue levels around implants showed 0.7 ± 0.3 mm of coronal growth 1 week after surgery. At 1 month, the levels were 0.2 ± 0.2 mm coronal growth and at 4 months, the values were 0.0 ± 0.3 mm. Soft tissue profiles assessed 4 months after flapless implant placement were similar to profiles assessed immediately before implant placement. Conclusion: Flapless implant surgery is advantageous for preserving mucosal form surrounding dental implants.     

Accuracy assessment of cone beam computed tomography-derived laboratory-based surgical templates on partially edentulous patients

Objectives: The aim of the present prospective clinical study was to evaluate the match between the positions and axes of the virtually planned and the placed implants using laboratory‐based surgical guides generated from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and methods: A total of 132 implants were placed with the aid of 3D‐based transfer templates in 52 consecutive partially edentulous patients between April 2008 and March 2010. After individual adaptation of the scan templates and CBCT scanning, the acquired data for virtual implant planning and simulation were processed using the med3D software program. After finalizing the virtual placement of the implants the radiographic templates were converted into operative guides containing titanium sleeves for cavity preparation. Preoperative planning was merged with postoperative CBCT data to identify linear and angular deviations between virtually planned and placed implants. Results: Compared with the planned implants the installed implants showed linear deviations in the median at the neck and apex of 0.27 mm (range 0.01–0.97 mm), and of 0.46 mm (range 0.03–1.38 mm), respectively. The angle deviation was 1.84° in median, with a range of 0.07–6.26°. The extent of deviation depends on the size of the tooth gap and the distribution of the remaining teeth. Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that laboratory‐fabricated surgical guides using CBCT data may be reliable in implant placement under prosthodontic considerations in partial edentulism. To cite this article:
Behneke A, Burwinkel M, Knierim K, Behneke N. Accuracy assessment of cone beam computed tomography‐derived laboratory‐based surgical templates on partially edentulous patients.
Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23 , 2012; 137–143.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02176.x     

Modular Preoperative Planning Software for Computer‐Aided Oral Implantology and the Application of a Novel Stereolithographic Template: A Pilot Study

Purpose: In the field of oral implantology, there is a trend toward computer‐aided implant surgery, especially the application of computerized tomography (CT)‐derived surgical templates. However, because of relatively unsatisfactory match between the templates and receptor sites, conventional surgical templates may not be accurate enough for the severely resorbed edentulous cases during the procedure of transferring the preoperative plan to the actual surgery. The purpose of this study is to introduce a novel bone–tooth‐combined‐supported surgical guide, which is designed by utilizing a special modular software and fabricated via stereolithography technique using both laser scanning and CT imaging, thus improving the fit accuracy and reliability. Materials and Methods: A modular preoperative planning software was developed for computer‐aided oral implantology. With the introduction of dynamic link libraries and some well‐known free, open‐source software libraries such as Visualization Toolkit (Kitware, Inc., New York, USA) and Insight Toolkit (Kitware, Inc.) a plug‐in evolutive software architecture was established, allowing for expandability, accessibility, and maintainability in our system. To provide a link between the preoperative plan and the actual surgery, a novel bone–tooth‐combined‐supported surgical template was fabricated, utilizing laser scanning, image registration, and rapid prototyping. Clinical studies were conducted on four partially edentulous cases to make a comparison with the conventional bone‐supported templates. Results: The fixation was more stable than tooth‐supported templates because laser scanning technology obtained detailed dentition information, which brought about the unique topography between the match surface of the templates and the adjacent teeth. The average distance deviations at the coronal and apical point of the implant were 0.66 mm (range: 0.3–1.2) and 0.86 mm (range: 0.4–1.2), and the average angle deviation was 1.84° (range: 0.6–2.8°). Conclusions: This pilot study proves that the novel combined‐supported templates are superior to the conventional ones. However, more clinical cases will be conducted to demonstrate their feasibility and reliability.     

一种通用型种植导板的精度分析

目的:通过CT扫描、计算机辅助设计和制造技术获得带有不同定位方式的通用型种植导板精度。方法:采用通用型导板进行种植,然后获取90颗种植体的术后位置数据,并按照黏膜支撑导板和牙支撑导板进行分类,最后将该数据与术前设计数据进行比较,并以种植体颈部、顶部、深度和角度误差进行描述。结果:牙支撑导板的平均颈部偏差为1.56 mm,顶部平均偏差1.78 mm,深度平均偏差1.1 mm,角度平均偏差2.96°;黏膜支撑导板平均颈部偏差1.71 mm,平均顶端偏差1.9 mm,深度平均深度偏差1.09 mm,角度平均偏差3.19°。结论:牙支持导板与黏膜导板相比,牙支持导板精度更高;与专用导板相比通用导板在颈部误差方面要偏大,而在深度、顶端和角度误差方面则没有显著差异。     

Reliability and accuracy of skin-supported surgical templates for computer-planned craniofacial implant placement,a comparison between surgical templates: With and without bony fixation

IntroductionThe purpose is to determine the accuracy of guided implant placement in the orbital, nasal, and auricular region using computer-aided designed stereolithographic skin-supported surgical templates with and without bone fixation pins.Materials and MethodsPreoperatively, cone-beam CT (CBCT) and multiple detector computed tomography (MDCT) scans were acquired from 10 cadaver heads, followed by virtual planning of implants in the orbital margin, auricular region and nasal floor. Surgical skin-supported templates were digitally designed to allow flapless implant placement. Fixation pins were used for stabilization comprising half of all templates in predetermined bone areas. The accuracy of the surgical templates was validated by comparing the achieved implant location to its virtual planned implant position by calculating the linear and angular deviations.ResultsSurgical templates with the use of bone fixation pins produced statistically significant greater implant deviations as compared to the non-fixated surgical templates.ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that significant deviation has to be taken into account when placing cranio-maxillofacial implants using skin-supported surgical templates. Surprisingly, the use of bone-fixated pins worsened the accuracy.     

Implant-supported fixed prostheses in the edentulous maxilla: 8-year prospective results

Objective: The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the long‐term survival and success rates of implants and screw‐retained, full‐arch prostheses placed in edentulous maxillae over 8 years of function. Materials and methods: A total of 106 Astra Tech implants were placed in the maxillae of 17 edentulous patients in a one‐stage surgical approach. After a healing period of 6 months, the patients received fixed screw‐retained bridges. Follow‐up visits, including clinical and radiographic examinations, were performed after 6 months and at yearly intervals. Implant survival, implant success, and marginal bone‐level changes were defined as the primary outcome variables. The secondary aims were to report periodontal pathogens at 5 years' follow‐up and patients' satisfaction at the 8‐year follow‐up. Results: The overall observation time was 8 years. One patient died during the study and one implant failed during the healing period, yielding an 8‐year cumulative implant survival rate of 99%. The prosthetic survival rate was 100%. The mean crestal bone loss amounted to 0.3 ± 0.72 mm. Patients' subjective evaluations demonstrated an overall high level of satisfaction. In all cases, except for one, microbiologic probing of the peri‐implant sulcus after 5 years showed no higher incidence of periodontal pathogens. Conclusions: Screw‐retained, full‐arch restorations on six implants in an edentulous maxilla are a predictable and highly successful treatment concept as observed throughout this study with an observation period of 8 years of function, in particular with respect to low crestal bone loss and high patient satisfaction. To cite this article:
Mertens C, Steveling HG. Implant‐supported fixed prostheses in the edentulous maxilla: 8‐year prospective results.
Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22 , 2011; 464–472
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02028.x     

Immediate rehabilitation of the edentulous jaws with full fixed prostheses supported by four implants: interim results of a single cohort prospective study

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of immediately loaded full‐arch fixed prostheses supported by a combination of axially and non‐axially positioned implants in a large cohort of patients with completely edentulous jaws, up to 5 years of function. Materials and methods: One hundred and seventy‐three edentulous patients (80 males and 93 females) were enrolled according to specific selection criteria. Each patient received a full‐arch fixed prosthesis supported by two distal tilted implants and two anterior axially placed implants. The provisional functional acrylic prosthesis was delivered the same day as surgery in all cases. All cases were finalized 4–6 months later. The patients were scheduled for follow‐up at 6 and 12 months of function, and annually up to 5 years. At each follow‐up plaque and bleeding score was assessed and radiographic evaluation of marginal bone level was performed. Results: The overall follow‐up range was 4–59 months. A total of 154 immediately loaded prostheses (61 in the maxilla and 93 in the mandible) were in function for at least 1 year and were considered for the analysis. Four axially placed implants failed in the maxilla and one tilted implant in the mandible, all within 6 months of loading. No further implant failure occurred to date. Implant survival at 1 year was 98.36% and 99.73% for the maxilla and the mandible, respectively. Marginal bone loss at 1 year averaged 0.9±0.7 mm in the maxilla (204 implants) and 1.2±0.9 mm in the mandible (292 implants). No difference was found in marginal bone loss between axial and tilted implants. Plaque and bleeding scores progressively improved from 6 to 12 months. Fracture of the acrylic prosthesis occurred in 14% of total cases. Conclusions: The present preliminary results from a relatively large sample size suggest that the present technique can be considered a viable treatment option for the immediate rehabilitation of both mandible and maxilla. To cite this article:
Agliardi E, Panigatti S, Clericò M, Villa C, Malò P. Immediate rehabilitation of the edentulous jaws with full fixed prostheses supported by four implants: interim results of a single cohort prospective study.
Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21 , 2010; 459–465.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01852.x     

Computer-aided design and manufacturing construction of a surgical template for craniofacial implant positioning to support a definitive nasal prosthesis

Aim: To design a surgical template to guide the insertion of craniofacial implants for nasal prosthesis retention. Materials and methods: The planning of the implant position was obtained using software for virtual surgery; the positions were transferred to a free‐form computer‐aided design modeling software and used to design the surgical guides. A rapid prototyping system was used to 3D‐print a three‐part template: a helmet to support the others, a starting guide to mark the skin before flap elevation, and a surgical guide for bone drilling. An accuracy evaluation between the planned and the placed final position of each implant was carried out by measuring the inclination of the axis of the implant (angular deviation) and the position of the apex of the implant (deviation at apex). Results: The implant in the glabella differed in angulation by 7.78°, while the two implants in the premaxilla differed by 1.86 and 4.55°, respectively. The deviation values at the apex of the implants with respect to the planned position were 1.17 mm for the implant in the glabella and 2.81 and 3.39 mm, respectively, for those implanted in the maxilla. Conclusions: The protocol presented in this article may represent a viable way to position craniofacial implants for supporting nasal prostheses. To cite this article:
Ciocca L, Fantini M, De Crescenzio F, Persiani F, Scotti R. Computer‐aided design and manufacturing construction of a surgical template for craniofacial implant positioning to support a definitive nasal prosthesis.
Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22 , 2011; 850–856
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02066.x     

Study of the osseointegration of dental implants placed with an adapted surgical technique

Objective: To study the osseointegration of dental implants placed with a modified surgical technique in Beagle dogs and to compare it with the conventional method. Materials and methods: Dental implants were placed bilaterally in the mandible of Beagle dogs using the press‐fit as well as undersized implant bed preparation technique. Micro computer tomography (micro‐CT) and histometric methods were used to analyze the bone implant contact and bone volume (BV) around the implants. Results: The bone‐to‐implant contact percentage (BIC: expressed as %), first BIC (1st BIC: expressed in mm), sulcus depth (SD: expressed in mm) and connective tissue thickness (CT: expressed in mm) were analyzed for both groups. The BIC percentage was significantly higher for the undersized installed implants (P=0.0118). Also, a significant difference existed between the undersized and press‐fit installed implants for the first screw thread showing bone contact (P=0.0145). There were no significant differences in mucosal response (SD and CT) for both installation procedures. Also, no significant difference was found in the BV, as measured using micro‐CT, between the implants placed with an undersized technique (59.3±4.6) compared with the press‐fit implants (56.6±4.3). Conclusion: From the observations of the study, it can be concluded that an undersized implant bed can enhance the implant–bone response. To cite this article:
Al‐Marshood MM, Junker R, Al‐Rasheed A, Al Farraj Aldosari A, Jansen JA, Anil S. Study of the osseointegration of dental implants placed with an adapted surgical technique
Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22 , 2011; 753–759
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02055.x     

Stability, marginal bone loss and survival of standard and modified sand-blasted, acid-etched implants in bilateral edentulous spaces: a prospective 15-month evaluation

Objectives: Chemical modification of the already proven sand‐blasted and acid‐etched (SLA) implant had increased its surface wettability and consequent early‐term osseointegration characteristics. The aim of this clinical trial was to compare the stability changes, success, survival, peri‐implant parameters and marginal bone loss (MBL) of the early‐loaded standard (SLA) and modified sand‐blasted, acid‐etched (modSLA) implants. Material and methods: A total of 96 SLA and modSLA implants were placed in a bi‐lateral, cross‐arch position to the jaws of 22 patients. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) was used to measure the implant stability in the surgery and following healing after 1, 3 and 6 weeks. At the stage of loading, a panoramic X‐ray was obtained and RFA measurement was repeated for all implants. Implants were restored by metal–ceramic crowns and followed for 1 year to determine the success, survival rate, peri‐implant parameters and MBL. Results were compared by one‐ and two‐way ANOVA, log‐rank test and generalized linear mixed models (P<0.05). Results: One modSLA implant was lost after 3 weeks following the surgery yielding to a 100 and 97.91% success rate for SLA and modSLA implants, respectively (P=0.323). At the loading stage, modSLA implants showed significantly lower MBL (0.18 ± 0.05 mm) than SLA implants (0.22 ± 0.06 mm; P=0.002). In the loading stage, RFA value of the modSLA implants (60.42 ± 6.82) was significantly higher than the both implant types in the surgical stage (55.46 ± 8.29 and 56.68 ± 8.19), and following 1 (56.08 ± 7.01 and 55.60 ± 9.07) and 3 weeks of healing (55.94 ± 5.95 and 55.40 ± 6.50 for SLA and modSLA implants, respectively). Conclusions: modSLA implants demonstrated a better stability and a reduced MBL at the loading stage. Both SLA and modSLA implants demonstrated a favorable success and survival at the end of 15‐month follow‐up. To cite this article :
Karabuda ZC, Abdel‐Haq J. Arιsan V. Stability, marginal bone loss and survival of standard and modified sand‐blasted, acid‐etched implants in bilateral edentulous spaces: a prospective 15‐month evaluation.
Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22 , 2011; 840–849
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02065.x     

CAD/CAM导板在牙种植备孔中的精度分析

目的:通过CBCT扫描以及计算机辅助设计、制造技术(CAD/CAM)制作口腔种植导板,然后评价该类导板在手术备孔中的精度。方法:利用口腔锥形束CT(ConeBeamCT,CBCT)扫描6位患者的上下颌骨,获得颌骨数据后,利用医学种植软件和快速成型技术制作CAD/CAM导板。依靠导板植入24颗种植体,术后再次拍摄CBCT,配准术前、术后数据,测量种植体在预期位置上的偏离值。结果:种植体植入后颈部偏离值为(1.03±0.55) mm,顶端偏离值(1.19±0.56) mm,角度偏离值 (3.12±2.64)°。结论:CAD/CAM种植导板能够有效地将设计方案转移到手术过程中,降低手术风险,获得较高精度,有较高的临床应用价值。     

Three‐Dimensional Accuracy of Guided Implant Placement: Indirect Assessment of Clinical Outcomes

Purpose: Precise preoperative implant planning and its exact intraoperative transfer are crucial for successful implant‐supported rehabilitation of partially or completely edentulous patients. In the present pilot study, optical laser scanning was used to evaluate deviations between three‐dimensonal computer‐assisted planned and actual implant positions by indirect methods. Material and Methods: Five patients receiving a total of 15 implants were included in this study. The used planning software was SimPlant 12.0 (Materialise Dental, Leuven, Belgium) to visualize the implant positions, and with an appropriate guided surgery protocol (Navigator?, Biomet 3i, Palm Beach Gardens, FL, USA) implant positions were implemented via tooth‐supported stereolithografic surgical guides. All implants (Osseotite?, Biomet 3i) were inserted in a flapless approach and immediately provided with prefabricated temporary splinted restorations. Intraoral pickup impressions were taken postoperatively, and the implant positions of the master casts were compared with presurgical casts. Implant replica deviations were evaluated by three‐dimensional optical laser scanning providing distances and angulations between implant replicas. Results: Overall, the postsurgical implant replica positions were found to deviate from the positions in the preoperative cast by a mean of 0.46 ± 0.21 mm (range: 0.09–0.85 mm). Positional deviations were 0.27 ± 0.19 mm (range: 0.04–0.60 mm) along the x‐axis representing the buccal‐lingual directions, 0.15 ± 0.13 mm (range: 0.0–0.34 mm) along the y‐axis representing the ventrodorsal direction, and 0.28 ± 0.19 mm (range: 0.02–0.59 mm) along the z‐axis representing cranial and apical directions. Rotational deviations amounted to 14.04 ± 11.6° (range: 0.09–36.47°). Conclusions: The results of this pilot study demonstrate precise transfer of implant replica position by means of simulated guided implant insertion into a preoperative cast and a postoperative cast obtained from impressioning. Further studies are needed to identify appropriate evaluation techniques and mechanisms to increase the transfer precision of three‐dimensional planning and guiding systems.