CT-guided biopsy with cutting-edge needle for the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma: experience of 267 biopsies

AIM: We performed a retrospective study of 267 core needle aspiration biopsies in order to estimate the accuracy of CT-guided aspiration core needle biopsies for the diagnosis and subsequent treatment of malignant lymphoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1989 and 1999, 267 CT-guided core needle biopsies were performed in 241 patients with either primary or recurrent malignant lymphoma. Patients age ranged from 4--88 years. One hundred and sixty-six (62.2%) nodal and 101 (37.8%) extranodal aspiration biopsies were performed using either 18G or 20G Turner needles. Statistical method used was Chi-square analysis. RESULTS: An accurate histological diagnosis was made in 199 (82.5%) patients, the remaining 42 (17.4%) patients had non-diagnostic CT biopsies. Thirty-seven of them were diagnosed by a surgical biopsy, four by bone marrow biopsy and in one patient by paracentesis. One hundred and seventy-nine patients had non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and 62 had Hodgkin's disease (HD); 23 (9.54%) patients underwent repeated CT biopsy which was diagnostic in 17 (73.9%) and non-diagnostic in six (26%). CONCLUSION: CT-guided aspiration core biopsies were sufficient to establish a diagnosis in lymphoproliferative disorders in 82.5% of cases. In the light of this experience we suggest that imaging-guided core needle biopsy be used as the first step in the work up of many patients with lymphoma.     

Diagnostic Yield of Computed Tomography-Guided Coaxial Core Biopsy of Undetermined Masses in the Free Retroperitoneal Space: Single-Center Experience

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic yield of core biopsy in coaxial technique under guidance of computed tomography (CT) for retroperitoneal masses. We performed a retrospective analysis of CT-guided coaxial core biopsies of undetermined masses in the non-organ-bound retroperitoneal space in 49 patients. In 37 cases a 15-G guidance needle with a 16-G semiautomated core biopsy system, and in 12 cases a 16-G guidance needle with an 18-G biopsy system, was used. All biopsies were technically successful. A small hematoma was seen in one case, but no relevant complication occurred. With the coaxial technique, up to 4 specimens were obtained from each lesion (mean, 2.8). Diagnostic accuracy in differentiation between malignant and benign diseases was 95.9%. A specific histological diagnosis could be established in 39 of 42 malignant lesions (92.9%). Correct subtyping of malignant lymphoma according to the WHO classification was possible in 87.0%. Benign lesions were correctly identified in seven cases, although a specific diagnosis could only be made in conjunction with clinical and radiological information. In conclusion, CT-guided coaxial core biopsy provides safe and accurate diagnosis of retroperitoneal masses. A specific histological diagnosis, which is essential for choosing the appropriate therapy, could be established in most cases of malignancy.     

CT-guided percutaneous transthoracic biopsy in the diagnosis of mediastinal masses: evaluation of 73 procedures

PURPOSE: This study was performed to evaluate the factors affecting the diagnostic accuracy and rate of complications of CT-guided percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy of mediastinal masses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 73 consecutive mediastinal biopsies in 70 patients. Final diagnoses were based on a retrospective analysis of surgical outcomes, results of repeat biopsies or findings of imaging and clinical follow-up lasting at least 4 months. Benign and malignant biopsy findings were compared with the final outcomes to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the method. Finally, we analysed the complications. RESULTS: CT-guided percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy provided adequate samples in 61/73 cases, with a total sample rate of 83.6%. Of these 61 biopsies, 51 yielded a correct diagnosis with specific histological typing, mainly in the case of thymoma and metastasis. Lymphomas were less reliably diagnosed. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy values were 83.6%, 100%, 100%, 35.3% and 83.6%, respectively. Pneumothorax was the most common complication (5.5%). CONCLUSIONS: CT-guided percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy is an easy, reliable and safe procedure that obviates the need for exploratory surgery in medically treatable or unresectable cases. It should be the first invasive procedure in the diagnostic workup of mediastinal masses.     

CT引导下经皮椎体病变穿刺活检的临床研究

目的评价CT引导下经皮椎体病变穿刺活检的成功率、诊断正确性及临床应用价值。方法85例椎体病变患者经皮穿刺活检,病变位于颈椎3例,胸椎26例,腰椎37例和骶椎19例。影像学上表现57例为溶骨性病变,19例成骨性病变,9例溶骨性与成骨性病变共存。穿刺标本行细胞学及组织学检查。临床怀疑感染性病变时行细菌学检查。对穿刺标本进行诊断的正确性分析。结果CT证实85例穿刺活检针均位于病灶内,81例取得病变组织,活检成功率95%。活检标本包括29例骨组织标本,5例软组织标本,47例骨组织与软组织混合标本,4例未取得标本;病理结果包括44例转移瘤,17例原发性骨肿瘤,18例感染性病变,2例正常椎体组织。79例诊断正确,诊断正确性97.5%。结论CT引导下经皮椎体病变穿刺活检是对椎体病变作出正确诊断的重要手段,为临床提供了可靠的组织学依据,且穿刺部位正确、三维定向好、损伤小,可以作为诊断不明确的溶骨性及溶骨与成骨混合性椎体病变拟行椎体成形术术前常规。     

CT导向经胸穿刺活检108例报告

CT导向经胸穿刺活检108例;纵隔,肺门36例,周围肺野66例,胸膜6例。经手术证实和临床随访,恶性肿瘤的穿刺活检正确率为96％、良性肿瘤为54.5％、非肿瘤性病变为36.4％。4例并发症:2例气胸、2例轻微出血。无空气栓塞及肿瘤扩张。本文讨论了CT导向与电视监视,超声导向的比较,认为CT导向对深部小病灶以及组织结构重叠部位病灶比电视监视、超声导向为好。另外也分析了穿刺针与并发症的关系以及产生并发症的其它因素。并且评价了CT导向穿刺活检在临床诊断的作用。     

CT引导肺穿刺活检诊断肺炎型肺癌的价值研究

目的：探讨CT引导肺穿刺活检术诊断肺炎型肺癌的临床价值。方法：搜集26例首诊为炎性病变,后经临床病理证实为肺癌患者的病例资料,将其中确诊前接受了CT引导肺部病变穿刺活检术的19例作为本组研究病例进行回顾性分析。结果：根据CT引导肺部病变穿刺活检物获得病理诊断为腺癌12例,细支气管肺泡癌6例,肺泡上皮乳头状重度异型不典型增生1例（手术证实为乳头状腺癌）。本组病例CT引导肺穿刺活检物病检阳性率为100%。结论：CT引导肺穿刺活检术对明确肺炎型肺癌的诊断有重要价值。     

CT-Guided Needle Biopsy of Deep Pelvic Lesions by Extraperitoneal Approach Through Iliopsoas Muscle

We report our experience with computed tomography (CT)-guided coaxial needle biopsy of deep pelvic lesions by an extraperitoneal approach through the iliopsoas muscle, using a curved needle for difficult-to-reach lesions. We reviewed the records of all patients with pelvic masses who underwent CT-guided percutaneous biopsy via iliopsoas muscle between January 1999 and December 2001. Direct anterior or posterior approach to the lesion was obstructed by bowel, bladder, vessels, or bones in all patients. An 18-gauge guide needle was advanced through the iliopsoas muscle and a 22-gauge Chiba needle was used to perform the biopsy. A custom-tailored curved 22-g needle was used in 17 procedures when the location of the iliac vessels and the slope of the iliac wing obstructed a straight path to the lesion. Fifty-three patients underwent 57 CT-guided needle biopsies during the study period. The lesions comprised obturator (n = 25), internal iliac (n = 11), anterior external iliac (n = 4), and common iliac nodes (n = 4); soft tissue masses along pelvic side-wall (n = 6); adnexal lesions (n = 5); a loculated fluid collection, and a perirectal node. All lesions were safely accessed, and major vessels and viscera were avoided in all cases. Of the 57 biopsies, 53 (93%) yielded diagnostic specimens. No major complications were encountered. CT-guided coaxial needle biopsy by an anterolateral approach through the iliopsoas muscle, with the use of a curved needle in selected cases is safe and effective for obtaining samples from deep pelvic lesions. This work was presented at the 2002 Cardiovascular Interventional Society of Europe annual meeting.     

CT导引四肢骨活检的价值(附50例报告)

目的　报告应用CT导引活检在四肢骨病变诊断中的方法和作用。方法　对 5 0例四肢骨病变行CT导引下活检。每例常规取样 2～ 3次。对 13例灶区或灶周硬化明显者应用了Ackmann骨钻针 ,对 42例应用了Temno核心切割针 ,12例囊性或有明显液化区的病灶则加用了细抽吸针。结果　活检的诊断准确率 88%( 4 4/5 0 )。 6例假阴性者的病灶特征包括 3例增生硬化性病灶 ,2例液化性及 1例混合性病灶。 5 0例可以分为原发恶性骨肿瘤 (n =2 3) ,原发良性骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变 (n =12 ) ,骨转移 (n =8)及骨感染 (n =7)四类 ,其活检准确率分别为 91%、83%、10 0 %和 71%。Ackmann骨钻针、Temno核心切割针及细抽吸针的活检准确率分别为6 2 %、83%和 5 8%。未发生严重并发症。结论　CT导引下四肢骨活检是一种安全、准确而有效的方法。根据病变类型选用骨钻针、核心切割针或细抽吸针 ,并注意避开坏死区及多靶点取样 ,三种活检针的取样结果有互补性 ,合理联合使用可以提高诊断准确率。     

Usefulness of sonographic guidance during percutaneous biopsy of mesenteric masses

OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to determine the usefulness of sonographic guidance for biopsy of mesenteric masses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five sonographically guided percutaneous biopsies of mesenteric masses were performed in 23 patients. Biopsies were performed with an 18-, 20-, or 22-gauge self-aspirating needle or core biopsy device. Final pathology results and patient medical records were reviewed for biopsy accuracy and complications. A biopsy was considered successful if a specific benign or malignant diagnosis was rendered by the pathologist or if surgical-pathologic confirmation was obtained. RESULTS: Open surgical biopsy was performed after sonographically guided biopsy in 13 patients and led to 12 concordant diagnoses (nine true-positives and three true-negatives) and one discordant diagnosis (false-negative). Specific pathologic diagnosis was rendered for the 10 percutaneous biopsies that were not confirmed by surgical biopsy: five biopsies matched known primary malignancies, consistent with metastases; four biopsies revealed primary tumors, and one biopsy revealed chronic inflammation (nine true-positives and one true-negative). Two biopsies were nondiagnostic because of insufficient material (n = 1) and necrotic tumor (n = 1). In the biopsies with diagnostic tissue specimens, sonographically guided biopsy achieved a sensitivity of 95% (18/19) and specificity of 100% (4/4) for allowing neoplastic tissue to be distinguished from nonneoplastic tissue. Complications included a mesenteric hematoma and abdominal wall cellulitis. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous biopsy of mesenteric masses is a useful and safe procedure.     

Sonographically guided percutaneous biopsy of small (3 cm or less) masses

Traditionally, sonographically guided percutaneous needle biopsy has been used for the biopsy of large, superficial, and cystic masses. Today, however, many think that small, solid masses also can be biopsied accurately. Real-time sonographically guided biopsies of 126 consecutive solid masses that were less than or equal to 3.0-cm in diameter (less than or equal to 1.0 cm, 24; 1.1-2.0 cm, 42; 2.1-3.0 cm, 60) were performed to diagnose primary or secondary neoplasm. These masses were located in a variety of anatomic regions (abdomen, 92; neck, 31; breast, two; extremity, one). Clear visualization of the biopsy needle was accomplished by continuous real-time monitoring of the needle's position, primarily by using linear, phased-array transducers, large-caliber needles (18- to 19-gauge, when possible), and an echogenic screw stylet inserted coaxially within the biopsy needle. The correct cytologic/histologic diagnosis was established in 91% of the masses (less than or equal to 1.0 cm, 79%; 1.1-2.0 cm, 88%; 2.1-3.0 cm, 98%). No complications other than mild, localized discomfort were encountered. Our experience suggests that sonographically guided biopsy is a highly accurate and safe procedure that can be used to establish the diagnosis in solid masses that are 3.0 cm or less in diameter if proper techniques are used to clearly visualize the biopsy needle.     

Presacral masses after abdominoperineal resection for colorectal carcinoma: the need for needle biopsy

Computed tomographic(CT)-guided biopsy of presacral masses after abdominoperineal resection for colorectal carcinoma was performed in 28 patients, using a transgluteal approach. The masses were divided into three groups according to their morphologic appearance: solid mass, mass with central low-density area, and gas-containing mass. Of 19 patients with a homogeneous solid mass, 15 had biopsy-proven recurrent adenocarcinoma. In the other nine patients, who had low-density masses with or without gas, it was not possible to offer a diagnosis on the basis of the CT appearance alone. In these cases, needle biopsy disclosed various entities, including recurrent tumor, abscess, and posttreatment necrosis. There was only one complication, transient hematuria. CT-guided needle biopsy of presacral masses after abdominoperineal resection is a simple, relatively safe, and valuable diagnostic technique.     

Combined CT-guided biopsy and cytology in diagnosis of bony lesions.

The results of 44 trephine (OD 1.4-4 mm) biopsies and 39 fine needle (0.7-0.9 mm) aspirations of skeletal, mainly vertebral, lesions performed under CT-guidance in 54 patients were evaluated. The fine needle sample was aspirated through the trephine as a complementary procedure in 29 patients and a fine needle aspiration only was performed in 10 patients. Trephine biopsy only was performed in 15 patients. Sufficient material for histologic and cytologic analyses was obtained in 93% (41/44) and 97% (38/39) and a correct benign or malignant diagnosis was obtained in 84% (37/44) and 90% (35/39), respectively. Among the combined examinations the fine needle aspiration alone was diagnostic in 2 cases while the trephine specimen alone provided diagnostic material in 2 cases. In 24 cases both the cytologic and histologic samples were adequate for diagnostic purposes. In one case both methods gave false-negative results. The combined use of cytologic and histologic samples in CT-guided bone biopsies increased diagnostic accuracy. The aorta was perforated once with a 1.4-mm needle but without sequelae. CT-guided bone biopsy was found to be a safe, reliable and cost-efficient method.     

胸部结节或肿块的 CT 导向穿刺活检的临床应用

目的：探讨CT导向下经皮穿刺活检对胸部结节或肿块病变诊断的临床意义。方法 CT导向下采用18~20 G切吸两用穿刺针对25例胸部占位性病变进行穿刺并活检。结果25例患者穿刺活检病理诊断为恶性肿瘤12例,良性肿瘤4例,结核3例,淋巴结肿大6例;恶性肿瘤中鳞癌6例,腺癌2例,小细胞癌1例,转移瘤3例。总阳性诊断率达100%,其中细胞学诊断阳性率76%,组织学诊断阳性率92%。无一例发生严重并发症及针道转移。结论 CT导向穿刺对胸部结节或肿块的诊断安全有效,值得临床广泛应用。     

CT-guided needle biopsy of lung lesions: a survey of severe complication based on 9783 biopsies in Japan

PURPOSE: The aim of our study was to update the rate of severe complications following CT-guided needle biopsy in Japan via a mailed survey. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Postal questionnaires regarding CT-guided needle biopsy were sent out to multiple hospitals in Japan. The questions regarded: the total number and duration of CT-guided lung biopsies performed at each hospital, and the complication rates and numbers of pneumothorax, hemothorax, air embolism, tumor seeding, tension pneumothorax and other rare complications. Each severe complication was followed with additional questions. RESULTS: Data from 9783 biopsies was collected from 124 centers. Pneumothorax was the most common complication, and occurred in 2412 (35%) of 6881 cases. A total of 39 (35%) hospitals reported 74 (0.75%) cases with severe complications. There were six cases (0.061%) with air embolism, six cases (0.061%) with tumor seeding at the site of the biopsy route, 10 cases (0.10%) with tension pneumothorax, six cases (0.061%) with severe pulmonary hemorrhage or hemoptysis, nine cases (0.092%) with hemothorax, and 27 cases (0.26%) with others, including heart arrest, shock, and respiratory arrest. From a total of 62 patients with severe complications, 54 patients (0.55%) recovered without sequela, however one patient (0.01%) recovered with hemiplegia due to cerebral infarction, and the remaining seven patients (0.07%) died. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first national study documenting severe complications with respect to CT-guided needle biopsy in Japan. The complication rate in Japan is comparable to internationally published figures. We believe this data will improve both clinicians as well as patients understanding of the risk versus benefit of CT-guided needle biopsy, resulting better decisions.     

Value of Computed Tomography–guided Core Needle Biopsy in Diagnosis of Primary Pulmonary Lymphomas

PurposeTo evaluate the value of computed tomography (CT)–guided core needle biopsy in diagnosis of primary pulmonary lymphoma and its subtypes.Materials and MethodsA retrospective analysis of the records of all patients with primary pulmonary lymphoma between January 2005 and August 2011 was performed. There were 25 patients referred to the radiology department for CT-guided core needle biopsy. The success rate and complications were assessed.ResultsA definitive diagnosis and accurate histologic subtype were obtained in 21 patients with a success rate of 84.0%. Diagnosis was made in the other four patients with bronchoscopy and surgery. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) was the diagnosis in all patients. Most subtypes were mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas (n = 19). The remaining subtypes included three diffuse large B-cell NHLs, two peripheral T-cell lymphomas not otherwise specified, and one anaplastic large cell NHL. The success rate of core needle biopsy was 95% (18 of 19) for MALT lymphomas, 67% (2 of 3) for diffuse large B cell NHLs, and 33% (1 of 3) for other NHLs. The success rate for MALT lymphomas was significantly higher than that of non-MALT lymphomas according to Fisher exact t test (P = .031). No serious complications occurred in any patients.ConclusionsCT-guided core needle biopsy is a reliable procedure to assist in diagnosis and classification of primary pulmonary lymphomas, especially MALT lymphomas.     

CT引导下经皮切割肺活检对弥漫性肺疾病的诊断价值

目的评价经皮切割肺活检术对弥漫性肺疾病的诊断价值及安全性。方法采用自动弹簧式活检枪（14及16G）对29例弥漫性肺疾病患者在CT引导下行经皮切割肺活检,所获组织送病理组织学及免疫组化检查。并对取材成功率、诊断阳性率以及并发症等进行分析。结果29例患者均获得足够行病理检查的肺组织标本,取材成功率达到100％。有25例获得确诊,诊断阳性率达82．8％。并发症主要为气胸以及肺出血,大多数不严重,且经相应治疗后均在1周内消失。结论对于弥漫性肺疾病,CT引导下经皮切割肺活检术无论在手术操作、取材成功率以及诊断阳性率均优于经支气管肺活检（TBLB）。与开胸肺活检（OLB）和电视引导下胸腔镜肺活检（VATS）相比,并发症少且轻微,患者接受度高。该技术值得推广。     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检对肺部病变的诊断价值

目的 探讨CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检的效果及临床价值.方法 回顾性分析60例行CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术患者的临床与影像资料.结果 60例患者中,57例经病理明确诊断,其中原发性肺癌47例(腺癌21例,鳞癌18例,小细胞癌3例,肺泡癌5例),转移性肺癌7例,结核3例.3例病理报告为慢性炎症,未做出明确诊断, 术后病理证实干酪性肺炎2例,真菌感染1例.60例患者穿刺成功率100.0%,诊断准确率95.0%,并发症发生率21.7%(气胸7例,占11.7%,出血5例,占8.3%,针道出血1例,占1.7%).结论 CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术是一种安全、准确、有较高临床应用价值的诊断和鉴别肺内病变的方法.     

Percutaneous renal biopsies: Accuracy,safety, and indications

Fifty-one percutaneous renal needle biopsies were performed on 46 patients. Initial biopsy was adequate for diagnosis in 89% of patients. When a second biopsy was performed, this accuracy increased to 98%. Thirty-four of 51 (67%) biopsies were for renal masses and 17 (33%) for medical indications. Computed tomographic guidance was utilized in 94% of cases. Biopsies of renal masses were performed with 18-21-gauge needles, while biopsies for medical indications were performed with an 18-gauge cutting needle or 14-gauge Trucut. A rate of serious complications of 6% was noted.     

Fine needle aspiration in the chest under CT control

Over a 42 month period 133 patients underwent 148 CT guided biopsies of 104 pulmonary lesions (78%), 21 mediastinal/hilar masses (16%) and 8 pleural lesions (6%). There were 48 cases (32%) complicated by a pneumothorax, of which 13 (9%) required a chest drain. Two cases each of minor haemopneumothorax (1.4%) and haematoma (1.4%) were found, and haemoptysis occurred in a single patient (0.7%). This low complication rate reflects the use of the 22 gauge Chiba needle, the small number of passes undertaken at each sitting and the wide range of lesion size. In four cases no diagnosis was established either at the time of biopsy or subsequently. There were 100 cases proven to be malignant, of which 81 were diagnosed at the first biopsy. Three further cases were regarded as suspicious of malignancy. Of the 29 patients with benign disease, a specific diagnosis was made in 10 (34%) and nonspecific inflammation was seen in 17 (59%) further patients. Fine needle aspiration under CT control is a useful and accurate diagnostic technique. It has widened the scope of lesions which can be biopsied, enabling small, deep or necrotic parenchymal lesions to be targeted accurately. A precise placement of the needle tip into pleural or mediastinal lesions is a further advantage. However, if an inadequate sample is obtained, the biopsy may need to be repeated.     

Percutaneous renal biopsies: accuracy, safety, and indications

Fifty-one percutaneous renal needle biopsies were performed on 46 patients. Initial biopsy was adequate for diagnosis in 89% of patients. When a second biopsy was performed, this accuracy increased to 98%. Thirty-four of 51 (67%) biopsies were for renal masses and 17 (33%) for medical indications. Computed tomographic guidance was utilized in 94% of cases. Biopsies of renal masses were performed with 18-21-gauge needles, while biopsies for medical indications were performed with an 18-gauge cutting needle or 14-gauge Trucut. A rate of serious complications of 6% was noted.