Local recurrence of stage 1 and 2 breast cancer after skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction in a 15-year series

Aims

Since the introduction of skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) in 1991 concerns on local control and recurrence rates have been discussed in the literature. The aim of this study is to examine in particular incidence of local recurrence in a 15-year consecutive series of breast cancer patients having undergone SSM and immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) at a single population-based institution.

Methods

One hundred and forty-six consecutive patients with either stage 1 or 2 breast cancer who underwent SSM followed by IBR from 1992 to 2006 were included in this study. A retrospective review of patient records was conducted.

Results

During a mean follow-up time of 51 months, four local recurrences of the native breast skin were accounted for. In addition, three regional lymph node recurrences and four systemic recurrences took place. All of the local and regional recurrences were handled by salvage surgery followed by adjuvant oncological therapies. During a mean follow-up of 35 months after the detection and treatment of the locoregional recurrences none of the patients developed new recurrences.

Conclusions

Our present study concludes that SSM followed by IBR seems oncologically sound procedure for stage 1 and 2 breast cancer patients. In addition, local recurrences and regional lymph node recurrences are not always associated with systemic relapse.     

Surgical complications of skin sparing mastectomy and immediate prosthetic reconstruction after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for invasive breast cancer

Background

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is gaining acceptance as an option for breast cancer treatment, particularly in young women. These women may seek immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy even though it is not known whether such preoperative chemotherapy may be detrimental to post-reconstruction wound healing. Therefore, we set out to assess the influence of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for invasive breast cancer on the short-term complications after skin sparing mastectomy and immediate prosthetic reconstruction.

Methodology

The short-term surgical outcome of 48 immediate breast reconstructions in 37 women treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy from 2006 through 2009 was prospectively compared to that of 215 immediate reconstructions in 176 women who were operated in the same period without neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Results

The overall rate of short-term postoperative complications was significantly less among neoadjuvantly treated women (15% vs. 29%; p = 0.042) but this did not result in a reduction of loss of prostheses (8% vs. 11%; p = 0.566).

Conclusion

Because neoadjuvant chemotherapy is not associated with an increase in short-term complications after skin sparing mastectomy and immediate prosthetic reconstruction in patients with invasive breast cancer, such combined surgical therapy may be offered as treatment option for this particular group of patients also.     

Breast cancer subtype approximations and loco-regional recurrence after immediate breast reconstruction

Background

A small but significant proportion of patients with breast cancer (BC) will develop loco-regional recurrence (LRR) after immediate breast reconstruction (IBR). The LRR also varies according to breast cancer subtypes and clinicopathological features.

Methods

We studied 1742 consecutive BC patients with IBR between 1997 and 2006. According to St Gallen conference consensus 2011, its BC approximations were applied to classify BC into five subtypes: estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PgR) positive, HER2 negative, and low Ki67 (<14%) [luminal A]; ER and/or PgR positive, HER2 negative and high Ki67(≥14%) [luminal B/HER2 negative]; ER and/or PgR positive, any Ki67 and HER2 positive [luminal B/HER2 positive]; ER negative, PgR negative and HER2 positive [HER2 positive/nonluminal]; and ER negative, PgR negative and HER2 negative [triple negative]. Cumulative incidences of LRR were compared across different subgroups by means of the Gray test. Multivariable Cox regression models were applied.

Results

Median follow up time was 74 months (range 3–165). The cumulative incidence of LRR was 5.5% (121 events). The 5-year cumulative incidence of LRR was 2.5% for luminal A; 5.0% for luminal B/HER2 negative; 9.8% for luminal B/HER2 positive; 3.8% for HER2 non luminal; and 10.9% for triple negative. On multivariable analysis, tumor size (pT) >2 cm, body mass index (BMI) ≥25, triple negative and luminal B/HER2 positive subtypes were associated with increased risk of LRR.

Conclusion

Luminal B/HER2 positive, triple negative subtypes and BMI ≥25 are independent prognostic factors for risk of LRR after IBR.     

Quality of life after immediate breast reconstruction and skin-sparing mastectomy – A comparison with patients undergoing breast conserving surgery

Background

Historically breast cancer surgery was associated with significant psychosocial morbidity and suboptimal cosmetic outcome. Recent emphasis on women’s quality of life following breast cancer treatment has drawn attention to the importance of aesthetic outcome and potential benefits of immediate breast reconstruction (IBR). Our primary aim was to assess patient’s quality of life after IBR, compared to a matched group undergoing breast conservation. We also investigated the oncological safety and morbidity associated with immediate reconstruction.

Methods

A prospectively collected database of all breast cancer patients who underwent IBR at a tertiary referral breast unit was reviewed. Patients were reviewed clinically, and administered two validated quality of life questionnaires, at least one year after completing their treatment.

Results

255 patients underwent IBR following mastectomy over a 55 month period. Reconstruction with ipsilateral latissimus dorsi flap was most commonly performed (88%). After mean follow-up of 36 months, IBR patients’ quality of life was comparable to a group of age-matched women (n = 160) who underwent breast conserving surgery (p = 0.89). No patient experienced local recurrence (0%), distant metastases developed in 4.8% and disease related mortality was 2.2%. Post-operative morbidities included wound infection (11.8%), chronic pain (2.0%), capsular contracture (11%; 36% of whom had radiotherapy) and fat necrosis (14.1%). No patient experienced flap loss.

Conclusions

IBR is a highly acceptable form of treatment for women requiring mastectomy. With high rates of patient satisfaction, low associated morbidity, and proven oncological safety, it is an appropriate recommendation for all women requiring mastectomy.     

The effect of immediate breast reconstruction with Becker-25 prosthesis on the preservation of proper body posture in patients after mastectomy

Purpose

This was a prospective study comparing coronal, sagittal and transverse plane body posture parameters in women after radical mastectomy and women after radical mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) for stage I and II breast cancer.

Methods

The three studied groups were one that underwent Madden’s radical mastectomy (n = 38), a second with skin sparing mastectomy with IBR with expander-prosthesis Becker-25 (n = 38), and the control (n = 38). All the women were examined to determine their body posture in the coronal, sagittal and transverse planes using three-dimensional (3D) body surface analysis before and 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after surgery.

Results

There is a significant difference body posture in the coronal, sagittal and transverse planes between groups of patients after mastectomy with IBR comparing with patients after mastectomy alone. The women after radical mastectomy demonstrated the greatest postural changes in particular parameters of body posture in postsurgical months 18 and 24. The IBR group only demonstrated significant postural changes in one parameter, though as time after surgery increased, these changes decreased.

Conclusions

IBR after mastectomy has an impact on proper body posture. Photogrammetric examination revealed important body posture disturbances only in the radical mastectomy group. It gives useful information on body posture parameters in the evaluation of quality of life in breast cancer survivors. It appears that immediate breast reconstruction helps to preserve proper body posture after mastectomy.     

Locoregional recurrence following nipple-sparing mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction: Patterns and prognostic significance

IntroductionThere are limited available data on the prognostic implications of locoregional recurrence (LRR) after nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) and immediate reconstruction. In this study, we investigated the patterns and prognosis associated with LRR following this treatment approach for breast cancer.MethodsA total of 1696 patients with primary breast cancer who underwent NSM with immediate reconstruction from March 2003 to December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Post-recurrence disease-free survival (DFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate analyses using the Cox proportional hazards model were performed to evaluate the prognostic factors associated with the DFS and DMFS.ResultsAfter a median follow-up period of 84 months, we identified 172 patients (10.1%) with an LRR as the first event. The 5-year post-recurrence DFS rates for the nipple-areola complex recurrence (NCR), skin or subcutaneous recurrence/chest wall recurrence (SCR/CWR), and regional recurrence (RR) groups were 89.1%, 73%, and 59.4%, respectively (P = 0.009), and the 5-year post-recurrence DMFS rates for the NCR, SCR/CWR, and RR groups were 96%, 82.8%, and 59.7%, respectively (P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, a time to LRR ≤2 years (P = 0.016) and the site of LRR (P = 0.022) were significantly associated with the post-recurrence DFS.ConclusionsNCR is more likely to be detected as a non-invasive recurrence and is associated with more favorable overall outcomes than other LRR types. The interval to LRR and its site of onset seem to be associated with the prognostic outcomes.     

保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻乳房再造的临床应用

目的探讨保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻再造乳房的适应证、方法、效果及可行性。方法2002年1月至2007年11月本院对94例乳腺癌患者行保留乳房皮肤皮下乳腺组织切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫术后，应用下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣（transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap，TRAM）、背阔肌肌皮瓣（latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap，LDM）联合或不联合假体、单纯乳房假体植入4种方式即刻再造乳房。结果再造手术均取得成功。带蒂TRAM再造47例，LDM再造共42例（其中联合假体28例），单纯乳房假体植入5例。4例出现轻微术后并发症（4．25％）。经过3～67个月随访，局部区域复发率为0，再造乳房形态自然，效果满意，术后外观评价优良率97．87％。结论合理选择病例行保留皮肤或保留乳头乳晕乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻乳房再造是安全可靠的，切口隐蔽并能够保留原有乳房皮肤的感觉，从而获得最佳美容效果，值得广泛推广和应用。     

Regional variation in use of immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer in England

Aims

English national guidelines recommend that breast reconstruction is made available to women with breast cancer undergoing mastectomy. We examined the use of immediate reconstruction (IR) across English Cancer Networks, who are responsible for the regional organisation of cancer services and ensuring equitable access to treatment.

Methods

We analysed Hospital Episodes Statistics data for all women with breast cancer who underwent mastectomy in the English NHS between April 2006 and February 2009. IR rates were calculated for the 30 Networks. Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust the rates for patient age, comorbidity, ethnicity and socioeconomic deprivation.

Results

Of 44?837 mastectomy patients, 7375 (16.5%) underwent IR. The IR rate was highest in women under 50 years (32.7%) and lowest in women aged 70 years or over (1.5%), and was lower in women with more comorbidities. Unadjusted IR rates varied from 8.4% to 31.9% among the 30 Networks (p < 0.001). Adjusting for their patient characteristics did not appreciably reduce Network-level variation, with adjusted IR rates still ranging from 8.0% to 29.4% (p < 0.001). The risk-model also suggested that non-white women and those from more deprived areas were less likely to undergo immediate reconstruction.

Conclusions

There is substantial regional variation in immediate reconstruction use in England that is not explained by the characteristics of the local patient population. English Cancer Networks should act to reduce this variation. They should also examine why rates of reconstruction differ between particular patient groups.     

即刻乳房再造在乳腺癌手术中的应用与探讨

目的探讨即刻乳房再造在乳腺癌手术中的应用价值。方法自2005年10月至2009年2月共完成了26例乳腺癌改良根治即刻乳房再造手术,其中10例为局部晚期乳腺癌。即刻腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术12例,背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术8例,保留乳头乳晕复合体皮下乳腺全切假体植入乳房再造术5例,保留乳头乳晕复合体皮下乳腺全切背阔肌肌皮瓣结合假体植入乳房再造术1例。结果全组手术切缘病理均达到阴性,皮瓣全部成活,无假体相关并发症,亦无腹壁疝发生。再造乳房形态满意,肌皮瓣再造乳房可以安全地耐受术后放疗,随访1～40个月无局部复发病例。结论即刻乳房再造手术从根本上改善了乳腺癌患者术后的生活质量,在局部晚期乳腺癌手术中,肌皮瓣乳房再造还可以为足够的切除范围提供安全保障,颇具临床应用价值。     

Comparison of prepectoral and subpectoral breast reconstruction after mastectomies: A systematic review and meta analysis

BackgroundThe safety of prepectoral breast reconstruction (PBR) after mastectomies as compared to subpectoral breast reconstruction (SBR) were unclear, so we conducted a systematic review to analyze their differences.MethodsPubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched to retrieve studies that compared PBR with SBR after mastectomies. The outcomes were complications, oncological safety, patient-reported outcomes and postoperative pain. Revman software version 5.30 and stata vesion 12 was used to conduct meta-analysis where possible.Results16 comparative studies (12 articles and four abstracts) were included. The meta analysis showed no statistical differences in overall complications, implant loss, seroma, nipple or skin flap necrosis, hematoma, reoperation, wound dehiscence, and wound-skin infection, rippling between PBR and SBR. PBR might be associated with fewer nipple or skin flap necrosis for those who received tissue expander placement, and fewer capsular contracture rates for those who received implant. PBR might be associated with better Breast Q scores and less postoperative pain without increasing the risk of local recurrence and metastatic disease.ConclusionAlthough available evidence is limited, PBR might be as safe as subpectoral approach. Future well designed multicenter randomized controlled trial that compare postmastectomy PBR with SBR is needed.     

‘Imbricated dermal flap’: A novel technique for autologous augmentation in immediate breast reconstruction after skin-sparing mastectomy

This case demonstrates use of a de-epithelialised inferior pole skin flap for a more aesthetic result in immediate autologous breast reconstruction. For women with medium to large ptotic breasts, utilising the excess tissue following skin-sparing mastectomy as an auto-prosthesis, adds volume to the breast and improves inferior pole aesthetics. This ‘imbricated dermal flap’ offers an excellent addendum to aesthetic breast reconstruction.     

Concurrent adjuvant chemotherapy and immediate breast reconstruction with skin expanders after mastectomy for breast cancer

Background. Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) by means of skin expander is currently one of the most widely used methods of breast reconstruction in mastectomized patients. However, given that many breast cancer patients usually receive adjuvant chemotherapy, the adoption of IBR raises new questions concerning possible cumulative toxicity. The present study reports our experience in the use of concurrent adjuvant chemotherapy and immediate breast reconstruction with skin expander after mastectomy for breast cancer and the acute cumulative toxicity of the treatments. Methods. We evaluated a consecutive series of 52 breast cancer patients who have received IBR by skin expander after radical mastectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy concurrently during skin expansion between 1995 and 1998 (IBR/CT group). We identified two series of control patients treated during the same period: 51 consecutive patients undergoing radical mastectomy and IBR without adjuvant chemotherapy (IBR group) and 63 consecutive patients undergoing radical mastectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy without IBR (CT group). For each patient, we evaluated the incidence of surgical complications and chemotherapy's side effects and dose intensity. Results. The interval between surgery and the start of expander inflation was similar in IBR/CT (range 0–19, median 5 days) and IBR groups (range 0–40, median 5 days) and the timing of inflation was not influenced by chemotherapy. The overall incidence of surgical complications in patients undergoing IBR was low: seroma in eight cases, infection in one, skin necrosis in one, expander rupture in two and erythema in three. There were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of complications between the IBR/CT and IBR groups. The dose intensity of chemotherapy was similar between IBR/CT and CT groups, with a median dose intensity of 96% and 95% of the projected dose, respectively. The only statistically significant difference in terms of chemotherapy side effects (p=0.03) was that stomatitis was more frequent and intense in the CT than in the IBR/CT group. Conclusions. Concurrent treatment with IBR and adjuvant chemotherapy appears feasible and safe, it does not increase acute surgical complications or chemotherapy side effects, and does not require any changes in dose intensity or the timing of inflation.     

Options for immediate breast reconstruction following skin-sparing mastectomy

Background  Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) is a type of breast cancer surgery presupposed as breast reconstruction surgery. Cosmetically, it is an extremely effective breast cancer operation because the greater part of the breast’s native skin and infra-mammary fold are conserved. All cases of SSM and immediate breast reconstruction performed by the senior author during the last five years were reviewed. as]Methods: There are three implant options for breast reconstruction, namely, deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap, latissimus dorsi myocutaneous (LDM) flap, and breast implant, and one of these was used for reconstruction after comprehensive evaluation. Results  From 2001 to 2005, immediate reconstructions following SSM were performed on 124 cases (128 breasts) by the same surgeon. Partial necrosis of the breast skin occurred in 4 cases of SSM. The mean follow-up was 33.6 months. During the follow-up, there was local recurrence following surgery in 3 cases. The overall aesthetic results of immediate breast reconstruction after SSM are better than those after non-SSM. Conclusion  SSM preserves the native breast skin and infra-mammary fold, and is an extremely useful breast cancer surgery for breast reconstruction. SSM is an excellent breast cancer surgical technique. We think this procedure should be considered in more facilities conducting breast reconstruction in Japan.     

Skin sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction: A review

Aims

Skin Sparing Mastectomy (SSM) is widely practised now in major centres which manage large numbers of breast cancer but anxiety still exists over the safety of SSM both from oncological and aesthetic points of view. We aim to review literature to date in SSM and summarise and discuss the current evidence.

Methods

Studies were identified by an online search of the English language literature in the PubMed database till April 2012 followed by an extensive review of bibliographies from relevant articles.

Results

There is abundance of evidence with regards to the safety of SSM both oncologically and aesthetically especially in immediate breast reconstruction. The use of SSM technique broadens the repertoire of oncoplastic techniques and at the same time facilitates such techniques by preserving patient's native skin and anatomical landmarks.

Conclusions

SSM is a safe technique providing better cosmetic outcome without compromising oncological safety as per the current evidence. However, prospective data collection of its application in various newer types of reconstructions, and continuing long-term follow-up of current data series would be prudent to evaluate long-term outcomes.     

神经吻合术与乳腺癌术后即刻 TRAM 皮瓣乳房再造

目的：介绍乳腺癌术后应用下腹横型腹直肌肌皮瓣（TRAM皮瓣）即刻乳房再造的方法，并探讨神经吻合对再造乳房皮肤感觉恢复的疗效。方法：23例乳腺癌患者改良根治术后，Ⅰ期应用单蒂或双蒂横型腹直肌肌皮瓣（TRAM）行乳房再造，单蒂TRAM乳房再造18例，双蒂TRAM乳房再造4例，游离TRAM乳房再造1例，对4例患者进行了神经吻合术，对7例患者进行了血管吻合术。结果：再造手术均取得成功，经过2—72个月随访，无局部复发。行神经吻合的患者再造乳房皮肤感觉较没有行神经吻合者好，患者对再造乳房满意度高。结论：乳腺癌术后Ⅰ期乳房再造能同时满足肿瘤的治疗和形体美容的要求，并且神经吻合术可以一定程度恢复再造乳房皮肤感觉，提高生活质量。     

Subcutaneous mastectomy and immediate reconstruction for prevention of breast cancer for high-risk patients

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor among females in the USA, with one out of eight American females developing breast cancer in their lifetimes. The latest studies show that 212,920 new cases of invasive cancer developed in 2006, which is 2.5 times more common than the incidence of lung cancer, and that 40,970 females will die from this disease each year. Therefore, awareness of this cancer is an important health issue, with more women beginning to assess their risk of breast cancer, either informally or with instruments such as the GAIL model. The availability of genetic testing for BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 has revealed many women who are at significantly increased risk. Many aggressive surveillance programs have been developed using advanced MRI and ultrasound, and reductions in breast cancer risk of 50% or more have been proven using chemoprevention strategies with tamoxifen and raloxifene. However, many women are starting to seriously consider prophylactic mastectomy for near-total reduction of breast cancer risk. At our institution, we have developed a procedure for prophylactic subcutaneous mastectomy via an inframammary incision that spares the nipple and is combined with immediate silicone implant reconstruction with the assistance of Alloderm. In this article we will describe the procedure and some of the important issues surrounding its implementation from our experience.     

Determinants of receiving immediate breast reconstruction: An analysis of patient characteristics at a tertiary care center in the US

BackgroundBreast reconstruction is an option for women undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer. Previous studies have reported underutilization of reconstructive surgery. This study aims to examine the role demographic, clinical and socio-economic factors may have on patients’ decisions to undergo breast reconstruction.MethodsWe analyzed data from our institutional database. Using multivariable and multinomial logistic regression, we compared breast cancer patients who had undergone mastectomy-only to those who had immediate breast reconstruction (overall and by type of reconstruction).ResultsWe analyzed data on 1459 women who underwent mastectomy during the period 2003–2015. Of these, 475 (32.6%) underwent mastectomy-only and 984 (67.4%) also underwent immediate breast reconstruction. After adjusting for potential confounders, older age (OR = 0.18, 95%CI:0.08–0.40), Asian race (OR = 0.29, 95%CI:0.19–0.45), bilateral mastectomy (OR = 0.71, 95%CI:0.56–0.90), and higher stage of disease (OR = 0.44, 95%CI:0.26–0.74) were independent risk factors for not receiving immediate breast reconstruction. Furthermore, patients with Medicare or Medicaid insurance were less likely than patients with private insurance to receive an autologous reconstruction. There was no evidence for changes over time in the way socio-demographic and clinical factors were related to receiving immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy.ConclusionsClinical characteristics, sociodemographic factors like age, race and insurance coverage affect the decision for reconstructive surgery following mastectomy.     

乳腺癌术后修复重建的临床经验

目的 探讨国人乳腺癌术后修复重建的经验。方法 回顾性分析2009年11月至2011年1月海南省农垦总医院收治的15例乳腺癌术后自体组织修复重建患者的临床资料。结果 15例手术患者中,即刻修复5例（4例为即刻修复临床Ⅳ期乳癌术后胸壁创面）,延期修复10例。单纯应用背阔肌肌皮瓣带蒂转移3例（2例为即刻修复保乳术后局部缺损）,背阔肌肌皮瓣带蒂转移加乳房假体3例,乳腺瓣修复保乳术后局部缺损1例,内窥镜辅助背阔肌肌瓣带蒂转移修复保乳术后乳腺局部缺损1例,组织扩张术行局部皮瓣转移2例。随访2～15个月,皮瓣全部成活,创面愈合良好,形态满意。结论 自体组织修复保乳术后的局部缺损对于乳房普遍较小的中国患者实用方便,设计灵活,可同时修复腋窝缺损,不影响放疗和化疗的及时进行,具有良好的应用前景。