Protein kinase C-gamma and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-alpha are persistently translocated to cell membranes of the rat brain during and after middle cerebral artery occlusion.

The levels of protein kinase C-gamma (PKC-gamma ) and the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II-alpha (CaMKII-alpha) were measured in crude synaptosomal (P2), particulate (P3), and cytosolic (S3) fractions of the neocortex of rats exposed to 1-hour and 2-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 2-hour MCAO followed by 2-hour reperfusion. During MCAO, PKC levels increased in P2 and P3 in the most severe ischemic areas concomitantly with a decrease in S3. In the penumbra, PKCgamma decreased in S3 without any significant increases in P2 and P3. Total PKC-gamma also decreased in the penumbra but not in the ischemic core, suggesting that the protein is degraded by an energy-dependent mechanism, possibly by the 26S proteasome. The CaMKII-alpha levels increased in P2 but not P3 during ischemia and reperfusion in all ischemic regions, particularly in the ischemic core. Concomitantly, the levels in S3 decreased by 20% to 40% in the penumbra and by approximately 80% in the ischemic core. There were no changes in the total levels of CaMKII-alpha during MCAO. The authors conclude that during and after ischemia, PKC and CaMKII-alpha are translocated to the cell membranes, particularly synaptic membranes, where they may modulate cellular function, such as neurotransmission, and also affect cell survival. Drugs preventing PKC and/or CaMKII-alpha translocation may prove beneficial against ischemic cell death.     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后凋亡诱导因子的表达与神经元凋亡的关系

目的 探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后凋亡诱导因子(AIF)的表达变化及与细胞凋亡的关系.方法 将Wistar大鼠分为假手术组(6只)和模型组(30只).模型组大鼠采用线栓法建立大脑中动脉闭塞模型,假手术组大鼠插线较模型组浅,不造成大脑中动脉闭塞.观察假手术组及模型组缺血再灌注后6 h、24 h、48 h、72 h和7 d缺血半暗带AIF的表达,同时利用TUNEL法观察对应区域细胞凋亡的动态变化规律.结果模型组脑缺血再灌注6 h在缺血半暗带区AIF阳性细胞显著增加,再灌注48 h达到高峰[(130.47±11.32)个];各时相点均可见细胞凋亡,凋亡细胞数以再灌注48 h最多f(118.53±11.67)个];各组问比较差异均有统计学意义(JP<0.05).结论 局灶性脑缺血再灌注可致AIF表达增加.并引起细胞凋亡.     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后STAT1蛋白表达的研究

目的探讨ＳＴＡＴ１基因在大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤中的表达及其在缺血性神经元损伤中可能的作用。方法采用线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型，用免疫组化方法观察ＳＴＡＴ１蛋白在大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后不同时间点脑组织中的表达。结果ＳＴＡＴ１蛋白在脑缺血６０ｍｉｎ再灌注２４ｈ后呈阳性表达，半暗带损伤区表达最显著，表达持续时间达１周。结论ＳＴＡＴ１蛋白超量表达可能对神经细胞存活和修复过程是有益的     

鼠脑缺血时氧化还原因子-1蛋白的表达

目的：观察大鼠永久性脑缺血后不同时相脑组织氧化还原因子－1蛋白的表达特性。方法：采用线栓法制作大鼠大脑中动脉阻断模型,以尾壳平面为模板,采用免疫组化方法,观察正常对照组,假手术及缺血1、6、12、24和48h氧化还原因子－1蛋白阳性染色细胞的分布部位及数量。结果：免疫组织化学染色显示,正常对照组、假手术组、左侧大脑半球氧化还原因子－蛋白在细胞核表达,而缺血组,在梗死中心的坏死区无氧化还原因子－1蛋白表达,在半暗带区,氧化还原因子－1蛋白表达随缺血时间的延长而下降,各时间点间差异有显著意义。结论：脑缺血后,半暗带区氧化还原因子－1蛋白免疫活性下降和DNA修复机制的失效,考虑与局灶性脑缺血半暗带区细胞凋亡的发生有关。     

Delayed treatment with MLN519 reduces infarction and associated neurologic deficit caused by focal ischemic brain injury in rats via antiinflammatory mechanisms involving nuclear factor-kappaB activation, gliosis, and leukocyte infiltration.

Secondary brain injury due to ischemia includes the infiltration of leukocytes into the brain parenchyma mediated by activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), which is activated by proteasome degradation. Neuroprotection with the proteasome inhibitor MLN519 has previously been reported to decrease ischemic brain injury in rats. The authors used higher doses of MLN519 to evaluate the neuroprotection therapeutic window after 24 hours of brain injury in rats as correlated to proteasome levels, activated NF-kappaB immunoreactivity, and leukocyte infiltration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 2-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and recovery. MLN519 or vehicle was administered after injury with a single injection given in delayed increments of 2 hours (i.e., 4, 6, or 8 hours after MCAO). Treatment with MLN519 up to 6 hours after MCAO (4 hours after reperfusion) effectively reduced neuronal and astrocytic degeneration, decreased cortical infarct volume, and increased neurologic recovery. These effects were related to >80% reductions in blood proteasome levels, reduced neutrophil infiltration, and a decrease in activated NF-kappaB immunoreactivity. This improved neuroprotection profile and antiinflammatory effect of MLN519 provides an exciting avenue for potential treatment of focal ischemic brain injury in humans.     

磷酸化Rb蛋白在正常成年大鼠与脑缺血大鼠神经元内的表达变化

目的观察正常成年大鼠与局灶性脑缺血大鼠神经元内磷酸化Rb蛋白(p-Rb)的表达及变化特点。方法应用免疫荧光组织化学染色方法观察成年大鼠不同脑区神经元内p-Rb表达特点,比较大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)后不同时间点(12h、1d、3d、7d)缺血半暗带内神经元p-Rb的变化特点。结果成年大鼠神经元内p-Rb主要在细胞核内表达;与对照组相比,MCAO再灌注后各时间点p-Rb免疫反应性均增强;再灌注1d,缺血半暗带内部分神经元p-Rb表达由细胞核转移到细胞浆。结论成熟神经元内p-Rb在细胞核内表达可能对于维持神经元的有丝分裂后状态有一定作用,当其发生核浆转移提示神经元细胞周期调控机制紊乱,可能再进入细胞周期。     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后CAD表达与细胞凋亡的关系

目的　探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后缺血半暗带 Caspase-3激活的 DNA酶 (CAD)基因的表达变化与细胞凋亡的关系。方法　线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞 (MCAO)及再通模型。应用 RT-PCR技术检测MCAO再通后不同时相缺血半暗带皮质 CAD基因的表达 ,同时利用 TU NEL法观察对应区域细胞凋亡的动态变化规律。结果　脑缺血再灌注 6h,半暗带皮质 CAD m RNA显著升高 ,密度比值为 0 .74± 0 .0 4,再灌注 2 4h达到高峰 (1.13± 0 .11)。对应各时相均可见神经细胞凋亡 ,凋亡细胞以再灌注 48h组为最高 (113 .10± 13 .88)。结论　脑缺血再灌注可致 CAD基因表达上调 ,可能参与了缺血后神经细胞凋亡过程     

葡萄糖调节蛋白78对脑缺血再灌注后神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的 通过体内体外实验探讨内质网伴侣蛋白-葡萄糖调节蛋白(GRP)78对缺血再灌注后神经细胞凋亡的影响.方法 体内实验采用大鼠大脑中动脉线栓模型,应用免疫组织化学、Western blot和RT-PCR方法检测脑缺血再灌注后缺血周围区GRP78表达的动态变化;体外实验通过原代培养的海马神经元建立脑缺血再灌注模型,Western blot方法观察去糖去氧及恢复糖氧后GRP78表达的变化,并运用2脱氧葡萄糖诱导GRP78高表达,观察对神经细胞凋亡的影响.结果 体内实验:与假手术组相比,脑缺血再灌注后GRP78表达明显增强,再灌注12 h达高峰(mRNA:0.7367±0.0651,F-477.160,P<0.01;蛋白:0.8129±0.0748,F=39.857,P<0.01).体外实验:经2脱氧葡萄糖预处理高表达GRP78的神经细胞活力明显增强(与单纯去糖去氧组相比,细胞活力增加了39.22%±0.44%,t=46.374,P<0.01),凋亡细胞减少(与单纯去糖去氧组相比,凋亡细胞数减少16.60±1.02,t=7.530,P<0.01).结论 脑缺血再灌注启动内质网应激反应,与神经细胞凋亡有关;诱导GRP78高表达可以减轻缺血再灌注性神经元的损伤和凋亡.     

Lateral intracerebroventricular injection of Apelin-13 inhibits apoptosis after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Apelin-13 inhibits neuronal apoptosis caused by hydrogen peroxide, yet apoptosis following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury has rarely been studied. In this study, Apelin-13 (0.1 μg/g) was injected into the lateral ventricle of middle cerebral artery occlusion model rats. TTC, TUNEL, and immunohistochemical staining showed that compared with the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion group, infarct volume and apoptotic cell number at the ischemic penumbra region were decreased in the Apelin-13 treatment group. Additionally, Apelin-13 treatment increased Bcl-2 immunoreactivity and decreased caspase-3 immunoreactivity. Our findings suggest that Apelin-13 is neuroprotective against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibition of neuronal apoptosis.     

NO对实验性局灶脑缺血再灌流神经细胞凋亡影响的定量研究

目的 研究ＮＯ在局灶性脑缺血再灌流过程中对神经细胞的作用机制，特别是ＮＯ与细胞凋亡的关系。方法 利用流式细胞仪检测法，测定Ｎ－硝基－左旋－精氨酸（ＮＮＬＡ）干预后局灶性脑缺血鼠脑组织中神经细胞的凋情况。结果 在缺血再灌流期间过多或过少的ＮＯ均对缺血区凋亡峰有明显影响，小剂量ＮＮＬＡ减少神经细胞凋亡的发生率，大剂量ＮＮＬＡ增加神经细胞凋亡的发生率。结论 局灶性脑缺血的不同区域，包括正常及病变组织中的     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后LPA1的表达对神经元凋亡的影响

目的 探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后溶血磷脂酸受体1(LPA1)的表达对神经元凋亡的影响及其可能机制。方法 将24只SPF级SD雄性大鼠随机分为4组,每组各6只,分别为假手术组(A组)、大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAO)组(B组)、MCAO+溶剂组(C组)、MCAO+LPA1拮抗剂(Ki16425)组(D组); 4组均于手术后48 h取标本; 利用HE染色观察大鼠脑组织细胞形态的变化; 四氮唑红(TTC)染色观察大鼠脑梗死面积; 免疫荧光技术检测LPA1在大鼠皮层半暗带神经元表达水平; 免疫印迹、免疫组化技术检测大鼠脑组织中Caspase-3蛋白及p-Akt蛋白表达水平。结果 与A组比较,B组有明显的缺血再灌注损伤,表现为细胞肿胀,细胞溶解坏死,大鼠皮层半暗带神经元的LPA1表达水平较高; 与C组比较,D组大鼠脑梗死面积显著增大(P<0.05),缺血半暗带细胞肿胀更加明显,胞浆空泡区增大,细胞核固缩更加严重,细胞间隙增宽更明显; D组较C组缺血半暗带Caspase-3蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.05),而p-Akt蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05)。结论 抑制大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌后LPA1的表达可使大鼠脑梗死面积增大,细胞凋亡增加,同时p-Akt蛋白表达减少,这说明在大鼠局灶性缺血再灌注过程中LPA1对神经元具有保护作用,其机制可能是通过Akt途径来发挥保护作用的。     

Gene expression patterns in mouse cortical penumbra after focal ischemic brain injury and reperfusion

Ischemic stress in the brain causes acute and massive cell death in the targeted core area followed by a second phase of damage in the neighboring penumbra. The purpose of this study was to examine the global gene expression patterns in the penumbra, because the ischemic lesion in this region could be rescued by restoration of blood flow and other protective therapies. Adult C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to a 90-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Laser capture microdissection (LCM) was used for tissue dissection at 4 and 24 hr after reperfusion. Sham-operated animals were used as controls. Gene expression in the penumbra was examined by using microarray analysis and quantitative RT-PCR. In agreement with previous reports, most genes were down-regulated at 4 hr after the onset of reperfusion in the ischemic penumbra compared with controls. In contrast, at 24 hr after reperfusion, most genes were up-regulated in the ischemic penumbra. Several genes not previously reported to be associated with ischemia were found. The gene lists generated in this study will help us to understand better the spatial and temporal distribution of molecules involved in the ischemic cascade. Published 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

大鼠短暂性脑缺血后葡萄糖转运子3表达变化

目的 研究大鼠短暂性脑缺血葡萄糖转运子3（GLUT3）转录水平表达规律。方法 用插线法建立大鼠短暂性脑缺血模型。剥取缺血半暗带及中心区皮质组织,采用半定量逆转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）,测定不同再灌注时间GLUT3mRNA水平的变化。结果 再灌注3h缺血半暗区GLUT3mRNA3h升高,48h达到高峰,再灌注1周后仍高于正常。结论 再灌注后,缺血半暗带GLUT3的表达明显上调,有可能是机体抗损伤性反应。     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤后Caspase-1的表达

目的研究Caspase-1在大鼠脑缺血／再灌注损伤中的作用。方法用Longa法制备大鼠大脑中动脉缺血（2h）／再灌注模型，HE染色观察梗死灶的形成，分别用TUNEL染色及免疫组化技术检测鼠脑缺血中心区及半暗带凋亡细胞与Caspase-1的表达。结果在缺血中心区Caspase-1及凋亡细胞主要见于缺血再灌注损伤早期；在缺血半暗带凋亡细胞与Caspase-1于缺血再灌注损伤早期表达不明显，于缺血再灌注24-48h则明显表达。结论细胞凋亡机制参与了缺血后迟发性神经元死亡，Caspase-1参与了其损伤过程。     

ADAMTS13 gene deletion enhances plasma high-mobility group box1 elevation and neuroinflammation in brain ischemia–reperfusion injury

Highly adhesive glycoprotein von Willebrand factor (VWF) multimer induces platelet aggregation and leukocyte tethering or extravasation on the injured vascular wall, contributing to microvascular plugging and inflammation in brain ischemia–reperfusion. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type-1 motifs 13 (ADAMTS13) cleaves the VWF multimer strand and reduces its prothrombotic and proinflammatory functions. Although ADAMTS13 deficiency is known to amplify post-ischemic cerebral hypoperfusion, there is no report available on the effect of ADAMTS13 on inflammation after brain ischemia. We investigated if ADAMTS13 deficiency intensifies the increase of extracellular HMGB1, a hallmark of post-stroke inflammation, and exacerbates brain injury after ischemia–reperfusion. ADAMTS13 gene knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to 30-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 23.5-h reperfusion under continuous monitoring of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). The infarct volume, plasma high-mobility group box1 (HMGB1) level, and immunoreactivity of the ischemic cerebral cortical tissue (double immunofluorescent labeling) against HMGB1/NeuN (neuron-specific nuclear protein) or HMGB1/MPO (myeloperoxidase) were estimated 24 h after MCAO. ADAMTS13KO mice had larger brain infarcts compared with WT 24 h after MCAO (p < 0.05). The rCBF during reperfusion decreased more in ADAMTS13KO mice. The plasma HMGB1 increased more in ADAMTS13KO mice than in WT after ischemia–reperfusion (p < 0.05). Brain ischemia induced more prominent activation of inflammatory cells co-expressing HMGB1 and MPO and more marked neuronal death in the cortical ischemic penumbra of ADAMTS13KO mice. ADAMTS13 deficiency may enhance systemic and brain inflammation associated with HMGB1 neurotoxicity, and aggravate brain damage in mice after brief focal ischemia. We hypothesize that ADAMTS13 protects brain from ischemia–reperfusion injury by regulating VWF-dependent inflammation as well as microvascular plugging.     

Hydroxyl radical formation is greater in striatal core than in penumbra in a rat model of ischemic stroke

Although hydroxyl radical ((*)OH) formation has been implicated in the pathophysiological changes of ischemic stroke, (*)OH production in the core and penumbra regions is not clear. It is extremely important to distinguish penumbra from ischemic core in focal cerebral ischemia studies, because the penumbra contains viable tissue, which can be salvaged by appropriate treatment. This study evaluated (*)OH production in both core and penumbra regions of ischemic striatum during ischemia and reperfusion. Microdialysis probes were placed in striatal tissue of rats subjected to the middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemic stroke. The (*)OH-trapping agent 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) was administered by both i.v. and probe infusion. Dialysate levels of the 4-HBA oxidation products, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHBA), were determined by HPLC-ECD. After microdialysis probe delivery of 4-HBA, (*)OH production was significantly increased in the striatal core during both ischemia and reperfusion. Penumbra (*)OH production increased only during reperfusion. Alterations of 3,4-DHBA concentration in dialysate following i.v. 4-HBA administration were likely related to alterations in tissue blood flow. The findings were confirmed by a greater oxidation of dihydroethidium in the ischemic core than in the penumbra as determined by fluorescent microscopy. The findings of (*)OH production in ischemic striatum are the opposite of those reported for ischemic cortex and suggest critical regional variations in (*)OH production that may have significant clinical implications in the treatment of ischemic stroke.     

针刺对大鼠缺血再灌注后脑细胞内钙稳态的影响及脑保护的机制探讨

目的探讨针刺对抗脑缺血再灌注所致脑细胞凋亡的机制。方法采用线栓法制作SD大鼠脑缺血再灌注动物模型,于脑缺血30m in再灌注30m in时给予针刺干预,于再灌注72h处死动物取材,分别作脑细胞内游离钙、CGRP和脑细胞凋亡的检测。结果针刺干预组与单纯脑缺血再灌注组比较,脑细胞内游离钙明显降低(P<0.05),CGRP的表达明显增强(P<0.05),脑细胞凋亡数目明显减少(P<0.05)。结论针刺通过调节钙稳态及介导CGRP的分泌,减少脑缺血再灌注后脑细胞的凋亡,增强脑组织对脑缺血缺氧的耐受性。     

Agmatine reduces infarct area in a mouse model of transient focal cerebral ischemia and protects cultured neurons from ischemia-like injury

Agmatine is a primary amine formed by the decarboxylation of L-arginine synthesized in mammalian brain. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of agmatine on ischemic and ischemia-like insults. Primary cortical neuronal cultures were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), a model of ischemia-like injury, and treated with agmatine before or at the start of OGD, or upon reperfusion. Neuronal death was reduced when agmatine was present during OGD, and this protection was associated with a reduction of nitric oxide (NO) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), but not inducible NOS (iNOS). Protection by agmatine was also studied at the in vivo level using a model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice. Mice were subjected to 2 h MCAO. Agmatine was administered either 30 min before ischemia, at the start of MCAO, at the start of reperfusion, or 2 or 5 h into reperfusion. Agmatine markedly reduced infarct area in all treatment groups except when treatment was delayed 5 h. The number of nNOS immunopositive cells was correlated with neuroprotection. Interestingly, immunoreactivity for iNOS was reduced only when agmatine was administered before and at the onset of MCAO. Our study suggests that agmatine may be a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce cerebral ischemic injury, and may act by inhibiting the detrimental effects of nNOS.     

局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠大脑NG2和O4表达变化

目的:探讨脑缺血再灌注大鼠早期大脑少突胶质祖细胞及未成熟少突胶质细胞变化及意义。方法:以线栓法制作SD大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型(阻塞90min再灌注1d、3d和7d);用免疫荧光组织化学法检测脑缺血再灌注后早期大鼠大脑梗死中心区、梗塞周边区和缺血对侧NG2和O4阳性细胞数量。结果:脑缺血再灌注后各时间点梗死中心区NG2和O4阳性细胞数明显减少;梗塞周边区NG2和O4阳性细胞数随着再灌注时间延长而逐渐增加,再灌注3d和7d增加显著;脑梗死对侧区NG2和O4阳性细胞数无明显变化。结论:成年SD大鼠脑缺血再灌注后梗塞周边区少突胶质祖细胞及未成熟少突胶质细胞增多,可能参与缺血损伤的修复过程。     

Interstitial pO2 in ischemic penumbra and core are differentially affected following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

Stroke causes heterogeneous changes in tissue oxygenation, with a region of decreased blood flow, the penumbra, surrounding a severely damaged ischemic core. Treatment of acute ischemic stroke aims to save this penumbra before its irreversible damage by continued ischemia. However, effective treatment remains elusive due to incomplete understanding of processes leading to penumbral death. While oxygenation is central in ischemic neuronal death, it is unclear exactly what actual changes occur in interstitial oxygen tension (pO2) in ischemic regions during stroke, particularly the penumbra. Using the unique capability of in vivo electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry to measure localized interstitial pO2, we measured both absolute values, and temporal changes of pO2 in ischemic penumbra and core during ischemia and reperfusion in a rat model. Ischemia rapidly decreased interstitial pO2 to 32% +/- 7.6% and 4% +/- 0.6% of pre-ischemic values in penumbra and core, respectively 1 hour after ischemia. Importantly, whilst reperfusion restored core pO2 close to its pre-ischemic value, penumbral pO2 only partially recovered. Hyperoxic treatment significantly increased penumbral pO2 during ischemia, but not in the core, and also increased penumbral pO2 during reperfusion. These divergent, important changes in pO2 in penumbra and core were explained by combined differences in cellular oxygen consumption rates and microcirculation conditions. We therefore demonstrate that interstitial pO2 in penumbra and core is differentially affected during ischemia and reperfusion, providing new insights to the pathophysiology of stroke. The results support normobaric hyperoxia as a potential early intervention to save penumbral tissue in acute ischemic stroke.