AIDS患者贫血与CD4+细胞计数的关系

目的观察HIV/AIDS患者贫血与CD4 细胞计数的关系.方法对192例HIV/AIDS患者的CD4 细胞计数、血红蛋白、贫血的发生率进行统计学分析.结果①不同CD4 细胞计数分组的血红蛋白(HGB)差异有显著性意义(P=0.000),CD4 ＜100/mm3的HGB与CD4 ＞100/mm3各组的HGB的差异均有显著性意义,而CD4 ＞100/mm3各组间的HGB的差异无显著性意义;②CD4 ＜200/mm3时贫血的发生率(12.9%)高于CD4 ＞200/mm3贫血的发生率(2.5%),两者的差异有显著性意义(P=0.01);③贫血与否与CD4 细胞计数的差异有显著性意义(P=0.024),贫血(HGB＜10g/dl)者CD4 细胞计数的范围是148±166/mm3.结论HIV/AIDS患者CD4 ＜200/mm3时贫血的发生率增加.     

HIV/AIDS合并乙肝病毒感染患者贫血与CD4+ T细胞、TGF-β1的相关性

目的探讨艾滋病病毒(HIV)合并乙肝病毒(HBV)感染患者血清CD4+T淋巴细胞计数、转化生长因子(TGF)-β1含量与血红蛋白(HB)之间的相关性。方法选择25例HIV/AIDS、18例HIV/AIDS合并HBV感染患者,在治疗前检测CD4+T淋巴细胞计数、TGF-β1含量及HB。结果 HIV/AIDS组及HIV/AIDS合并HBV组CD4+T细胞与HB之间均存在正相关性(P<0.05),与TGF-β1存在负相关性(P<0.05);TGF-β1与HB存在负相关性(P<0.05),两组之间上述检测指标比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论 HIV/AIDS合并HBV感染促使CD4+T细胞计数下降明显,TGF-β1增高,贫血进一步加重,三者之间存在相关性,对贫血的鉴别具有一定指导意义。     

HIV感染者/AIDS患者与肿瘤病人T淋巴细胞亚群数量的比较

目的　探讨艾滋病病毒 (HIV)感染者和艾滋病 (AIDS)患者与肿瘤病人CD+4和CD+8T淋巴细胞 (TH 和TS 细胞 )数量的变化并进行比较。方法　用流式细胞仪检测 78例HIV感染者 /AIDS患者和 37例肿瘤病人外周血中TH 和TS 细胞的数量以及计算TH/TS 的比值 ,组间比较采用双侧t检验。结果　HIV感染者 /AIDS患者TH细胞显著减少 ,且下降的幅度大 ,TH<5 0 0 / μl的占 83 3% ,其中 <2 0 0 / μl的占 5 6 4 % ,TH/TS 平均为 0 2 9;肿瘤病人TH 细胞计数也明显降低 ,TH<5 0 0 / μl的占 70 3% ,其中 <2 0 0 / μl的占 18 9% ,TH/TS 平均为 1 2 6。同一水平CD+4T细胞计数所对应的CD+8T细胞数量 ,HIV感染者 /AIDS患者高于肿瘤病人 ;两组病人TS 数量都随TH 数量的升高而增加。HIV感染者 /AIDS患者TH 细胞计数 <肿瘤病人 ,TS 细胞计数 >肿瘤病人 ,HIV感染者 /AIDS患者TH/TS 比值倒置 ,而肿瘤病人TH/TS 比值 >1。结论　HIV感染者 /AIDS患者和肿瘤病人存在不同程度的细胞免疫功能损害 ,T淋巴细胞亚群的检测可作为两者免疫诊断和免疫功能监测的指标之一 ,对于病人的治疗和预后有一定的意义     

HIV合并HCV感染患者的血液相关检测分析

目的分析艾滋病病毒(HIV)/丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)合并感染人群抗病毒治疗前血液相关检测结果特征及其对临床治疗的指导价值。方法回顾性分析广州市第八人民医院2009—2016年间收治的HIV感染者/AIDS病人(简称HIV/AIDS病人)、HIV/HCV合并感染者和HCV感染者抗病毒治疗前的实验室检测资料,对收集的病人免疫细胞计数和血常规相关检测指标,采用秩和检验进行统计分析,统计软件为SPSS 19.0。结果共入组196例病人,其中HIV单一感染者75例,HIV/HCV合并感染者76例,HCV单一感染组45例。分析HIV单一感染组和HIV/HCV合并感染组之间CD4+T淋巴细胞(简称CD4细胞)计数及CD8+T淋巴细胞(简称CD8细胞)计数、CD4/CD8比值,结果显示:HIV/HCV合并感染组的CD4细胞、CD8细胞计数和CD4/CD8比值较HIV单一感染组无显著差异(Z=-1.319,P=0.187;Z=-0.171,P=0.864;Z=-1.560,P=0.119);三组间血常规各项指标检测结果显示:HIV/HCV合并感染组红细胞(RBC)、血红蛋白(HGB)、平均红细胞体积、平均红细胞血红蛋白含量(MCH)、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度、RBC差值、HGB差值与HIV单一感染组及HCV单一感染组比较差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05),HIV单一感染组与HCV单一感染组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)(除MCH外)。结论排除肝功能异常的影响后,合并HCV感染未显著影响HIV/AIDS病人外周血免疫细胞计数,但合并HCV感染的HIV/AIDS病人抗病毒治疗前更易发生贫血,且以小细胞低色素性贫血类型为主,提示HIV/HCV合并感染者的临床治疗需要更多关注贫血发生。     

云南地区HIV/AIDS患者合并深部真菌感染的类型及免疫学特征分析

目的分析云南地区近5年HIV/AIDS患者合并深部真菌感染的类型与免疫学特征。方法采集住院HIV/AIDS患者送检血液、脑脊液、骨髓、痰及脓液等标本进行菌种的培养及鉴定,用流式细胞技术检测合并深部真菌感染的HIV患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群。结果 645例合并深部真菌感染的HIV/AIDS中分离出菌株702株,共11种,包括念珠菌304株(占43.3%),马尔尼菲篮状菌231株(占32.91%),新型隐球菌151株(占21.51%)。不同感染类型患者的CD4~+T淋巴细胞水平比较差异有统计学意义(χ~2=77.414,P0.01)。合并马尔尼菲篮状菌和新型隐球菌感染者的CD8~+T淋巴细胞水平比较差异有统计学意义(χ~2=33.624,P0.01)、马尔尼菲篮状菌与念珠菌感染的患者CD8~+T淋巴细胞水平比较差异有统计学意义(χ~2=13.161,P0.01)。HIV/AIDS患者合并感染真菌种类与CD4~+T/CD8~+T水平具有相关关系(χ~2=45.013,P0.01)。结论 HIV/AIDS患者易合并深部真菌感染,且不同菌种感染者的T淋巴细胞亚群构成不同。应根据艾滋病患者CD4~+、CD8~+ T淋巴细胞计数及CD4~+T/CD8~+T比值变化,进行治疗以降低病死率。     

HIV感染者/AIDS患者外周血CD38 HLA-DR分子在CD4+ CD8+T淋巴细胞上的表达

目的　观察国内艾滋病病毒 (HIV)感染者 /艾滋病 (AIDS)患者外周血CD38、HLA DR分子在CD+4 、CD+8T淋巴细胞上表达的变化 ,并探讨这些变化的临床意义。方法　用流式细胞仪检测 5 1例正常对照、14例HIV感染者和 3 6例AIDS患者的外周血CD+4 、CD+8T淋巴细胞表面的CD38、HLA DR分子的表达 ,用分枝DNA(bDNA)法检测 11例HIV感染者和 18例AIDS患者的血浆病毒载量。结果　CD+4 HLA DR+细胞百分比显示 ,AIDS组显著高于正常组及HIV组 ;CD+8HLA DR+T细胞百分比显示HIV组与AIDS组间无差异 ,而它们均显著高于正常组。CD+8、CD38+细胞百分比则是AIDS组 >HIV组 >正常组 ,CD+8CD38+、CD+8HLA DR+、CD+4 HLA DR+细胞百分比与病毒载量显著正相关。结论　在HIV感染过程中 ,HLA -DR+、CD38+在CD+4 、CD+8T淋巴细胞上的表达均显著增加 ,反映T淋巴细胞异常激活 ;尤其是CD+8CD38+细胞百分比随着疾病进展逐渐升高 ,预示疾病进展程度。在评价HIV感染者和AIDS患者的免疫状况时 ,不仅要考虑免疫细胞数量和功能的变化 ,还应考虑免疫细胞的激活水平     

静脉吸毒人群HIV感染者CD+3 CD+4 CD+8 T淋巴细胞定量研究与分析

目的　定量分析静脉吸毒人群艾滋病病毒 (HIV)感染者CD+ 3 、CD+ 4 、CD+ 8T淋巴细胞水平。方法　采用流式细胞技术 (FCM) ,对 76例无症状抗 HIV阳性的静脉吸毒者 ,16 5例抗 HIV阴性的静脉吸毒者及 6 1名正常对照 ,分别检测CD+ 3 、CD+ 4 、CD+ 8T淋巴细胞绝对计数和CD+ 4 /CD+ 8比值。结果　HIV感染组与静脉吸毒组及正常对照组各项指标间差异有非常显著的统计学意义 (F =10 5 0 2、15 9 13、2 2 0 0 8,P均 <0 0 1) ;CD+ 4 细胞计数和CD+ 4 /CD+ 8比值表现为HIV感染组 <静脉吸毒组 <正常对照组 (q =18 4、2 4 6、11 1,P均 <0 0 1) ,CD+ 3 细胞计数呈现为HIV感染组 >健康对照组 >静脉吸毒组 (q=19 8、6 5、10 8,P均 <0 0 1) ,CD+ 8细胞计数表现为HIV感染组 >静脉吸毒组 >健康对照组 (q=2 7 2、2 4 9,P均 <0 0 1;q =3 4 8,P均 <0 0 5 )。结论　HIV感染和 /或静脉吸毒均可不同程度的导致CD+ 4 和CD+ 8细胞水平的改变 ,有关静脉吸毒合并HIV感染对免疫细胞水平的影响尚需进一步深入研究。     

HIV感染者/AIDS患者外周血T细胞抗原受体γδT细胞的检测及其临床意义

目的　探讨外周血T细胞抗原受体 (TCR)γδT细胞在艾滋病病毒 (HIV)感染者 /艾滋病 (AIDS)患者疾病进程中的作用。方法　应用流式细胞仪采用三色荧光抗体染色技术分别检测 18例HIV感染者、2 9例AIDS患者、2 5例伴有机会性感染的AIDS患者、2 0例高效抗逆转录病毒联合疗法 (HAART)治疗后的AIDS患者及 2 0例正常对照者外周血的TCRγδT细胞与TCRαβT细胞。 结果　HIV感染者组和AIDS患者组的外周血TCRγδT细胞的百分率比正常对照组明显地增高 (P <0 0 1) ,而TCRαβT细胞的百分率明显地低于正常对照组 (P <0 0 1) ,AIDS患者组的CD+ 3 细胞的百分率明显地低于HIV感染者组和正常对照组 (P <0 0 1)。AIDS患者伴机会性感染组的外周血TCRγδT细胞的百分率明显地高于HAART治疗后的AIDS患者组 (P <0 0 1) ,该组的TCRαβT细胞的百分率及CD+ 3 T细胞的百分率则明显地低于经HAART治疗后的AIDS患者组 (P <0 0 1)。结论　TCRγδT细胞数量增多是机体受到病毒感染时的一种早期非特异性免疫反应 ,在AIDS的疾病进程中及机会性感染时起一定的免疫防御作用。     

HIV/HCV重叠感染患者病情进展的相关因素研究

探讨HIV/HCV重叠感染患者病情进展的原因和影响预后的相关因素.选择HIV/HCV重叠感染患者这一特定人群,按照疾病进展分成艾滋病组(AIDS)和HIV感染组(free of AIDS),回顾性分析两组间免疫功能、HIV病毒载量、肝脏功能的差异,探讨可能影响病情进展的相关因素.艾滋病组与HIV感染组比较:艾滋病组患者的细胞免疫功能(CD 4T、CD 8T)均低于HIV感染组,差异非常显著(P＜0.001;P=0.003);HIV病毒载量在艾滋病组明显高于HIV感染组,差异显著(P=0.005);艾滋病组的肝脏功能(ALT、AST)明显高于HIV感染组(P值分别为0.043、0.002);蛋白合成指标(TP、ALB)艾滋病组较HIV感染组低下,差异非常显著(P＜0.001).以Logistic回归分析,CD 4T、感染时间和ALB是预测疾病进展的独立危险因素(P＜0.001).回归方程预测准确率为97.0%.HIV/HCV重叠感染可加快病情进展,ALB与CD 4T细胞数及感染时间是预测艾滋病病程进展的独立危险因素.     

中药治疗200例HIV感染者/AIDS患者的结果分析

目的　分析中药治疗艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)患者后的实验室数据及临床变化特点。方法　采用治疗前后自身对照的方法,对1 999～2 0 0 2年在北京佑安医院接受中药治疗的2 0 0例HIV感染者/AIDS患者的实验室数据及临床症状进行分析。结果　(1 )病毒载量(VL)的变化:接受治疗的2 0 0例中,VL下降超过1log 2例(%) ,VL下降超过0 .5log 1 8例(9%)。(2 )CD+ 4 细胞数的变化:在CD+ 4 ≥2 0 0 /μl的1 2 9例患者中,治疗后5 6例(43. 4%)患者的CD+ 4 细胞数上升>5 0 /μl;在CD+ 4 细胞数<2 0 0 /μl的71例患者中,只有6例(8 5 %)CD+ 4 细胞数上升>5 0 /μl。同时,有85 %的患者在接受中药治疗后临床症状都有不同程度的改善。结论　中药能部分改善HIV感染者/AIDS患者的免疫功能和临床症状,但在病毒抑制方面的作用较弱。中药治疗时间越早,疗效越好;晚期治疗则疗效较差。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.