脾海绵状血管瘤的诊治体会

目的 了解脾海绵状血管瘤的临床特点及诊断、治疗要点.方法 回顾性分析总结1989年4月至2007年7月间21例脾海绵状血管瘤的临床表现、辅助检查(实验室检查、影像学检查、病理学检查)以及治疗结果和预后情况.结果 脾海绵状血管瘤的临床表现缺乏特异性,主要症状为左上腹部包块、左上腹不适、腹痛等.检查手段包括B超、CT、MRI、血管造影等.脾海绵状血管瘤最主要的治疗方法是脾切除.结论 脾海绵状血管瘤瘤体较大(直径＞4 cm)或有症状的患者,可以进行脾手术切除,术式可以开腹脾切除,也可以手助腹腔镜脾切除;对于没有临床症状、肿瘤较小的患者,可以进行密切的观察随访.     

关节镜对膝关节滑膜血管瘤的诊断和治疗价值

目的探讨关节镜在膝关节滑膜血管瘤的诊断和治疗中的价值。方法通过对5例经关节镜检查并经病理证实为膝关节滑膜血管瘤患者的随访观察，分析其临床表现、彩色超声检查及核磁共振成像的特点，并观察关节镜在滑膜血管瘤的诊断和治疗中的作用。结果疼痛是膝关节滑膜血管瘤的主要表现，但由于疼痛无特异性，临床诊断困难。彩色多普勒检查及核磁共振检查均可发现膝关节内血流丰富的肿块，关节镜下肿瘤表现为增生、扩张、迂曲的血管团。关节镜下肿瘤切除术后随访6～24个月，疼痛症状消失，关节功能恢复良好。结论彩色多普勒超声和核磁共振检奁有助于滑膜血管瘤的术前诊断，关节镜检查结合组织活检是确诊本病的重要手段。但要提高早期诊断率，加强对本病的认识是关键，关节镜下肿瘤切除是滑膜血管瘤治疗的有效方法，且镜下手术具有创伤小、并发症少、不影响关节活动等优点。     

钆塞酸二钠增强MRI影像组学对肝血管瘤腹腔镜肝切除术后疗效的预测价值

目的 探讨钆塞酸二钠（Gd-EOB-DTPA）增强MRI影像组学对肝血管瘤腹腔镜肝切除术疗效的预测价值。方法 选取2018年2月至2020年10月行腹腔镜肝切除术治疗的肝血管瘤患者131例作为研究对象。采用计算机产生随机数法将131例肝血管瘤患者以7:3的比例分为训练集（92例）和验证集（39例）,分别用于构建和验证预测模型效能。根据术后是否出现并发症将训练集患者分为预后不良组和预后良好组,比较两组患者的临床特征资料。使用最小绝对收缩和选择算子（the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator,LASSO）回归5折交叉验证方法筛选训练集临床和影像组学特征,得到最优特征子集。使用机器学习算法构建预测模型,并使用受试者工作特征（receiver operating characteristics,ROC）曲线评价各模型对肝血管瘤术后疗效的预测价值。结果 训练集中预后良好64例,预后不良28例,两组在慢性疾病、肝血管瘤最大径、血管瘤数、血管瘤供血动脉支数、肝切除大小、术中出血量方面差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。依据LASSO回归中的最佳λ取值筛选出14个非零系数特征构成的最优特征子集,其中包括12个组学特征和2个临床特征。利用训练集筛选出的最优特征子集构建Logistic回归、CatBoost、XGBoost和LightGBM模型的AUC分别为0.820、0.722、0.784、0.693。验证集构建的Logistic回归、CatBoost、XGBoost和LightGBM模型的ROC曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.814、0.706、0.785、0.684。4种机器学习模型的预测效果良好,其中Logistic回归的预测效果优于其他3种。结论 血管瘤最大径和血管瘤数目,结合Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI影像组学,以此构建的机器学习模型可用于预测肝血管瘤腹腔镜肝切除术后疗效,其中Logistic回归算法构建的模型更加精准。     

Cystic Lymphangioma of the Breast: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to report magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of cystic lymphangiomas of the breast. METHODS: MRI of the breast was performed using a phased-array double breast coil with a 1.5-T MR scanner. Routine T1 and T2 and post-contrast sequential imaging was performed. RESULTS: The MRI characteristics of cystic lymphangioma in the breast are described. CONCLUSION: MR imaging provides for multiplanar evaluation and diagnosis of cystic lymphangioma of the breast, which is a rare occurrence.     

Hemangioma of the hand.

The authors describe the anatomopathological and clinical findings of 24 cases of benign hemangioma of the hand. The instrumental methods used to diagnose hemangioma are discussed, and MRI imaging is given particular importance in the preoperative evaluation of the site, size, extent, and relationship with the surrounding tissues and any multiple locations of the vascular tumor. This evaluation is essential to perform a wide resection of the tumor, which is the only means of avoiding recurrence. After an average follow-up of 33 months (14-54) recurrence was observed in 7% of the cases treated.     

三维高时间分辨率MR血管减影成像诊断四肢软组织血管瘤

目的探讨四肢软组织血管瘤的常规MRI表现,评价三维高时间分辨率磁共振血管减影成像（3D-HR-MRI-SA）诊断该病的价值。方法对18例临床证实的四肢软组织血管瘤患者,采用3．0TMR机行常规MR平扫和增强扫描以及3D-HR-MRISA,观察3D-HR-MRISA显示供血动脉和引流静脉的能力。以4分法（0-3分）评价各序列对瘤灶的辨认能力。结果18例中,16例单发,2例多发,共20个病灶。17个瘤灶可见供血动脉,13个瘤灶可见引流静脉。脂肪抑制T2W1辨认瘤灶范围的累积评分（2．78±0．44）优于T1wI（1．67±1．00,P=0．013）、T2w1（2．33±0．50,P=0．035）及3I）-HR_MRIsA原始图像（1．89±0．60,P=0．009）,与脂肪抑制增强T1WI差异无统计学意义（2．33士0．71,P=0．169）,而脂肪抑制增强T1WI辨认瘤灶范围的能力优于3D-HR-MRISA原始图像（P=0．035）。结论3D-HR—MRISA可初步评估血管瘤的血流动力学状态,有利于临床制定诊疗方案,但在显示瘤灶范围及其与周围结构的关系方面不可替代常规序列MRI。     

Synovial hemangioma of the knee joint with cystic invasion of the femur: a case report and review of the literature

Synovial hemangioma is a rare benign intra-articular tumor. It may be a cause of pain and recurrent joint swelling in children and young adults. This report presents a 29-year-old patient with a synovial hemangioma in the left knee joint. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the typical features of a soft tissue hemangioma and revealed a cystic invasion of the medial femur. The tumor was locally excised and a partial synovectomy was performed. The lesion of the femur was filled with autologous bone from the iliac crest. Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of a synovial hemangioma. In a review of the recent literature we report the common features of a synovial hemangioma, with emphasis on its diagnosis and therapy.     

Male breast hemangioma--a rare entity: a case report and review of the literature

We report the case of a 77-year-old man with a very rare breast tumor: hemangioma. The clinical examination found a large (6 cm diameter) lump and mammography revealed a well-defined high-density lesion with lobulated contour. Simple mastectomy was performed. The histology confirmed the diagnosis of benign hemangioma. There has been no local recurrence after 9 years of follow-up. There is very little literature on this type of tumor in men. Generally hemangiomas are large and ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are useful for the diagnosis. The important differential diagnosis with angiosarcoma is based on specific histologic patterns. Moreover, malignant transformation of hemangioma is rare, but possible.     

FDG‐PET proves to be reliable in the diagnostic workup of a rare cardiac hemangioma

The noninvasive characterization of cardiac tumors is of clinical importance for surgical resection planning. Conventional radiological examinations like cardiac computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be misleading as benign cardiac lesions can present features suspicious for malignancy. Moreover, the low prevalence of cardiac tumors may additionally hamper a sound diagnosis. However, fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) has proven to be a reliable tool for cardiac tumor characterization. Here, FDG‐PET/CT imaging of a 50‐year‐old man suffering from a cardiac tumor is presented. Despite CT and MRI signs of malignancy, FDG‐PET characterized the tumor as benign. Histology confirmed the FDG‐PET prediction and revealed a pericardial capillary hemangioma. Thereby, it seems important to integrate FDG‐PET in the diagnostic workup of cardiac tumors.     

骨骼肌肌内血管瘤的诊断及手术治疗

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声及磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）对肌内血管瘤（intramuscular hemangioma,IMH）的诊断价值,及其手术疗效.方法：自2000年12月至2013年1月,手术治疗54例经术后病理证实为IMH的患者,其中男19例,女35例;年龄11～59岁,平均33.6岁;病程2.5～15年,平均5.2年.38例行彩色多普勒超声检查,14例行MRI检查.所有患者证实后均采用手术治疗,观察手术时间、术中出血量及术后并发症、术后病理分型的情况,并采用IMH疗效评定标准对其手术疗效进行评价.结果：43例获得随访,时间7～49个月,平均28.4个月.手术时间（53～187） min,平均76.3 min;术中出血量（70～350） ml,平均223.6ml;术后无伤口感染及死亡等并发症发生.经彩色多普勒超声检查确诊35例（92.12％）;MRI检查确诊13例（92.86％）.术后Brown病理分型：毛细血管型20例,海绵状血管型22例,混合型12例.根据IMH疗效评价标准,优29例,良8例,不满意4例,差2例.结论：彩色多普勒超声、MRI对肌内血管瘤的确诊率高,临床应用价值显著;手术治疗肌内血管瘤疗效好,术后症状明显缓解或彻底消失,生活质量显著提高,复发率低.     

肾脏交织状血管瘤的影像学表现：附2例报告并文献复习

目的探讨肾脏交织状血管瘤的临床特点及影像学表现,提高对该病的诊断及治疗水平。方法回顾性分析2例原发于肾脏的交织状血管瘤患者的临床资料,2例患者术前接受CT 或 MRI 检查均诊断为肾脏肿瘤性病变,均接受腹腔镜下根治性肾脏切除术。结果肿块在CT 上呈类圆形,边界尚清,凸向肾窦,增强呈不均匀性延迟强化特点;T2 WI 上呈不均匀的稍高信号,DWI 呈等或稍高信号,PWI 上强化方式与增强 CT 相似,呈向心性充填。术后病检肿块呈灰褐色,与周围组织境界清,无包膜;显微镜下,肿块具有松散的小叶结构,肿瘤细胞无异型性;免疫组化示 CD31(＋)、CD34(＋)。术后患者恢复良好,未出现明显复发或转移迹象。结论交织状血管瘤是肾脏的良性血管瘤性疾病,临床少见,影像学上有一定的特点,但术前诊断困难。此类病变应与肾脏恶性肿瘤,特别是血管肉瘤相鉴别。治疗上以手术治疗为主。     

Phased-array magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate with correlation to radical prostatectomy specimens: local experience

PURPOSE: To evaluate local experience of phased-array magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the staging of locally advanced prostate carcinoma with comparison to clinical staging. METHODS: The study population was 21 patients who underwent preoperative MRI with pelvic phased-array coils followed by radical prostatectomy. The MRI findings were correlated with completely embedded serially sliced and whole-mounted sections of the prostate gland and clinical staging. RESULTS: Overall accuracy of 57.1% was obtained, with specificity of 90.0% and sensitivity of 27.3%. All but one case of locally advanced disease missed by MRI was microscopic. Clinical staging in these cases also achieved accuracy of 57.1%, specificity of 90.0% and sensitivity of 27.3%. CONCLUSIONS: MRI with a phased-array coil has high specificity but low sensitivity for detection of extraprostatic disease. Phased-array MRI does not image microscopic tumour extension. It did not perform better than clinical staging and is not recommended for routine staging.     

A comparison of transrectal ultrasonography and endorectal magnetic resonance imaging in the local staging of prostatic carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the staging accuracy of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) and endorectal magnetic resonance imaging (eMRI) for organ-confined prostatic carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients with clinically confined prostatic adenocarcinoma were evaluated to be candidates for radical prostatectomy. All underwent TRUS and eMRI before surgery. Imaging findings evaluated prospectively in each patient were extracapsular extension (ECE), seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) and the site of involvement. The results of the imaging techniques were compared with the histopathological findings. As two patients with metastatic lymph nodes (detected on frozen-section examination during surgery) were spared radical prostatectomy, the final evaluation included 23 patients. RESULTS: Endorectal coil MRI was more sensitive than TRUS for detecting both ECE, SVI and the site of ECE involvement in organ-confined prostatic carcinoma. TRUS was more accurate than eMRI for detecting the site of SVI involvement. However, the overall staging accuracy rates for both imaging modalities were equal. CONCLUSIONS: Neither TRUS nor eMRI was significantly better than the other for determining the local extent of prostatic carcinoma. Therefore, TRUS should be the study of choice until MRI technology improves sufficiently in the preoperative staging of localized prostate cancer.     

肝巨大血管瘤手术切除可行性分析

目的:探讨巨大肝海绵状血管瘤的诊断手段和外科治疗的可行性。方法:对31例巨大肝海绵状血管瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。术前影像学检查行B超＋MRI 16例,B超＋CT 11例,B超＋CT＋MRI 4例; 诊断为肝血管瘤29例（93.6%）,误诊肝癌2例（6.4％）; 均行根治性手术切除。结果:全组均获完全切除,无手术死亡。术中出血平均量800 mL（400～2 000 mL）,自体血回收平均600 mL（250～1 500 mL）。术中发生胆道损伤2例; 术后发生胸腔积液18例,膈下积液6例,肺炎4例,均治愈出院。结论:B超＋MRI是肝巨大血管瘤手术前最合适的检查,术前应仔细分析肝血管瘤影像学表现、设计合理手术方案、术中精细操作是手术成功的关键。     

结直肠海绵状血管瘤的诊断及外科治疗

目的 总结国内文献中结直肠海绵状血管瘤的临床病例特点和外科治疗方式.方法 回顾性分析北京协和医院1993年至2006年收治的4例和检索1979年至2006年国内文献报道的54例结直肠海绵状血管瘤的病例资料.结果 男女发病比例为100:1.0,43.1%的患者在婴幼儿时期发病,98.3%的患者表现为反复血便,纤维结肠镜、直肠CT和磁共振成像的诊断准确率为100%.91.4%的患者病变呈弥漫浸润性,8.6%的病变表现为局限性.82.8%的患者接受了外科干预治疗,3.5%的患者未接受治疗.结论 纤维结肠镜是诊断结直肠海绵状血管瘤的首选诊断方式.外科手术方式的选择方面应该根据患者的具体情况而定.     

Preoperative magnetic resonance staging of rectal cancer with an endorectal coil and dynamic gadolinium enhancement

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to assess the value of endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium enhancement in the preoperative staging of rectal cancer. METHODS: In addition to standard evaluation, patients with rectal lesions were assessed by MRI obtained with a pelvic phased-array coil in combination with an endorectal coil. RESULTS: The study group comprised 29 patients with rectal cancer staged with an endorectal coil who had surgery without preoperative adjuvant therapy. In addition to standard T1- and T2-weighted images, dynamic contrast-enhanced images were acquired in all patients. Considerable interobserver variation was noted, particularly for pathological tumour stage pT1 or pT2 (kappa = 0.36). Compared with pathological findings, endorectal MRI correctly staged nine patients, overstaged 16 and understaged four. Whilst lymph node metastases were accurately detected in 70 per cent of patients, the positive predictive value was only 58 per cent. CONCLUSION: MR staging of rectal cancer with an endorectal coil and gadolinium enhancement is inaccurate for early tumours (stage T1 or T2) and is associated with a considerable degree of interobserver variation for individual scan sequences.     

Abnormal parameters of magnetically evoked motor-evoked potentials in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Magnetic stimulation (MS), which is used to evaluate motor pathways, is helpful in evaluating cervical spinal cord compression (cervical myelopathy [CM]). Previous studies have shown that the central motor conduction time (CMCT), which is the time taken for the nerve impulses to reach the cervical spinal roots after the stimulation of the motor cortex, is prolonged in CM. However, the duration of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in CM has not been studied in detail. PURPOSE: To compare the duration, CMCT and amplitude of MEPs by MS between patients with clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of CM and a control group. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: A cross-sectional study done at Teaching Hospital, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. PATIENT SAMPLE: Consecutive patients with clinical features of cervical spondylotic myelopathy, without coexisting neurological abnormality. METHODS: Transcranial and cervical spinal magnetic stimulation were performed on 21 patients with clinical and MRI features of spondylotic CM (mean age, 43.5years; range, 36-63 years; 9 men) and 17 healthy volunteers (mean age, 39.05 years; range, 23-54yrs; 6 males) using a circular coil with a Magstim 200 stimulator. MEPs were recorded over abductor digiti minimi muscle on both hands. RESULTS: Seventeen patients had upper motor neuron (UMN) features in all four limbs; in the others, both lower limbs and one upper limb were affected. The upper limbs with UMN features had shorter duration MEPs compared with the control group. The CMCT and the total motor conduction time were also delayed in the CM group. All three differences were very highly significant (t=5.75, -3.76, 5.27; p<.001). The amplitudes showed no significant difference between the two groups (t=1.27, p=.208). CONCLUSION: This study shows that in addition to the CMCT, the duration of MEPs is also useful in evaluating patients with CM using MS.     

Vertebral hemangioma extending into the spinal canal: case report

A 73-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital presenting slowly progressive hypoesthesia below the 5th thoracic dermatome and spastic paraparesis. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a mass lesion in the T3 vertebral body extending into the spinal canal. The spinal cord was compressed to the left side and right T3 and T4 nerve roots were encased in the mass lesion. One week after admission, T2-T4 laminectomy was performed to relieve the spinal cord compression. A highly vascularized tumor was observed in the epidural space at T3 and T4 levels. The tumor in the spinal canal was removed. The histopathological diagnosis was cavernous hemangioma. The patient's symptoms improved after the surgery. Asymptomatic vertebral hemangiomas are common, but its extraosseus extension causing neurologic symptoms (compressive vertebral hemangioma) is rare. The clinical symptoms, the radiological features, and the strategies for the treatment of compressive vertebral hemangiomas were discussed.     

肝血管瘤的诊断治疗:附50例报告

目的　探讨肝血管瘤的诊断和治疗方法。方法　回顾分析近 5年收治的 5 0例肝血管瘤的临床资料。结果　全组诊断率为 96.0 %。术前B超、增强CT及MRI诊断符合率分别为 90 % ( 4 5 /5 0 )、97.6% ( 4 0 /4 1)和 10 0 % ( 5 /5 )。 7例最大瘤径小于 4cm且无症状的病例 ,明确诊断后出院定期复查 ;对最大瘤径大于 4cm ,有症状和瘤径虽小但诊断可疑的 43例患者 ,1例行腹腔镜肝血管瘤切除术 ,3例行肝动脉介入栓塞治疗 ,3 9例行手术治疗。手术并发症率为 10 .3 % ( 4 /3 9)。无手术死亡。结论　B超、增强CT、MRI是诊断肝血管瘤的重要方法。对最大瘤径大于 4cm ,有症状 ,或瘤径虽小但生长较快 ,或合并其他疾病的患者 ,手术治疗是安全、有效的方法。对瘤体较小的肝脏边缘性血管瘤可以有选择的进行腹腔镜血管瘤切除术