涉及颅底咽旁间隙肿瘤的治疗

目的:探讨涉及颅底咽旁间隙肿瘤处理的有效方法.方法:对2000年3月～2005年7月36例涉及颅底咽旁间隙肿瘤患者资料进行回顾性分析.采用的手术入路分别是:经颈侧切开入路15例,经颈-腮腺入路10例,下颌骨外旋入路4例,上颌外旋入路5例,眶颧入路2例.结果:36例肿瘤中,5例为恶性肿瘤,其余皆为良性肿瘤.31例良性肿瘤皆完整切除.5例恶性肿瘤中有2例为鼻咽黏膜下型鳞状细胞癌颅底咽旁间隙转移,经颈侧切开探查病理确诊后放射治疗,1例随诊3年无复发;1例随诊5年,复发带瘤生存;1例侵犯颅底的恶性神经纤维瘤术后3年复发,放弃治疗死亡;1例侵犯颅底的恶性神经鞘膜瘤术后已随诊3年余,健在;1例腮腺深叶黏液表皮样癌,已随诊2年余,健在.36例中,术后声嘶者3例伴呛咳1例,4例发生Horner综合征;2例发生舌偏斜,3个月后好转.结论:不同的涉及颅底咽旁间隙肿瘤有不同的临床特点,应根据各自的临床特点选择适当的处理方法.     

Intratemporal carotid artery bypass in resection of a base of skull tumor

Tumors of the skull base with carotid artery involvement have heretofore required carotid ligation or been deemed inoperable. Two case reports are presented in which en bloc resection of malignant base of skull tumors included removal of a portion of the internal carotid artery. In the first case, the tumor was primarily in the parapharyngeal space and extended to the base of skull. Partial temporal bone resection was carried out to obtain exposure for carotid reconstruction. The second case involved an en bloc temporal bone resection for a recurrent, malignant, mixed tumor that had invaded the carotid canal. Revascularization was achieved in both cases by an autogenous, saphenous vein graft. The patients suffered no postoperative ischemic neurologic sequelae. These are the first known cases of a carotid bypass with distal anastomosis to the intratemporal portion of the internal carotid artery for a malignant base of skull neoplasm. The authors propose this procedure as an alternative to carotid ligation during surgery of tumors of the skull base requiring carotid resection.     

前颅底肿瘤手术入路

目的：探讨前颅底肿瘤手术入路,提高手术效果。方法：对37例前颅底肿瘤进行了相应的手术切除,颅面联合入路21例,其中额颅合并鼻侧切开1例,上颌骨内侧部分切除或暂移开切除肿瘤7例,上颌骨切除8例,上颌骨或（和）眶或（和）颌面皮肤切除5例;上颌骨部分或全外旋合并鼻锥转位13例;鼻额翻瓣、额眶入路及面中揭翻各1例。结果：10例良性肿瘤患者均健在,恶性肿瘤患者3、5年存活率分别为81．9％（22／27）、62．9％（17／27）。9年以上无瘤存活1例。结论：除鼻侧切开外不同类型颅面联合入路均能提供良好的肿瘤显露,有利于鼻颅沟通瘤的整块切除。部分或上颌骨全外旋合并鼻锥转位适于切除累及颅底尚未侵及颅内的肿瘤。额鼻共同翻开适于切除额窦发育良好的鼻颅沟通瘤。颅眶入路适于颅眶沟通瘤。面中揭翻应选择应用。     

颈腮入路及其拓展术式在咽旁隙肿瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨颈腮入路及其拓展术式在咽旁隙肿瘤手术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2009年1月~2018年4月行经颈腮入路手术治疗的29例咽旁颅底肿瘤患者的临床资料。其中2例颈腮入路切除颅底咽旁隙复发肿瘤,1例颈腮入路下颌骨升支离断再复位切除侵犯颅底咽旁隙巨大复发性多形性腺瘤,2例颈腮入路下颌骨升支后缘部分切除暴露咽旁隙切除侵犯颅底的多形性腺瘤,22例颈腮入路将下颌骨前上牵拉暴露颅底咽旁隙并切除该部位肿瘤,2例颈腮入路结合内镜辅助切除颅底咽旁隙复发神经来源肿瘤。结果本组29例患者皆成功手术,其中恶性肿瘤2例,良性肿瘤27例;27例良性肿瘤中,多形性腺瘤25例,复发神经来源肿瘤2例。25例多形性腺瘤病例中3例为复发多形性腺瘤;本组病例均无出血、张口受限等不良并发症。复发良性肿瘤病例中2例行术后预防气管切开,术后1个月皆拔除气管套管。2例颅底咽旁隙复发恶性肿瘤中手术后最短存活时间为1年7个月,最长3年。结论颈腮入路不仅适应于大部分咽旁隙肿瘤的切除,而且可以根据肿瘤的性质和累及颅底的范围进行适当拓展,以实现有效切除肿瘤和保证重要解剖结构的安全。     

咽旁间隙肿瘤

讨论临床罕见的咽旁间隙肿瘤。方法 总结１９８６年－１９９７年７月收治的５９例患者的回顾性资料。结果 原发性咽旁间隙肿瘤中，以神经源性肿瘤居多，约占６％高分辨ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ对临床诊断及手术径路的选择有重要作用。颈侧切开广泛应用于７５％的良性病变；应用下颌骨正中裂开切除２例局限于隙上部的良性肿瘤和１例侵及颅底的动脉体瘤；     

侵犯颅底的头颈部肿瘤的手术治疗

目的：探讨侵犯颅底的头颈部肿瘤的手术治疗方法。方法：对32例侵犯前、侧颅底的头颈部肿瘤患者进行手术治疗,采用鼻内镜下鼻腔入路5例,颅-面联合入路3例,上颌骨切除入路15例,口腔硬腭入路1例,经下颌入路1例,颈侧-下颌骨切开入路2例,耳后-颈联合入路1例,额颞入路2例,经面入路2例。结果：4例鼻窦黏液囊肿仅作开放引流,1例脊索瘤作次全切除,其余27例患者均全切肿瘤,无手术死亡及严重颅脑并发症。8例良性肿瘤患者随访6个月~8年情况良好,无肿瘤复发及死亡。24例恶性肿瘤患者,术后随访3年以上19例,生存12例;随访5年以上12例,生存5例;术后3、5年生存率分别为63.2%（12/19）和41.7%（5/12）。结论：根据病变性质、部位及范围设计手术入路,力求全切肿瘤并保护重要结构,采用适当的颅底修复方法,可获得良好的治疗效果。     

咽旁间隙肿瘤

目的讨论临床罕见的咽旁间隙肿瘤。方法总结１９８６年～１９９７年７月收治的５９例患者的回顾性资料。结果原发性咽旁间隙肿瘤中，以神经源性肿瘤居多，约占６０％。高分辨ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ对临床诊断及手术径路的选择有重要作用。颈侧切开广泛应用于７５％的良性病变；应用下颌骨正中裂开切除２例局限于隙上部的良性肿瘤和１例侵及颅底的颈动脉体瘤；应用侧颅底入路切除１例起源于颈静脉孔生长至咽旁间隙的神经鞘瘤。结论认为经口径路仅用于较小的肿瘤切除；经颈腮腺径路主要用于侵入咽旁间隙的腮腺深叶肿瘤的切除；经颈下颌骨正中裂开径路是切除咽旁间隙特殊肿瘤安全有效的入路。     

Microdebrider cavitation and transcervical removal of parapharyngeal schwannomas approaching the skull base

Removal of parapharyngeal space (PPS) schwannomas approaching the skull base through a purely transcervical approach requires adequate visualization of the surgical field to obtain complete resection with minimal sequelae. This is a retrospective series of four patients undergoing transcervical removal of sympathetic chain PPS schwannomas abutting the skull base by an intracapsular microdebrider tumor cavitation. Radiologic data, complications, functional outcomes, and follow-up status were considered. MRI was suggestive of PPS schwannoma in all cases, and correctly predicted the nerve of origin in three out of four cases. All patients developed postoperative Claude Bernard–Horner and first-bite syndromes. One patient also presented temporary neuropraxia of the IX cranial nerve, and another of the IX and X cranial nerves. Microdebrider cavitation of sympathetic chain PPS schwannoma abutting the skull base proved to be a reliable technique allowing good visualization of adjacent neural and vascular structures through a purely transcervical approach, while maintaining a low complication rate.     

颞下窝B型径路切除侧颅底肿瘤临床分析

目的探讨颞下窝B型径路在侧颅底肿瘤中的适应证及手术效果。 方法回顾性分析2015年1月—2018年6月采用颞下窝B型径路治疗8例侧颅底肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中横纹肌肉瘤1例,成熟型畸胎瘤1例,骨巨细胞瘤1例,颞骨鳞癌1例,巨细胞修复性肉芽肿2例,胆脂瘤2例。结果3例患者病变范围主要累及颈静脉孔区、颈内动脉、岩尖;5例患者病变范围主要累及颧弓、颞下颌关节、中颅底甚至颞叶。7例单纯行颞下窝B型径路,1例患者行颞下窝B型径路联合经耳蜗径路,8例患者均完全切除病变。所有患者术后1周复查头颅MRI,均未见病变残留。4例患者术后为重度传导性或混合性听力下降,另外4例患者术后为极重度感音神经性听力下降。术前面瘫者2例,术后无加重;术前面神经功能正常者,术后2例出现面瘫,其中1例为联合经耳蜗入路患者术中将面神经进行移位,另外1例由于恶性肿瘤已侵犯面神经,术中将受侵犯的面神经切除。所有患者随访期间均无脑脊液耳漏、颅内出血,颅内感染、偏瘫、死亡等严重术后并发症。 结论颞下窝B型径路在暴露颈内动脉垂直段和水平段、岩尖等部位极具优势,同时这一径路也可用于切除累及颧弓、颞下颌关节甚至累及颞叶的侧颅底肿瘤。     

累及颅底肿瘤的手术切除与入路选择

目的　探讨颅底肿瘤切除的最佳手术入路。方法　回顾分析 1993～ 2 0 0 0年中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学肿瘤医院外科处理侵及颅底肿瘤 84例的经验 ,讨论侵及颅底不同部位病变手术入路特点 ,以求选择最好的手术入路彻底切除肿瘤 ,同时尽量保护颅底、颅内重要结构 ,减少并发症。结果　患者年龄 6～ 78岁 ,平均 4 3 8岁。良性肿瘤 14例 ,恶性肿瘤 70例。采用各种手术入路切除累及咽旁颅底肿瘤 38例 ;同时有前、中颅底破坏 7例 ;肿瘤同时累及中、后颅底 13例 ;侧颅底颞下窝肿瘤 2 6例。用各种组织瓣修复颅底缺损或填充 6 0例。 6例并发脑脊液漏 ,2例迟发脑脓肿 ,修复组织瓣部分坏死 3例 ,无手术死亡及严重颅脑并发症。恶性肿瘤 3年生存率 6 7 5 % (2 7/ 4 0 )。结论　最佳手术入路的选择应相对于颅底不同部位的肿瘤 ,针对特殊的解剖结构而选择 ,可以根据以下几个因素综合考虑 :①肿瘤部位及累及的范围 ;②安全、充分地切除肿瘤 ;③正常功能结构及外观影响小 ;④便于可靠有效地修复     

Surgical management of skull base chondroblastoma

OBJECTIVES: Chondroblastoma is a rare tumor accounting for 1% of primary bone tumors. Chondroblastoma involving the skull base is exceedingly rare with approximately 60 cases reported. We reviewed our experience with chondroblastoma of the skull base with an emphasis on current lateral skull base approaches and long-term tumor control. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: A retrospective case review at a tertiary neurotology private practice group was performed over a 20-year period. Five patients were identified with skull base chondroblastoma. All patients underwent surgical intervention, and success of surgery was determined by disease-free status at last follow-up. Mean follow-up time was 5.8 years. RESULTS: Two patients underwent gross tumor removal as primary therapy. One patient underwent partial tumor removal at an outside institution, and follow-up magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated rapid growth of residual tumor. This patient was successfully treated with gross total removal of residual tumor with an infratemporal craniotomy approach. Near total tumor removal was performed in two patients because of intimate involvement of vital structures. At last follow-up, no patient had radiographic evidence of tumor recurrence. There were no significant postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Gross total or near total resection of skull base chondroblastomas through lateral skull base approaches results in long-term tumor control and low complication rates.     

The infratemporal fossa approach to skull base surgery.

The infratemporal fossa approach, in conjunction with the application of microsurgical technique and improved perioperative care, has permitted significant advances in lateral skull base surgery. The glomus jugulare tumor is the prototypical neoplasm resected by this approach, although this technique can be applied to a host of additional benign and malignant lesions of the skull base. This approach entails identification and control of the cranial nerves and great vessels in the neck, anterior transposition of the facial nerve, and infralabyrinthine petrosectomy. Intracranial tumor extension and petrous carotid artery involvement remain limiting factors. Significant morbidity, particularly neurologic deficit and hemorrhage, may occur due tot the nature and location of lateral skull base tumors. Recent advances in preoperative embolization and temporary carotid artery balloon occlusion have advanced the limits of resection via the infratemporal fossa approach.     

Le Fort I osteotomy and skull base tumors: a pediatric experience

BACKGROUND: The Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy approach for skull base tumor removal in the pediatric age group has not been widely discussed in the literature except for sporadic case reports and limited case series. OBJECTIVES: To review our experience with the Le Fort I osteotomy and to propose that it be used as an alternative approach because of its many advantages for the removal of tumors of the central skull base and paranasal sinuses. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Tertiary academic center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 5-year retrospective chart review of cases involving children who had undergone skull base tumor resection via the Le Fort I osteotomy approach. INTERVENTIONS: Skull base tumor removal via the Le Fort I osteotomy approach. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Tumor type, location, and size; intraoperative and postoperative complications; and residual tumor and/or tumor recurrence associated with the surgical approach. RESULTS: Eleven patients (9 boys and 2 girls; mean age, 14.3 years) were identified through the chart review. The tumor types included 8 angiofibromas, 1 malignant fibrous histiocytoma, 1 giant cell tumor, and 1 cavernous hemangioma. All these lesions had extensive tumor growth into at least 1 of the following sites: pterygomaxillary space, sphenoidal sinus, and areas adjacent to the optic nerve, cavernous sinus, clivus, and anterior cranial fossa. The mean follow-up for this cohort was 12.8 months. No intraoperative complications were noted. Postoperative complications were reviewed with respect to the approach. To date, there have been no cases of residual tumor or tumor recurrence that can be attributed to the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience suggests that the Le Fort I osteotomy approach is a useful technique for the removal of extensive central skull base tumors and paranasal sinuses in the pediatric age group. It has distinct advantages over traditional anterior or lateral approaches, including a more direct line of vision and improved exposure and cosmesis.     

累及颅底肿瘤的手术切除与入路选择

目的 探讨颅底肿瘤切除的最佳手术入路。方法 回顾分析1993－2000年中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学肿瘤医院外科处理侵及颅底肿瘤84例的经验，讨论及颅底不同部位病变手术入路特点，以求选择最好的手术入路彻底切除肿瘤，同时昼保护颅底、颅内重要结构，减少并发症。结果 患者年龄6－78岁，平均43．8岁。良性肿瘤14例，恶性肿瘤70例。采用各种手术入路切除累及咽旁颅底肿瘤38例；同时有前、中颅底破坏7例；肿瘤同时累及中、后颅底13例；侧颅底颞下窝肿瘤26例。用各种组织瓣修复颅底缺损或填充60例。6例并发脑脊液漏，2例迟发脑脓肿，修复组织瓣部分坏死3例，无手术死亡及严重颅脑并发症。恶性肿瘤在3年生存率67．5％（27／40）。结论 最佳手术入路的选择应相对于颅底不同部位的肿瘤，针对特殊的解剖结构而选择，可以根据以下几个因素综合考虑：①肿瘤部位及累及的范围；②安全、充分地切除肿瘤；③正常功能结构及外观影响小；④便于可靠有效地修复。     

下颌外旋切除咽及颅底肿瘤

目的 探讨咽及颅底肿瘤切除的最佳手术入路。方法 １３例咽及颅底肿瘤中，鼻咽部２例，口咽部４例，咽旁间隙５例，咽旁颞下区２例。均采用下颌骨切开外旋入路进行了根治性切除。同期行咽后淋巴结清扫术５例，改良根治性颈清扫术２例，咽部缺损以胸大肌皮瓣整复５例。恶性肿瘤术后均接受了辅助性放射治疗。结果 １３例患者中恶性肿瘤１０例，良性肿瘤３例。１２例切口愈合良好，１例术后胸大肌皮瓣感染坏死，延缓愈合。１例吞咽困     

头颈外科神经外科联合手术治疗颅底沟通肿瘤

目的 介绍头颈外科与神经外科合作处理颅底沟通肿瘤的经验和优势.方法 回顾性分析2005年7月至2008年7月头颈外科和神经外科联合制定手术方案并共同实施手术54例(良性21例,恶性33例)颅底沟通肿瘤的临床资料,其中前颅底19例,侧颅底12例,中央颅底17例,后颅底(颈静脉孔区)6例.结果 本组颅底沟通肿瘤均一期手术切除.良性肿瘤全切除20例,近全切除1例;恶性肿瘤肉眼全切除25例,6例鼻窦、鼻咽、腮腺恶性肿瘤及2例脊索瘤近全切除.无手术死亡病例,恶性肿瘤并发症13例,其中术后出血2例.随访8～43个月,良性与恶性肿瘤中位随访时间分别为19.1及21.0个月,恶性患者失访3例.21例良性肿瘤复发1例.33例恶性肿瘤中复发12例,死亡9例(其中1例死于心脏病),Kaplan-Meier法统计3年生存率与无瘤生存率分别为53.0%及52.7%.结论 头颈外科和神经外科合作有利于提高颅底沟通肿瘤的手术切除率从而提高治疗效果.     

儿童颅底肿瘤经鼻内镜外科手术治疗分析

摘要：目的探讨分析鼻内镜手术在治疗儿童颅底肿瘤中的应用。 方法回顾性分析中南大学湘雅医院鼻颅底外科 2010年6月—2019年11月收治确诊为颅底肿瘤并行鼻内镜治疗的患儿共44例,其中鼻咽纤维血管瘤17例,朗格汉斯组织细胞增生症7例,骨化纤维瘤5例,原始神经外胚层肿瘤2例,横纹肌肉瘤2例,脑膜瘤2例,间叶性软骨错构瘤1例,颅咽管瘤1例,表皮样囊肿1例,血管纤维脂肪瘤1例,生殖细胞瘤1例,骨母细胞瘤1例,脊索瘤1例,侵袭性垂体腺瘤1例,纤维瘤病1例。 结果44例患儿中43例在鼻内镜下完全切除,仅1例鼻咽纤维血管瘤分期切除。术后44例均进行定期随访,随访时间3个月至9年。5例失访,其中骨母细胞瘤1例,脑膜瘤1例,横纹肌肉瘤1例,鼻咽纤维血管瘤2例;12例术后接受放化疗,其中朗格汉斯组织细胞增生症7例,原始神经外胚层肿瘤 2例,横纹肌肉瘤1例,脊索瘤1例,生殖细胞瘤1例,随访至今患儿状况良好,均无复发及转移;1例鼻咽纤维血管瘤复发;再次手术后治愈;其余26例患儿术后未见复发。结论鼻内镜颅底手术治疗儿童颅底肿瘤是可行、有效及安全的。     

颅中窝-侧颅底沟通性恶性肿瘤的手术治疗

目的 探讨颅中窝．侧颅底沟通性晚期恶性肿瘤的手术治疗方法。方法 16例颅中窝-侧颅底沟通性恶性肿瘤分别采用了：①耳后“C”形切口,颞骨次全切除进路与高位颈侧切开联合进路行颅中窝-侧颅底和腮腺区肿瘤切除6例;②颞侧舌形切口,颅中窝进路颅内外肿瘤切除4例;③颞-耳-下颌骨外旋进路行咽旁、颞下窝、颅中窝肿瘤切除6例。其中13例术后进行放射治疗。结果 16例中11例术后存活3年以上,5例术后3年内死亡。按寿命表法统计,3年生存率为69％。结论 本组所采用的三种手术方式,能较好地暴露颅内外病变,并进行肿瘤切除。对颅底区晚期恶性肿瘤采用手术及术后放射治疗等积极措施可取得一定的治疗效果。     

经鼻内镜岩斜坡及颞下窝肿瘤的外科治疗

目的探讨经鼻内镜手术治疗岩斜区及颞下窝肿瘤的可行性和外科手术技术。方法2002年1月至2005年2月间对17例侵犯岩斜坡或颞下窝肿瘤单独采用内镜经鼻手术入路进行了治疗，详尽阐述外科手术技术及介绍典型病例。结果17例患者中脊索瘤5例，脑膜瘤4例，颅咽管瘤1例，神经鞘膜瘤1例，血管母细胞瘤1例，嗅神经母细胞瘤1例，恶性淋巴瘤1例，脊索肉瘤1例，腮腺癌颅底转移1例，甲状腺癌颅底转移1例。15例患者术后复查影像显示肿瘤全部被切除，2例大部分切除。所有病例随访5～43个月，良性肿瘤中有1例脊索瘤术后5个月复发，后行2次手术，其余均无复发。5例恶性肿瘤患者均随访2年以上，无复发或死亡。术后1例蛛网膜下腔出血、2例出现脑脊液鼻漏，其中1例经保守治疗痊愈、1例经2次鼻内镜手术修补成功。无颅内感染及死亡病例。结论经鼻内镜外科技术为岩斜区和颞下窝肿瘤的外科治疗提供了一种新的方法。这种入路能够简单和迅速地到达岩斜区和颞下窝，且既能够达到微侵袭目的，又能够满足全切肿瘤的要求。但需要术者熟练掌握内镜颅底解剖学、内镜手术操作及对各区域病变丰富的外科手术经验。术中应用影像导航系统将有助于识别解剖标志，使手术过程更加安全。     

原发性咽旁间隙肿瘤67例回顾性分析

目的 分析原发性咽旁间隙肿瘤的临床特点及手术径路选择,探讨不同手术径路的优缺点及预后。方法 回顾性分析67例咽旁间隙肿瘤患者资料,所有患者术前均行CT和(或)MRI检查,三种手术路径分别为颈侧径路45例、口内径路20例、颈-腮径路2例。术后病理学检查明确诊断,对所有手术患者进行术后定期随访,随访时间8～110个月,中位随访时间45个月。结果 67例中良性肿瘤共59例(88.1%),恶性肿瘤8例(11.9%);24例(35.8%)患者出现术后并发症,其中颈侧径路20例(29.9%),口内径路3例(4.5%),颈-腮径路1例(1.5%),其中7例(10.4%)随访后好转。复发患者7例(10.4%),颈侧径路4例(6.0%),口内径路3例(4.5%)。结论 咽旁间隙解剖毗邻复杂,病理类型繁多,肿瘤以良性为主,治疗以手术切除为主。术前根据影像学检查结果,肿瘤大小及解剖关系决定手术径路。颈侧径路仍是咽旁间隙肿瘤切除的首选方法,但在肿瘤最大直径<6 cm并位于动脉内侧的良性肿瘤患者中,可考虑口内径路。