Effect of early intrajejunal nutrition on pancreatic pathological features and gut barrier function in dogs with acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: In patients with major trauma and burns, total enteral nutrition (TEN) significantly decreases the acute phase response and incidence of septic complications when compared with total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Traditionally, it was believed that early intrajejunal nutrition (EIN) in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) may exacerbate the clinical pathological features, lead to recurrence of symptoms and delay complications.OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of EIN vs TPN on the pancreatic pathological features and gut barrier function in dogs with acute pancreatitis (AP). METHODS: Fifteen dogs (surviving over 7 days, the death rate being 32%, 7/22) were divided into parenteral nutrition (PN) group (n=7) and EIN group (n=8). SAP model was induced by injecting 1 ml/kg of combined solution of 2.5% sodium taurocholate and 8000-10000 BAEE units trypsin/ml into the pancreas via the pancreatic duct. Nutrients were delivered to the EIN group by catheter via a jejunostomy feeding 24 h postoperatively. The two groups were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Systemic blood samples were obtained before and 1, 4, 7 d following AP, and cultured by aerobic as well as anaerobic bacterial growth. Systemic plasma and portal vein endotoxin levels were quantified by the chromogenic limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) technique. Portal vein blood and specimens of tissue from mesenteriolum and mesocolon lymph nodes, lung, pulmonary portal lymph nodes and pancreas were adopted before the experiment was finished. Aliquots of the homogenata were cultured as blood mentioned above. Serum glucose, calcium, amylase and lysosomal enzymes were determined. All dogs were injected with 50 microCi (125)I-BSA 4 h at the 7th day before being sacrificed. The (125)I-BSA indexes of the pancreas/muscle and pancreas/blood were measured, and pancreatitic pathological scores (PPSs) of the different partial pancreas were observed. The content of mucosa protein, DNA and the villi, the thickness of mucosa and the whole bowel wall of the ileum and transverse colon were measured. RESULTS: The study showed that serum glucose in the PN group was higher than in the EIN group after SAP 3 d; the levels of systemic plasma endotoxin and the magnitude of bacterial translocation to the portal and systemic blood and distant organ reduced significantly in the EIN group P<0.01. There were no differences between the two groups in the data of serum calcium, amylase and lysosomal enzymes, P>0.05; the (125)I-BSA index of pancreas/muscle and pancreas/blood, and PPS of the head, body, tail and total pancreas did not reach significant difference between the two groups, P>0.05. The contents of protein and DNA, the height of villi, the thickness of mucosa and the whole bowel wall of the ileum and transverse colon in the EIN group were higher than that in the PN group,P <0.01.CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that EIN was safe and effective to be adopted by intrajejunal delivery of nutrients in SAP dogs, did not make SAP clinical pathological features deteriorate, and decreased the occurrence rate of endotoxin and gut bacterial translocation.     

Efficacy of Early Enteral Immunonutrition on Immune Function and Clinical Outcome for Postoperative Patients With Gastrointestinal Cancer

Background: Nutrition support is crucial for patients with gastrointestinal (GI) cancer after the operation. However, the controversy over the application of parenteral nutrition (PN) and early enteral immunonutrition (EEIN) has no determinate conclusion. Materials and Methods: We compared the effects of PN and EEIN on the postoperative nutrition condition, immune status, inflammation level, long‐term survival, and quality of life of the patients with GI cancer. Seventy‐eight patients were randomly divided into the PN group (n = 44) or EEIN group (n = 34). After an 8‐day nutrition treatment, clinical and immunological parameters were evaluated. Results: The EEIN group had a significantly shorter hospital stay and higher body mass index level on postoperative day 30 than those in the PN group (P < .05). However, total hospital cost and incidences of short‐term postoperative complications had no significant difference (P > .05). The percentages of CD4⁺, natural killer, and natural killer T lymphocyte cells and the ratio of CD4⁺/CD8⁺ in peripheral blood were significantly increased. Compared with the PN group, the EEIN group had a higher expression of activated cell surface markers such as CD27 and CD28. In addition, the secretion of interleukin (IL)–2 and interferon‐γ was significantly higher, and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor–α and IL‐10 was lower. Complication‐free survival in the EEIN group were longer than those in the PN group (P = .04). Conclusion: EEIN is superior to PN in improving nutrition status, enhancing immune function, and elevating quality of life.     

早期肠内营养支持对犬重症急性胰腺炎肠道屏障功能的影响

目的：观察早期肠内营养（EEN）对犬重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）肠道粘膜结构、功能及细菌、内毒素移位的影响。方法：在麻醉状态下，进腹向胰管内注入5％牛磺胆酸钠混合液1ml/kg诱导SAP。15只杂种犬SAP分为肠外营养（PN）组和EEN组。EEN组在诱导SAP后24h采用EN，维持5天。在实验前、后1、4、7天测定外周血内毒素（ET）。实验结束，取门静脉血测定ET；取肠系膜淋巴结、肺门以及肺组织、胰腺和门静脉血作细菌培养。测定小肠、结肠蛋白质和DNA含量，并作粘膜形态学观察。结果：EEN组外周血及门静脉血ET和各脏器中细菌含量均低于PN组，P＜0．05；小肠和结肠肠壁蛋白质、DNA含量、绒毛高度、粘膜及全层厚度均明显高于PN组，P＜0．05。结论：EEN有助于防止犬SAP肠粘膜萎缩及细菌移位。     

危重症病人营养支持对免疫功能影响的临床研究

目的:探讨肠外 肠内营养(PN EN)与全肠外营养(TPN)支持,对危重症病人免疫功能的影响.方法:将40例危重症病人按就诊顺序分为两组,每组20例.试验组接受PN EN,对照组接受TPN,两组等氮、等热量供给.于治疗前、后检测血浆总蛋白、清蛋白、血红蛋白和转铁蛋白浓度,外周血IgA、IgG、IgM、淋巴细胞总数(TLC)及T细胞亚群CD3、CD4百分率和CD4/CD8比值.结果:试验组TLC和IgG与对照组相比,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05);CD4和CD4/CD8比值也有升高(P＜0.05);其余指标无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论:PN EN较TPN更能改善危重症病人的免疫功能.     

肠内营养中应用谷氨酰胺对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠继发感染的影响

目的探讨早期肠内营养中应用谷氨酰胺（Gln）对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）大鼠继发感染的影响。方法雄性SD大鼠95只，随机分成模型1天组、对照组、SAP＋肠外营养（PN）组、SAP＋肠内营养（EN）组、SAP＋EN＋Gln组，除模型1天组外，各组又分为4天喂养组和7天喂养组。分别在第4、7天检测各组各项指标，主要包括细菌移位、血浆内毒素、二胺氧化酶、肠转运功能。结果肠系膜淋巴结和肝培养出的细菌多为革兰氏阴性杆菌，以大肠杆菌为主，SAP＋EN、SAP＋EN＋Gln组显著低于SAP＋PN组（P〈0．01），SAP＋EN＋Gln组低于SAP＋EN组（P〈0．05）。各SAP组血浆内毒素水平显著高于对照组，以SAP＋PN组最高，SAP＋EN、SAP＋EN＋Gln组显著低于SAP＋PN组（P〈0．01），SAP＋EN组高于SAP＋EN＋Gln组（P〈0．05）。SAP＋PN7天组明显高于4天组（P〈0．05）。各SAP组发病4天后血浆DAO活性明显下降（P〈0．01）；7天后SAP＋EN＋Gln组回升和对照组无差异，其余各SAP组继续下降，以SAP＋PN组为甚（P〈0．01）。各SAP组的肠转运系数显著降低（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）；SAP＋EN、SAP＋EN＋Gln组显著高于SAP＋PN组（P〈0.05，P〈0．01）；SAP＋EN＋Gln和SAP＋EN组之间差异无显著性。结论肠内营养中应用谷氨酰胺能更有效地降低SAP大鼠肠道细菌移位，从而减少胰腺继发感染的发生。     

Provision of Amniotic Fluid During Parenteral Nutrition Increases Weight Gain With Limited Effects on Gut Structure,Function, Immunity,and Microbiology in Newborn Preterm Pigs

Background: Small enteral boluses with human milk may reduce the risk of subsequent feeding intolerance and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition (PN). We hypothesized that feeding amniotic fluid, the natural enteral diet of the mammalian fetus, will have similar effects and improve growth and gastrointestinal (GI) maturation in preterm neonates receiving PN, prior to the transition to milk feeding. Materials and Methods: Twenty‐seven pigs, delivered by cesarean section at ~90% of gestation, were provided with PN and also fed boluses with amniotic fluid (AF; n = 13, 24–72 mL/kg/d) or no oral supplements (nil per os [NPO]; n = 14) until day 5 when blood, tissue, and fecal samples were collected for analyses. Results: Body weight gain was 2.7‐fold higher in AF vs NPO pigs. AF pigs showed slower gastric emptying, reduced meal‐induced release of gastric inhibitory peptide and glucagon‐like peptide 2, changed gut microbiota, and reduced intestinal permeability. There were no effects on GI weight, percentage mucosa, villus height, plasma citrulline, hexose absorptive capacity, and digestive enzymes. Intestinal interleukin (IL)–1β levels and expression of IL1B and IL8 were increased in AF pigs, while blood biochemistry and amino acid levels were minimally affected. Conclusion: Enteral boluses of AF were well tolerated in the first 5 days of life in preterm pigs receiving PN. Enteral provision of AF before the initiation of milk feeding may stimulate body growth and improve hydration in preterm infants receiving PN. Furthermore, it may improve GI motility and integrity, although most markers of GI maturation remain unchanged.     

Diet-dependent effects of minimal enteral nutrition on intestinal function and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm pigs

Background: A rapid advance in enteral feeding is associated with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants. Therefore, minimal enteral nutrition (MEN) combined with parenteral nutrition (PN) is common clinical practice, but the effects on NEC and intestinal function remain poorly characterized. It was hypothesized that a commonly used MEN feeding volume (16–24 mL/kg/d) prevents NEC and improves intestinal structure, function, and microbiology in preterm pigs. Methods: After preterm birth pigs were stratified into 4 nutrition intervention groups that received the following treatments: (1) PN followed by full enteral formula feeding (OF group, n = 12); (2) PN supplemented with formula MEN and followed by full formula feeding (FF, n = 12); (3) PN plus colostrum MEN followed by formula feeding (CF, n = 12); (4) PN plus colostrum MEN followed by colostrum feeding (CC, n = 10). Results: NEC was absent in the CC group but frequent in the other groups (50%–67%). Compared with other groups, CC pigs showed improved mucosal structures, brush border enzyme activities, and hexose absorption (all P < .05). Relative to formula MEN, colostrum MEN thus improved gut function but did not prevent later formula‐induced gut dysfunction and NEC. However, in CF pigs, intestinal lesions were restricted to the colon, compared with all regions in OF and FF pigs, which indicated proximal protection of colostrum MEN. Bacterial composition was not affected by MEN, diet, or NEC outcomes, but bacterial load and concentrations of short‐chain fatty acids were reduced in the MEN groups. Conclusion: Colostrum MEN improves intestinal structure, function, and NEC resistance in preterm pigs but does not protect against gut dysfunction and NEC associated with later full enteral formula feeding.     

肠内免疫微生态营养对重症急性胰腺炎患者内毒素、炎症因子及肝损害的影响

目的：观察肠内免疫微生态营养（EIN）对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）患者内毒素、炎症因子及肝损害的影响。方法：将82例SAP患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组41例。两组均给予常规治疗,此外,对照组采用肠外营养（PN）,治疗组采用肠内免疫微生态营养（EIN）。分别在入院时及治疗7d、14d后采血测定肝功能、淀粉酶、内毒素、白介素-8（IL-8）及肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）等。结果：两组治疗后血淀粉酶、内毒素、IL-8及TNF-α水平均较治疗前明显降低（P〈0.01）,但治疗组较对照组降低更明显（P〈0.01）。治疗组在14d后肝功能各项指标均恢复正常,且与对照组比较,差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）。治疗组感染率及住院时间均显著低于对照组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论：肠内免疫微生态营养能减轻内毒素血症,降低炎症因子水平,从而减轻SAP患者的肝损害。     

Enteral feeding induces early intestinal adaptation in a parenterally fed neonatal piglet model of short bowel syndrome

Background: Successful small intestinal (SI) adaptation following surgical resection is essential for optimizing newborn growth and development, but the potential for adaptation is unknown. The authors developed an SI resection model in neonatal piglets supported by intravenous and enteral nutrition. Methods: Piglets (n = 33, 12–13 days old) were randomized to 80% SI resection with parenteral nutrition feeding (R‐PN), 80% SI resection with PN + enteral feeding (R‐EN), or sham SI transection with PN + enteral feeding (sham‐EN). In resected pigs, the distal 100 cm of ileum (residual SI) and 30 cm of proximal SI were left intact. All pigs received parenteral nutrition postsurgery. Enteral nutrition piglets received continuous gastric infusion of elemental diet from day 3 (40:60 parenteral nutrition:enteral nutrition). Piglets were killed 4, 6, or 10 days postsurgery. Results: By 10 days, R‐EN piglets had longer residual SI than R‐PN and sham‐EN pigs (P < .05). At days 6 and 10, R‐EN piglets had greater weight per length of intact SI (P < .05) and isolated mucosa (P < .05) compared to other groups. Greater gut weight in R‐EN piglets was facilitated by a greater cellular proliferation index (P < .01) by 4 days compared to other groups and greater overall ornithine decarboxylase activity vs R‐PN piglets (P < .05). Conclusions: This new model demonstrated profound SI adaptation, initiated early postsurgery by polyamine synthesis and crypt cell proliferation and only in response to enteral feeding. These changes translated to greater gut mass and length within days, likely improving functional capacity long term.     

Nutritional Support in Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis-Current Standards

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) leads to numerous inflammatory and nutritional disturbances. All SAP patients are at a high nutritional risk. It has been proven that proper nutrition significantly reduces mortality rate and the incidence of the infectious complications in SAP patients. According to the literature, early (started within 24–48 h) enteral nutrition (EN) is optimal in most patients. EN protects gut barrier function because it decreases gastrointestinal dysmotility secondary to pancreatic inflammation. Currently, the role of parenteral nutrition (PN) in SAP patients is limited to patients in whom EN is not possible or contraindicated. Early versus delayed EN, nasogastric versus nasojejunal tube for EN, EN versus PN in SAP patients and the role of immunonutrition (IN) in SAP patients are discussed in this review.     

肠内免疫微生态营养对重症急性胰腺炎全身炎性反应及预后的影响

目的 探讨肠内免疫微生态营养对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)全身炎性反应及预后的影响.方法 57例SAP患者在人院48 h内采用随机数字表法被随机分为肠外营养组(PN组)28例和肠内免疫微生态营养组(EIN组)29例,分别进行相应的营养支持7d.入院时及营养后1、3、5、7 d分别检测外周血内毒素、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10及单核细胞NF-κB活性,并统计两组治疗结果.结果 入院时EIN组内毒素、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10及单核细胞NF-κB活性与PN组比较差异无统计学意义;营养后7 d,EIN组内毒素、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10及单核细胞NF-κB活性分别为(2.70±O.13)ng/L、(30.13 4±8.12)ng,L、(20.17±8.04)ng,L、(36.43±8.24)ng,L、(86.45 ±14.54)ng/L、(70.4±3.2)%,均较PN组的(3.25±0.32)ndL、(313.42±144.35)ng/L、(155.29±32.78)ng/L、(324.15±31.47)ng/L、(472.72±48.55)ng/L、(88.4±5.3)%明显下降(P<0.05或<0.01).结论 早期肠内免疫微生态营养能有效减轻内毒素血症,减低NF-κB活性及细胞因子浓度,维持促抗炎反应平衡,改善患者病情及预后.     

肠外与肠内营养对胰腺外分泌和急性重症胰腺炎的影响

肠外营养(PN)不能改变胰腺炎自然病程,能降低并发症和病死率,但导管感染和肠源性并发症增加。近年来,肠内营养（EN）应用受到重视,但在急性重症胰腺炎（SAP）中的应用仍有争议。从EN对胰腺外分泌和SAP自然病程的影响分析,提出经空肠喂养不会刺激胰腺分泌,也不会加重SAP的病情。在临床实际应用中,应结合SAP的分期和临床状况,采用PN和EN联合应用来达到营养支持的目的。     

消化道恶性肿瘤术后早期肠内与肠外营养治疗的比较

目的探讨消化道恶性肿瘤术后早期肠内营养(EEN) 肠外营养(PN)可行性,并将其与完全胃肠外营养(TPN)对患者营养状况和免疫功能的影响进行比较。方法将2001年10月～2003年3月在本院普外科行择期消化道恶性肿瘤手术患者随机分为EEN PN组(22例)和TPN组(24例),于术后24h开始营养治疗,他们在获得能量与氮量方面差异无显著性。术前、术后第1、3、7天测定血前白蛋白(PA)、白蛋白(ALB)和血色素(Hb)水平;术前、术后第7天测定血IgA、IgG、IgM、T淋巴细胞亚群CD3、CD4、CD8及CD4/CD8水平;术后第1～7天每日测定氮平衡(NB)。比较两组上述指标在术后的差异。结果两组间在术前、术后第1、3、7天测定的血PA、ALB、Hb及术后第1～7天测定的NB比较,差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。术后第7天EEN PN组CD3、CD4水平明显高于TPN组(P<0.05熏P<0.01),而两组在CD8及CD4/CD8的差异无显著性(P>0.05)。术后第7天EEN PN组IgM明显高于TPN组(P<0.05),而两组在IgA、IgG的差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论EEN PN是腹部术后安全有效的营养途径。由于EEN PN在改善免疫功能方面明显优于TPN,因此它应成为消化道肿瘤患者术后首选的营养方式。     

肠内免疫微生态营养对实验性坏死性胰腺炎猪的肝损害的影响

目的观察肠内免疫微生态营养(EIN)对实验性坏死性胰腺炎猪的肝损害的影响.方法20头普通江淮猪胰管注射5％牛磺胆酸钠1 ml/kg制备急性坏死性胰腺炎(ANP)模型,造模后24 h有2头死亡,18头猪按随机数字分组法分为全肠外营养组(TPN)、肠内要素营养组(EEN)和肠内免疫微生态营养组( EIN),分别进行相应的营养8d.于造模前,造模后24h,营养支持第1、2、4、8天检测外周血内毒素、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6).营养支持8d后剖腹测定腹水量、肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、肝组织TNF-α mRNA和IL-6 mRNA的表达以及肝脏病理学改变,进行病理评分.结果造模后24 h EIN组外周血内毒素、AST、ALT、TNF-α、IL-6均较造模前明显增高(P均＜0.01),但与其他两组的差异无统计学意义.营养支持8d后,EIN组上述5项指标均明显低于TPN组和EEN组(P均＜0.05).营养8d后,EIN组的腹水量、肝脏MDA含量、TNF-α mRNA表达、IL-6 mRNA表达及肝脏病理学评分均明显低于TPN组和EEN组,而肝脏SOD活力则明显高于TPN组和EEN组(P均＜0.05).结论早期给予EIN能从多方面保护ANP引起的肝损害.     

Early jejunal feeding initiation and clinical outcomes in patients with severe acute pancreatitis

Background: Compared with parenteral nutrition, enteral nutrition reduces infectious complications and mortality in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). This study used clinical outcomes to investigate the association between time to initiation of distal jejunal feeding (DJF) and time to achievement of goal enteral feeding with clinical outcomes. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients with SAP admitted to the medical intensive care unit (ICU) during a 1‐year period. Collected data included demographic information, body mass index (BMI; kg/m²), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores at admission, time of onset of DJF, time to goal feeding, ICU length of stay, and mortality. Results: Time to starting DJF was longer in nonsurvivors (n = 4) than in survivors (n = 12) (17 vs 7 days, P < .05). All nonsurvivors had BMI >30 kg/m² (50% had BMI > 50 kg/m²). ICU length of stay was significantly associated with achievement of goal feeding. Three patients never reached goal feeding and spent 45.3 ± 19.6 days in the ICU; 7 patients reached goal feeding within 3 days of initiating DJF and spent 18 ± 1.7 days in the ICU; and 4 patients reached goal feeding within 3 days and spent 10.5 ± 3.5 days in the ICU. APACHE II scores were not significantly different among the 3 groups (16.7 ± 1.5, 12 ± 0.7, and 16.2 ± 1.2, respectively, P > .05). Conclusions: Early initiation of DJF in the ICU was associated with reduced mortality in this cohort of patients with SAP. Early achievement of jejunal feeding goal early was associated with a shorter ICU length of stay, irrespective of the severity of SAP.     

Formula Induces Intestinal Apoptosis in Preterm Pigs Within a Few Hours of Feeding

Background: Nutrition regimens influence postnatal small intestinal development, which shows prominent changes after 6 hours of suckling. Such influences are particularly important in preterm neonates as inappropriate feeding responses may predispose to gastrointestinal disorders such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). The authors investigated the early morphological responses to enteral feeding, prior to the time period when a large proportion of preterm pigs normally develop clinical NEC symptoms. Methods: Preterm piglets (106‐107 days of gestation) were fed parenteral nutrition (PN) for 2 days with or without a subsequent 8‐hour or 17‐hour period of enteral nutrition (EN) with sow's colostrum or formula. Another group of piglets was delivered at 108–109 days of gestation and used for comparison to PN pigs before enteral feeding. Stereological measurements of the mucosal surface density and the volume densities of the tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis, proliferative, and apoptotic cells were made and related to microscopical NEC‐lesion score. In addition, villus length and crypt depth were measured. Results: PN‐fed piglets showed minimal PN‐induced mucosal atrophy, although their crypts were deeper, together with lower cell proliferation and higher apoptotic indices, than newborn (NB) unfed piglets. After PN, enteral feeding with colostrum, for just 8 hours, induced a rapid increase in the mucosal volume density while formula feeding was associated with an elevated number of both proliferating and apoptotic cells and a higher NEC lesion score than PN‐ or colostrum‐fed pigs. Conclusion: Enteral feeding of formula, for only a few hours, induces rapid enterocyte turnover and mucosal structural changes that may predispose to later development of NEC.     

早期肠内营养对老年胃癌病人术后血清SOD、MDA和T细胞免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨早期肠内营养(EEN)对老年胃癌病人术后机体外周血中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)的变化以及T细胞免疫功能的影响。方法:选择老年胃癌手术病人45例,随机分为两组,EEN组26例,于术后第1天起给予EN治疗,共实施7 d,总量递增;肠外营养(PN)组19例,术后第1天开始给予PN治疗。两组病人分别于手术前、术后第1和第7天检测血清SOD、MDA值和T细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+),并进行相关性分析。结果:两组病人术后第1天血清SOD值明显低于手术前,有显著性差异(P<0.05),术后第7天较术后第1天均明显增高(P<0.05)。EEN组病人术后第1天血清MDA值与术前比明显上升,有显著性差异(P<0.05);PN组血清MDA值术后第1和第7天均上升,组间比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),术后第7天两组间MDA值有显著性差异(P<0.05)。CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+比值术后较术前均有所下降,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。EEN组术后第7天CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+比值与PN组比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。病人血清MDA变化值与T细胞亚群中CD4+/CD8+呈负相关性(r=-0.774,P<0.05)。结论:EEN可能通过调节血清SOD、MDA的变化,使老年胃癌术后病人T细胞免疫功能增强。     

结直肠癌患者术前肠道准备中肠内营养的应用

目的 探讨结直肠癌患者术前肠道准备中肠内营养的应用效果，并与肠外营养对比分析。方法 结直肠癌患者24例，分为两组，肠内营养组14例，肠外营养组10例。每天予104．6kJ（25kcal）／kg体重的能量及氮热比1：140的营养支持3天，测定各项观察指标并比较。结果 营养支持前后两组患者体重、纤维结合蛋白、前白蛋白、淋巴细胞总数、内毒素无变化，营养后两组患者间的体重、纤维结合蛋白、前白蛋白、淋巴细胞总数、内毒素、结肠腺体高度和宽度及腺体数目无显著改变；且两组患者肠道清洁度均较好。结论 肠内营养可改善患者营养不良状况，保持肠屏障功能，利于术前准备的肠道清洁。     

早期全肠外营养及肠内、外混合营养对神经外科危重患者免疫功能的影响

目的探讨早期给予全肠外营养（TPN）及肠内营养（EN）、肠外营养（PN）混合支持对神经外科危重患者免疫功能的影响。方法采用前瞻性对照研究将神经外科危重患者按入院顺序随机分为TPN组及EN＋PN组,并对比营养支持前后两组CD3、CD4、CD8、CD4／CD8、CD3／CD25、IgA、IgG、IgM、血清白蛋白的变化。结果给予神经外科危重患者两种营养支持均可提高其CD3、CD4、CD8及CD3＋／CD25＋比值（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;两种营养支持方式均可显著升高IgA、IgG、IgM、（P〈0．05）及血清白蛋白浓度（P〈0．01）。与TPN组比较,EN＋PN组CD3、CD4、CD8、CD4／CD8比值、IgA、IgG、IgM浓度及血清白蛋白水平均显著升高（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论早期TPN及EN＋PN支持均可促进神经外科危重患者免疫功能的恢复及提高,EN＋PN的作用优于TPN,对于神经外科危重患者应早期给予营养支持治疗。     

Effects of adding butyric acid to PN on gut-associated lymphoid tissue and mucosal immunoglobulin A levels

Background: Parenteral nutrition (PN) causes intestinal mucosal atrophy, gut‐associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) atrophy and dysfunction, leading to impaired mucosal immunity and increased susceptibility to infectious complications. Therefore, new PN formulations are needed to maintain mucosal immunity. Short‐chain fatty acids have been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects on the intestinal mucosa. We examined the effects of adding butyric acid to PN on GALT lymphocyte numbers, phenotypes, mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels, and intestinal morphology in mice. Methods: Male Institute of Cancer Research mice (n = 103) were randomized to receive either standard PN (S‐PN), butyric acid–supplemented PN (Bu‐PN), or ad libitum chow (control) groups. The mice were fed these respective diets for 5 days. In experiment 1, cells were isolated from Peyer's patches (PPs) to determine lymphocyte numbers and phenotypes (αβTCR⁺, γδTCR⁺, CD4⁺, CD8⁺, B220⁺ cells). IgA levels in small intestinal washings were also measured. In experiment 2, IgA levels in respiratory tract (bronchoalveolar and nasal) washings were measured. In experiment 3, small intestinal morphology was evaluated. Results: Lymphocyte yields from PPs and small intestinal, bronchoalveolar, and nasal washing IgA levels were all significantly lower in the S‐PN group than in the control group. Bu‐PN moderately, but significantly, restored PP lymphocyte numbers, as well as intestinal and bronchoalveolar IgA levels, as compared with S‐PN. Villous height and crypt depth in the small intestine were significantly decreased in the S‐PN group vs the control group, however Bu‐PN restored intestinal morphology. Conclusions: A new PN formula containing butyric acid is feasible and would ameliorate PN‐induced impairment of mucosal immunity.