胰高血糖素类肽-1缓释珠对大鼠视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用

目的探讨玻璃体内植入胰高血糖素类肽-1（GLP-1）缓释珠对大鼠视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用。设计实验研究。研究对象SPF级Sprague-Dawley（SD）雄性大鼠25只。方法将25只大鼠随机分为2组,实验组13只,对照组12只。实验组大鼠右眼玻璃体内植入4个GLP-1缓释珠,对照组右眼玻璃体内注入4μl复方氯化钠。GLP-1缓释珠直径600μm,内含3000个整合了GLP-1基因的人骨髓间充质干细胞,外被致密的藻酸盐外膜,以确保GLP-1产物可顺利释放而不引起免疫排斥。玻璃体内注射均在右眼视神经夹伤后立即进行。视神经夹伤后第23天用3％荧光金从双侧上丘做逆行标记,第28天取双眼球标本做视网膜铺片并在荧光显微镜下拍摄照片,采用人工双盲法进行视网膜神经节细胞计数。主要指标视网膜神经节细胞密度以及视网膜神经节细胞存活率。结果视网膜神经节细胞密度实验组与对照组分别为（2113±474）／mm2和（1734±424）／mm2,两组之间的差异有统计学意义（t=2．111,P=-0．046）。视网膜神经节细胞存活率实验组与对照组分别为（74±18）％和（57±16）％,两组之间的差异有统计学意义（t=-2．451,P=-0．022）。结论GLP-1缓释珠玻璃体内植入后对视神经夹伤大鼠视网膜神经节细胞具有保护作用,可以提高视网膜神经节细胞存活率。     

大鼠视神经夹伤模型中莫尼定的视网膜节细胞保护作用

目的 :研究莫尼定对大鼠视神经夹伤模型视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用。方法 :实验用SD大鼠 2 0只随机分为用药组 8只和对照组 12只。所有大鼠右眼用 40 g微型视神经夹紧贴球后夹持视神经 60秒 ,左眼未做夹持。用药组于夹伤前1小时及夹伤后每日腹腔注射莫尼定 1mg/kg ,阴性对照组于夹伤前 1小时及夹伤后每日腹腔注射生理盐水 5ml/kg ,实验观察2 8天。实验结束前 4天双上丘注射 3 %荧光金逆行标记视网膜神经节细胞。做视网膜铺片 ,距离视乳头中心上下左右各2mm拍摄照片 ,使用CPAS图像分析软件做节细胞定量分析 ,节细胞存活率 =右眼节细胞密度 /左眼节细胞密度× 10 0。结果 :用药组、对照组节细胞存活率分别为 61 0 1%和 53 48% ,两者之间存在显著性差异 (P =0 .0 3 5)。结论 :在大鼠视神经夹伤模型中 ,莫尼定具有明显的视网膜节细胞保护作用     

Neuroprotective effect of intravitreal cell‐based glucagon‐like peptide‐1 production in the optic nerve crush model

Purpose: To examine the effect of intraocularly produced glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) on the survival rate of retinal ganglion cells in an optic nerve crush model. Methods: Forty‐one Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into a study group (21 animals) in which 4 beads with 3000 genetically modified cells to produce GLP‐1 were intravitreally implanted into the right eye; a saline control group (n = 12) with intravitreal saline injection; and a GLP‐1 negative bead control group (n = 8) in which 4 beads with 3000 cells without GLP‐1 production were intravitreally implanted. The right optic nerves of all animals were crushed in a standardized manner. After labeling the retinal ganglion cells by injecting 3% fluorogold into the superior colliculus, the animals were sacrificed, and the ganglion cells were counted on retinal flat mounts. Results: The retinal ganglion cell density of the right eyes was significantly higher in the study group (median: 2081 cells/mm²; range: 1182–2953 cells/mm²) than in the GLP‐1 bead negative control group (median: 1328 cells/mm²; range: 1007–2068 cells/mm²; p = 0.002) and than in the saline control group (median: 1777 cells/mm²; range: 1000–2405 cells/mm²; p = 0.07). Correspondingly, the survival rate (ratio of retinal ganglion cell density of right eye/left eye) was significantly higher in the study group (median: 0.72; range: 0.40–1.04) than in the GLP‐1 bead negative control group (median: 0.44; range: 0.36–0.68; p = 0.003) and than in the saline control group (median: 0.56; range: 0.36–0.89; p = 0.03). Conclusion: Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 produced by intravitreally implanted cell beads was associated with a higher survival rate of retinal ganglion cells after an experimental optic nerve crush in rats.     

Retinal ganglion cell death is not prevented by application of tetrodotoxin during optic nerve regeneration in the frog Hyla moorei

Following extracranial optic nerve crush in the adult frog Hyla moorei, regeneration takes place to restore topographically organised visual projections, despite partial depletion of the retinal ganglion cell population. In the present study, the right optic nerve was crushed and tetrodotoxin (TTX) repeatedly injected into the right eye to abolish electrical activity mediated by sodium channels in ganglion cell axons. At 70-78 days post-crush, the number and distribution of live cells in the ganglion cell layer were assessed from cresyl violet-stained wholemounts. After regeneration, cell numbers in TTX-treated animals fell by a mean of 32.6% in comparison with their unoperated partner retinae. This value was very similar to the 32.4% mean fall found after regeneration for animals receiving no injections of TTX. Furthermore, distributions of surviving cells were comparable for the two groups. We conclude that sodium-mediated electrical activity within retinal ganglion cells does not control the extent or pattern of their death during optic nerve regeneration.     

A new calcium channel antagonist, lomerizine, alleviates secondary retinal ganglion cell death after optic nerve injury in the rat

PURPOSE: We investigated whether lomerizine, a new diphenylmethylpiperazine calcium channel blocker, exerted a neuroprotective effect on axonal or retinal damage induced by optic nerve injury in the rat. METHODS: A partial crush lesion was inflicted unilaterally on the optic nerve, 2 mm behind the globe, in adult Wistar albino rats. Animals were treated with the vehicle, 10 or 30 mg/kg lomerizine. Each solution was given orally twice daily for 4 weeks. One week before euthanization, Fluoro-Gold (FG) was injected into both superior colliculi to retrogradely label surviving retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Approximately 1 month after the optic nerve injury, the retinal damage was assessed morphologically, and the optic nerve axons surrounding the initial lesion were examined histologically. RESULTS: The mean RGC density in the control group decreased to 65.9 +/- 1.32% of the contralateral eye, whereas the systemic application of 10 or 30 mg/kg of lomerizine significantly enhanced the RGC survival to 88.1 +/- 0.38% and 89.8 +/- 0.28%, respectively. Histological examination of damaged axons revealed no significant enhancement of the density or total number of axons of the retinal ganglion cells in the lomerizine-treated group. The crush force we employed caused no significant morphological differences in the retinal layers between the sham-operated animals and the animals from the experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that lomerizine alleviates secondary degeneration of RGCs induced by an optic nerve crush injury in the rat, presumably by improving the impaired axoplasmic flow.     

BDNF enhances retinal ganglion cell survival in cats with optic nerve damage

PURPOSE: To determine whether brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neuroprotectant in the small rat eye, might also serve as an effective neuroprotectant in larger vertebrate eyes. METHODS. A cat optic nerve crush model was combined with standard histologic staining and analysis techniques. Twenty-nine animals were studied, with the noninjected eye serving as the control eye. RESULTS: No treatment, or intravitreal injection of sterile water, resulted in an approximately 50% loss of ganglion cells 1 week after nerve crush. By contrast, the mean percentages of surviving ganglion cells measured in eyes receiving injections of 15, 30, 60, and 90 microg BDNF at the time of the nerve damage were 52%, 81%, 77%, and 70%, respectively. Similar values were obtained for ganglion cell density. Cell size measurements suggest a complex response among the different classes of cat ganglion cells; 30 microg BDNF treatment retained the highest number of large ganglion cells, whereas 90 microg minimized the loss of medium-sized neurons and retained normal proportions of large, medium, and small ganglion cells. CONCLUSIONS: The data show that BDNF is an effective neuroprotectant in primate-sized eyes after optic nerve injury. Although the amount required to achieve neuroprotection is much greater than that needed for the small rat eye (30 microg versus 0.5 microg), when differences in vitreal volume are considered, the effective dose is similar (0.01 microg BDNF/microl vitreal volume). High doses of BDNF induce inflammation and result in a decrease in total ganglion cell survival but appear necessary to save medium-sized neurons, which are affected most severely by nerve injury.     

Phenytoin blocks retinal ganglion cell death after partial optic nerve crush

Phenytoin is a well-characterized sodium channel blocker in widespread use as an anticonvulsant. In 1972, Becker and co-workers reported that phenytoin could reverse visual field loss from glaucoma. The authors therefore explored whether phenytoin could protect retinal ganglion cells from optic nerve crush. The optic nerve of Long-Evans rats was partially crushed; animals were given a single dose of either intraperitoneal phenytoin or vehicle. A third group underwent sham optic nerve crush. In a second set of experiments, the effect of phenytoin was compared to the N -methyl- D -receptor antagonist, memantine. Retinal ganglion survival was evaluated 1 week later. In addition, the effect of memantine and phenytoin on glutamate-induced intracellular calcium fluxes was evaluated.Phenytoin and memantine significantly reduced ganglion cell loss after optic nerve crush, and blunted the rise in intracellular calcium seen after administration of glutamate. Co-administration of the two agents, however, did not increase ganglion cell survival, and had no effect on ganglion cell calcium fluxes. Phenytoin can preserve retinal ganglion cells after partial optic nerve crush. This effect was not additive with a glutamate antagonist, suggesting that both agents alone are equally protective at saving the same population of ganglion cells at risk. In fact, the neuroprotective effect of the combined administration of phenytoin and memantine was significantly less than either of the two drugs alone. Phenytoin is known to decrease neuronal firing and neurotransmitter release; this may underlie its ability to serve as a neuro-protectant in this experimental paradigm.     

Experimental induction of retinal ganglion cell death in adult mice

PURPOSE: Retinal ganglion cells die by apoptosis during development and after trauma such as axonal damage and exposure to excitotoxins. Apoptosis is associated with changes in the expression of genes that regulate this process. The genes that regulate apoptosis in retinal ganglion cells have not been characterized primarily because previous studies have been limited to animal models in which gene function is not easily manipulated. To overcome this limitation, the rate and mechanism of retinal ganglion cell death in mice was characterized using optic nerve crush and intravitreal injections of the glutamate analog N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). METHODS: To expose retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to excitotoxins, adult CB6F1 mice were injected intravitreally in one eye with NMDA. In an alternative protocol to physically damage the axons in the optic nerve, the nerve was crushed using self-closing fine forceps. Each animal had one or the other procedure carried out on one eye. Loss of RGCs was monitored as a percentage of cells lost relative to the fellow untreated eye. Thy1 expression was examined using in situ hybridization. DNA fragmentation in dying cells was monitored using terminal transferase-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). RESULTS: RGCs comprise 67.5% +/- 6.5% (mean +/- SD) of cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) of control mice based on nuclear morphology and the presence of mRNA for the ganglion cell marker Thy1. One week after optic nerve crush, these cells started to die, progressing to a maximum loss of 57.8% +/- 8.1% of the cells in the GCL by 3 weeks. Cell loss after NMDA injection was dose dependent, with injections of 10 nanomoles having virtually no effect to a maximum loss of 72.5% +/- 12.1% of the cells in the GCL within 6 days after injection of 160 nanomoles NMDA. Cell death exhibited features of apoptosis after both optic nerve crush and NMDA injection, including the formation of pyknotic nuclei and TUNEL staining. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative RGC death can be induced in mice using two distinct signaling pathways, making it possible to test the roles of genes in this process using transgenic animals.     

Ganglion cell loss after optic nerve crush mediated through AMPA-kainate and NMDA receptors

PURPOSE: Glutamate antagonists can block ganglion cell death due to optic nerve crush. Although most investigators have focused on blockade of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptor, we have chosen to evaluate the efficacy of blockade of the AMPA-kainate (KA) receptor in this experimental paradigm. METHODS: The optic nerves of rats were crushed, and ganglion cell survival was assessed. Groups of animals were treated with an NMDA antagonist, an AMPA-KA antagonist, or both. RESULTS: The AMPA-KA antagonist DNQX was more effective, although not additive in preserving retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve crush than the NMDA antagonist MK801. CONCLUSIONS: Activation of the AMPA-KA subtype of glutamate receptor may play a role in glutamate-mediated cell death after optic nerve crush.     

Adeno-associated viruses containing bFGF or BDNF are neuroprotective against excitotoxicity

PURPOSE: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) hold much promise for the protection of retinal ganglion cells against excitotoxic cell death. We tested the possibility of delivering these growth factors to retinal ganglion cells via an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector and tested their efficacy in two models of excitotoxicity. METHODS: Rat retinas were infected with AAV vectors encoding bFGF or BDNF. A control vector containing green fluorescent protein (GFP) was injected in the contralateral eye. Eyes were subjected to either an intravitreal injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or optic nerve crush, and ganglion cell survival was evaluated. RESULTS: AAV.CMV.bFGF and AAV.CBA.BDNF were neuroprotective against NMDA injection 1 month post-treatment. Additionally, AAV.CMV.bFGF was protective against optic nerve crush. CONCLUSION: AAV-mediated delivery of bFGF and BDNF can promote retinal cell survival following excitotoxic insult.     

Neuroprotective effect of transcorneal electrical stimulation on the acute phase of optic nerve injury

PURPOSE: Traumatic optic neuropathy often induces a loss of vision that proceeds rapidly within several hours, together with retinal ganglion cell death, in a much slower time course. Electrical stimulation has previously been shown to rescue injured retinal ganglion cells from cell death. The present study tests whether transcorneal electrical stimulation could preserve visual function after an optic nerve crush. METHODS: Transcorneal electrical stimulation was given immediately after a calibrated optic nerve crush. We measured visually evoked potentials (VEPs) in the visual cortex of rats before and immediately after the optic nerve crush and after the transcorneal stimulation to estimate an extent of damage and effects of stimulation in individual animals. In addition, the retinal axons were labeled with a fluorescent anterograde tracer to determine whether the transcorneal electrical stimulation can protect the retinal axons from degeneration. RESULTS: The optic nerve crush was made at an intensity that does not allow a spontaneous recovery of VEP for 1 week. The transcorneal stimulation immediately increased VEP amplitude impaired by the optic nerve crush, and this augmentation was often preserved after 1 week. In the stimulated animals, a larger amount of retinal axons projected centrally beyond the crushed region in comparison to the unstimulated animals. CONCLUSIONS: Transcorneal electrical stimulation would restore the functional impairment of optic nerve by traumatic injury at a very early stage and protect retinal axons from the ensuing degeneration.     

A novel neuroprotectant against retinal ganglion cell damage in a glaucoma model and an optic nerve crush model in the rat

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of repeated treatments with a neuroprotective compound, R(-)-1-(benzo [b] thiophen-5-yl)-2-[2-(N, N-diethylamino) ethoxy] ethanol hydrochloride (T-588), on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival in rat eyes with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) or after optic nerve crush. METHODS: An increase in IOP was induced by a single laser treatment to the trabecular meshwork in one eye of adult Wistar rats. Crush injury was unilaterally produced by clipping the optic nerve 2 mm behind the globe. RGC density was estimated by counting fluorescent dye-labeled cells in the flatmount of the retina. The optic nerve damage in the crush model was also evaluated histologically. RESULTS: In the elevated IOP model, RGC survival decreased to 72.9% +/- 3.8% (mean +/- SEM) of that of the contralateral control eye on the eighth day after laser irradiation. Repeated treatments with T-588 at 30 mg/kg twice daily significantly enhanced RGC survival (86.0% +/- 2.2%, P = 0.0242) without the reduction of IOP. In the optic nerve crush model, RGC survival diminished to 37.2% +/- 8.4% of that of the contralateral control eye after 4 weeks. Repeated applications with T-588 at 10 mg/kg twice daily significantly enhanced RGC survival (77.8% +/- 2.1%, P = 0.0038). Histologically, the rat optic nerve in the group treated with T-588 at 10 mg/kg retained a near-normal morphology. CONCLUSIONS: T-588 has a neuroprotective effect against RGC death caused by elevated IOP and optic nerve crush in the rat.     

银杏叶提取物对视网膜神经节细胞保护作用的实验研究

目的探讨银杏叶提取物(EGb761)对大鼠视神经夹伤模型视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)的保护作用。设计实验研究。研究对象SPF级SD大鼠83只。方法右眼行视神经夹伤,于球后2mm处用40克压力微型视神经夹夹持视神经60秒,左眼作为正常对照。夹伤后2小时及此后每日一次灌胃给药,各组分别给予生理盐水5ml/kg(n=18)、1%灯盏细辛5ml/kg(n=16)、0.25% EGb761 5ml/kg(n=15)、1% EGb761 5ml/kg(n=18)和4% EGb761 5ml/kg(n=16)。视神经夹伤后第23天用荧光金作上丘逆行标记,第28天取眼球标本做视网膜铺片并拍摄照片,计数RGC并计算RGC的存活率。主要指标RGC存活率。结果生理盐水组、灯盏细辛组、0.25% EGb761组、1% EGb761组和4% EGb761组RGC存活率分别为60.59%、72.21%、69.10%、71.60%和74.20%。各剂量EGb761组与生理盐水组之间均有显著性差异(F=11.33,P<0.01),灯盏细辛组与生理盐水组之间也有显著性差异(P<0.01)。不同浓度EGb761各组之间无显著性差异(F=2.25,P>0.05),灯盏细辛组与不同浓度EGb761各组之间均无显著性差异(F=1.16.P>0.05)。结论EGb761能有效保护大鼠视神经夹伤模型的RGC。(眼科,2007,16:418-421)     

金丝桃素对视神经损伤大鼠视网膜节细胞的保护作用

目的观察金丝桃素对视神经损伤大鼠视网膜节细胞的保护作用。方法24只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、单纯夹伤组、生理盐水对照组、金丝桃素治疗组4组,每组6只（12眼）。对所有大鼠行双上丘注射2％荧光金逆行标记节细胞,7d后,对单纯夹伤组、生理盐水对照组、金丝桃素治疗组进行球后视神经钳夹．同时在生理盐水对照组、金丝桃素治疗组玻璃体内分别注入生理盐水和金丝桃素5ul,14d后进行视网膜节细胞的计数。采用SPSS13．0统计软件对所得数据进行t检验。结果视神经夹伤后14d,存活的视网膜节细胞显著减少。单纯夹伤组节细胞存活率为50％,生理盐水对照组节细胞存活率为52％,金丝桃素治疗组节细胞存活率为68％。金丝桃素治疗组相比单纯夹伤组和生理盐水对照组,存活的节细胞明显要多（P〈0．05）。结论玻璃体内注射金丝桃素能减少大鼠视神经损伤后视网膜神经节细胞的死亡率．对视网膜节细胞有保护作用。     

CNTF gene transfer protects ganglion cells in rat retinae undergoing focal injury and branch vessel occlusion

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) has been shown to protect ganglion cells in a variety of acute ischaemia models. Here we assess the efficacy of local CNTF gene transfer in protecting retinal ganglion cells when there is focal ischaemia combined with interruption of axoplasmic flow. This dual injury may be more representative of the pathological mechanisms operating in acute retinal diseases, such as vascular events acting at the optic nerve head. Fourteen rats received an intravitreal injection of an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector expressing a secretable form of CNTF into the right eye and a control vector into the left eye. Three weeks later, each rat underwent a symmetrical small vertical 2mm standardised retinal crush injury approximately 2mm temporal to the optic disc. The injury also occluded the temporal retinal arteriole so that the axon crush was combined with an acute retinal infarction visible on fundoscopy. Changes in the damaged sector were compared histologically four weeks after injury and ganglion cell survival was estimated by comparing cell counts on retinal flat-mounts immunostained with RT-97 antibody. This mode of injury led to a profound loss of both the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers, but was limited to the lesioned sector. In AAV.CNTF-treated eyes approximately 12% of ganglion cells survived compared with approximately 2% in control eyes (p=0.01). The scotopic electroretinogram (ERG), however, was reduced to about 50% in AAV.CNTF-treated eyes, both before and after injury. We therefore show that CNTF gene transfer confers neuroprotection to ganglion cells undergoing an acute ischaemic injury combined with interruption of axoplasmic flow. This approach may be relevant to optic nerve trauma and a variety of retinal vascular diseases that lead to swelling of the optic nerve head, provided CNTF can be delivered in a way that does not significantly suppress retinal function.     

Neuroprotective effect of sulfhydryl reduction in a rat optic nerve crush model

PURPOSE: The signaling of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death after axotomy is partly dependent on the generation of reactive oxygen species. Shifting the RGC redox state toward reduction is protective in a dissociated mixed retinal culture model of axotomy. The hypothesis for the current study was that tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), a sulfhydryl reductant, would protect RGCs in a rat optic nerve crush model of axotomy. METHODS: RGCs of postnatal day 4 to 5 Long-Evans rats were retrogradely labeled with the fluorescent tracer DiI. At approximately 8 weeks of age, the left optic nerve of each rat was crushed with forceps and, immediately after, 4 muL of TCEP (or vehicle alone) was injected into the vitreous at the pars plana to a final concentration of 6 or 60 microM. The right eye served as the control. Eight or 14 days after the crush, the animals were killed, retinal wholemounts prepared, and DiI-labeled RGCs counted. Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin (BSL-1) was used to identify microglia. RESULTS: The mean number of surviving RGCs at 8 days in eyes treated with 60 microM TCEP was significantly greater than in the vehicle group (1250 +/- 156 vs. 669 +/- 109 cells/mm(2); P = 0.0082). Similar results were recorded at 14 days. Labeling was not a result of microglia phagocytosing dying RGCs. No toxic effect on RGC survival was observed with TCEP injection alone. CONCLUSIONS: The sulfhydryl-reducing agent TCEP is neuroprotective of RGCs in an optic nerve crush model. Sulfhydryl oxidative modification may be a final common pathway for the signaling of RGC death by reactive oxygen species after axotomy.     

促红细胞生成素缓释微球玻璃体腔注射对视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用

目的 探讨乳酸/羟基乙酸共聚物（PLGA）装载的促红细胞生成素（EPO）缓释微球（EPO-PLGA微球）经玻璃体腔注射对大鼠视神经挫伤模型中受损视网膜神经节细胞（RGC）的保护作用.方法 选取成年SD大鼠,建立视神经挫伤模型.建模后分别经玻璃体腔内注射含10 IU EPO的PLGA微球（EPO-PLGA组）、10 IU EPO（EPO组）、5 μl空白PLGA（PLGA组）、5 μl PBS（PBS组）,另设未治疗组不予玻璃体腔注药.术后5 d和2周,做视网膜切片,对各组RGC凋亡情况行TUNEL检测;术后23 d,DiI上丘逆标RGC,并于术后4周处死大鼠,视网膜铺片观察各组RGC存活情况;每组各个时间点分别处死6只SD大鼠.采用方差分析对结果进行比较.结果 TUNEL检测显示,术后5 d和2周,各组均可见TUNEL阳性细胞,其中EPO-PLGA组和EPO组TUNEL阳性细胞显著减少,其细胞凋亡率明显少于PLGA组、PBS组及未治疗组.术后4周,视网膜铺片RGC计数显示,正常SD大鼠RGC密度为（2387.7±164.9）个/mm^2,未治疗组为（748.3±58.8）个/mm^2,EPO-PLGA组为（1296.7±157.6）个/mm^2,EPO组为（1418.5±154.9）个/mm^2,PLGA组为（821.7±52.1）个/mm^2,PBS组为（804.4±86.4）个/mm^2;可见EPO-PLGA组和EPO组较未治疗组细胞密度显著增高,具有明显的RGC保护作用（P均＜0.01）,而EPO-PLGA组和EPO组间差异无统计学意义（P=0.065）.结论 EPO-PLGA缓释微球与EPO具有等效的RGC保护作用,这为进一步观察EPO-PLGA缓释微球的长效神经保护作用奠定了基础.     

The neuropeptide NAP provides neuroprotection against retinal ganglion cell damage after retinal ischemia and optic nerve crush

Background  NAP, an 8-amino acid peptide (NAPVSIPQ=Asn-Ala-Pro-Val-Ser-Ile-Pro-Gln) derived from activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), plays an important role in neuronal differentiation and the survival of neurons in different pathological situations. We already discovered that NAP increases the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) in vitro, and supports neurite outgrowth in retinal explants at femtomolar concentrations. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of NAP on RGC survival after transient retinal ischemia and optic nerve crush. Methods  RGC of male Wistar rats were labelled retrogradely with 6 l FluoroGold injected stereotactically into both superior colliculi. Seven days later, retinal ischemia was induced by elevating the intraocular pressure to 120 mm Hg for 60 minutes or by crushing one optic nerve for 10 s after a partial orbitotomy. NAP was either injected intraperitoneally in the concentration of 100 mg/kg 1 day before, directly after, and on the first and the second days after damage, or intravitreally (0.05 or 0.5 μg/eye) directly after the optic nerve crush. Controls received the same concentrations of a control peptide. Densities of surviving RGC and activated microglial cells (AMC) were quantified in a masked fashion 10 days after damage by counting FluoroGold-labelled cells. Results  After retinal ischemia, intraperitoneal injections of NAP increased the number of surviving RGC by 40% (p < 0.005) compared to the control group. After optic nerve crush, NAP raised the number of surviving RGC by 31% (p = 0.07) when injected intraperitoneally and by 54% (p < 0.05) when administered intravitreally. Conclusions  NAP acts neuroprotectively in vivo after retinal ischemia and optic nerve crush, and may have potential in treating optic nerve diseases. Supported by the Ernst und Berta Grimmke Stiftung, Germany. IG is the incumbent of the Lily and Avraham Gildor Chair for the Investigation of Growth Factors and the Director of the Adams Super Center for Brain Research at Tel Aviv University and is the Chief Scientific Officer of Allon Therapeutics Inc., Vancouver, Canada. An erratum to this article can be found at     

横向定量牵拉法制作大鼠视神经精确损伤模型

目的:采用横向定量牵拉法制作大鼠视神经损伤模型,并利用荧光金逆行标记评价视神经牵拉伤后视网膜节细胞(retinal ganglion cells,RGCs)的存活率.方法:将25只雄性Wistar大鼠随机均分为5组,即假手术组和视神经牵拉伤后1、3、7、14d组.模型组用横向张力计牵拉左眼视神经,假手术组仅暴露左眼视神经但不予牵拉,各组以右眼为正常对照.用荧光金逆行标记,并观察假手术组及视神经牵拉伤后1、3、7、14d组RGCs的密度.结果:正常对照组RGCs形态多呈圆形或椭圆形,边界清楚,细胞外无明显荧光染料渗漏,部分可见明显细胞突起;而视神经牵拉伤后RGCs随时间延长而不断减少,细胞分布不均匀,并可见大量荧光渗漏及小胶质细胞.与正常对照组相比,假手术组RGCs形态和密度无明显差异(P＞0.05);视神经牵拉伤后第1、3、7、14d的RGCs数量进行性减少,且其密度均明显低于正常对照组(P＜0.01);视神经牵拉伤后第1、3、7、14d的RGCs存活率分另别为78.94％±0.92％、60.07％±0.90％、38.92％±1.42％和17.31％±0.97％.结论:横向定量牵拉法可以建立易于量化的视神经损伤模型,为进一步研究视神经损伤后的治疗方法提供有力工具.