前交叉韧带重建术后股四头肌萎缩的原因及康复策略

前交叉韧带是维持膝关节稳定的重要韧带之一。前交叉韧带损伤后会严重影响膝关节的稳定和功能。目前临床上对于前交叉韧带损伤的诊断和治疗已经越来越流程化、正规化,但是病人的预后却经常有较大的差别。本文就行前交叉韧带重建术患者的股四头肌状态对康复的影响,以及肌肉萎缩的原因和恢复策略进行综述。     

股四头肌与骨-髌腱-骨自体移植对前交叉韧带重建的Meta分析

目的:通过Meta分析比较股四头肌与骨-髌腱-骨自体移植对前交叉韧带重建手术疗效的影响。方法:计算机检索建库至2019年5月PubMed、EMbase、Cochrane图书馆、万方数据库和中国知网发表的比较股四头肌、骨-髌腱-骨自体移植物的病例对照研究文献,根据纳入与排除标准进行文献筛选、质量评价及数据提取,采用Review Manager 5.3统计学软件对患膝与健膝前向移位差值、Lachman试验、轴移试验、Lysholm评分、IKDC (International Knee Documentation Committee)客观等级、膝前疼痛和移植失败率进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入6篇文献,915例患者,其中股四头肌自体移植495例,骨-髌腱-骨自体移植420例。Meta分析结果显示:股四头肌自体移植与骨-髌腱-骨自体移植在胫骨向前移位差值>3 mm[OR=1.53,95%CI(0.68,3.44),P=0.31],3～5 mm[OR=0.64,95%CI(0.31,1.35),P=0.24],>5 mm[OR=1.18,95%CI(0.33,4.22),P=0.80...     

A modified arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament double-bundle reconstruction technique with autogenous quadriceps tendon graft: remnant-preserving technique

Several techniques of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) double-bundle reconstruction have been introduced to improve the functional outcome and restore normal kinematics of the knee. Meanwhile, a remnant-preserving technique was developed to preserve the proprioception and to enhance the revascularization of the reconstructed ACL. We developed double-bundle ACL reconstruction technique using autogenous quadriceps tendon graft while preserving the remnant. With this technique, two femoral sockets and one tibial tunnel are made. To preserve the remnant of the ACL, the rotational direction of the reamer was set to counterclockwise just before perforation of the tibial tunnel. To pass the graft more easily without disturbance of the remnant, the graft passage was achieved through the tibial tunnel. We suggest that the remnant-preserving technique could be an effective alternative considering its mechanical stability as well as the proprioception and vascularization recovery in arthroscopic double-bundle ACL reconstruction.     

Comparison of knee sonography and pressure pain threshold after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadriceps tendon versus hamstring tendon autografts in soccer players

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare the pressure pain threshold and muscle architecture after an anatomic single bundle reconstruction with quadriceps tendon and hamstring tendon autografts of the anterior cruciate ligament in competitive soccer players. We hypothesized that both procedures will obtain similar outcomes.MethodsFifty-one participants were enrolled in this secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial and were categorised into two groups: quadriceps tendon (QT) group (23 men and 3 women; mean age 18.7 ± 3.6; BMI 23.0 ± 2.2) or hamstring tendon (HT) group (16 men and 9 women; mean age 19.2 ± 3.6 BMI 23.5 ± 3.5). Both groups followed the same rehabilitation staged protocol. Pressure pain threshold (PPT), as a measure of perceived pain, was obtained in several points of quadriceps and hamstring muscles. Ultrasound imaging measurements were obtained in quadriceps tendon and knee cartilage thickness. Four measurements were taken in this study: baseline, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.ResultsThe analysis of PPT did not find significant differences in both groups × interaction time in the points evaluated: epicondyle (QT = 421.1 ± 184.1 vs HT = 384.7 ± 154.1 kPa), vastus lateralis (QT = 576.2 ± 221.3 vs HT = 560.1 ± 167.7 kPa), vastus medialis (QT = 544.7 ± 198.8 vs HT = 541.1.1 ± 181.77 kPa), patellar tendon (QT = 626.3 ± 221.1 vs HT = 665.0 ± 205.5 kPa), QT (QT = 651.1 ± 276.9 vs HT = 660.0 ± 195.2 kPa).(QT = 667.8 ± 284.7 vs HT = 648.2 ± 193.4 kPa) injured knee (all P > 0.05). The results of ultrasound imaging did not show significant differences in both groups × interaction time in the thickness of the QT (QT = 9.9 ± 2.4 vs HT = 9.4 ± 1.7 kPa) and patellar cartilage (QT = 3.2 ± 0.6 vs HT = 3.2 ± 0.4 kPa) (P > 0.05).ConclusionA QT autograft produces similar results to a HT autograft in ACL reconstructions in terms of pressure pain threshold and ultrasound muscle architecture during the 1-year follow-up.Level of EvidenceLevel I, Therapeutic Study.     

Principles of postoperative anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation

It is known that anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction needs to be combined with detailed postoperative rehabilitation in order for patients to return to their pre-injury activity levels, and that the rehabilitation process is as important as the reconstruction surgery. Literature studies focus on how early in the postoperative ACL rehabilitation period rehabilitation modalities can be initiated. Despite the sheer number of studies on this topic, postoperative ACL rehabilitation protocols have not been standardized yet. Could common, “ossified” knowledge or modalities really prove themselves in the literature? Could questions such as “is postoperative brace use really necessary?”, “what are the benefits of early restoration of the range of motion (ROM)?”, “to what extent is neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) effective in the protection from muscular atrophy?”, “how early can proprioception training and open chain exercises begin?”, “should strengthening training start in the immediate postoperative period?” be answered for sure? My aim is to review postoperative brace use, early ROM restoration, NMES, proprioception, open/closed chain exercises and early strengthening, which are common modalities in the very comprehensive theme of postoperative ACL rehabilitation, on the basis of several studies (Level of Evidence 1 and 2) and to present the commonly accepted ways they are presently used. Moreover, I have presented the objectives of postoperative ACL rehabilitation in tables and recent miscellaneous studies in the last chapter of the paper.     

Proprioception in anterior cruciate ligament deficient knees and its relevance in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) not only causes mechanical instability but also leads to a functional deficit in the form of diminished proprioception of the knee joint. “Functional” recovery is often incomplete even after “anatomic” arthroscopic ACL reconstruction, as some patients with a clinically satisfactory repair and good ligament tension continue to complain of a feeling of instability and giving way, although the knee does not sublux on clinical testing. Factors that may play a role could be proprioceptive elements, as the intact ACL has been shown to have significant receptors. Significant data have come to light demonstrating proprioceptive differences between normal and injured knees, and often between injured and reconstructed knees. ACL remnants have been shown to have proprioceptive fibers that could enhance functional recovery if they adhere to or grow into the reconstructed ligament. Conventionally the torn remnants are shaved off from the knee before graft insertion; modern surgical techniques, with remnant sparing methods have shown better outcomes and functional recovery, and this could be an avenue for future research and development. This article analyzes and reviews our understanding of the sensory element of ACL deficiency, with specific reference to proprioception as an important component of functional knee stability. The types of mechanoreceptors, their distribution and presence in ACL remnants is reviewed, and suggestions are made to minimize soft tissue shaving during ACL reconstruction to ensure a better functional outcome in the reconstructed knee.     

青少年患者前交叉韧带断裂的重建

目的 总结一组青少年患前交叉韧带断裂后利用骨—髌腱—骨进行关节镜下重建的经验。方法 回顾性研究1996年～2000年23例青少年前交叉韧带断裂在纽约关节病医院行骨—髌腱—骨重建。采用Lysholm及IKDC评分系统评定临床疗效。结果 随访26月～63月，平均随访37月，Lysholm评分平均94分，21例膝关节功能恢复到损伤前的正常活动水平。IKDC评分18例(78．3％)膝关节功能正常，3例(13．0％)一般，2例(8．7％)较差。无1例在随访时有关节不稳定的表现。结论 骨—髌腱—骨法重建前交叉韧带同样适用于青少年患，术中应特别注意两端骨块的固定。     

Kinematic study following double-bundle, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

The purpose of this study was to evaluate tibiofemoral kinematics after double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions and compare them with those of successful single-bundle reconstructions and contralateral normal knees using open MR images. We obtained MR images based on the flexion angle without weight-bearing, from 20 patients with successful unilateral single-bundle (10 patients) and double-bundle (10 patients) ACL reconstructions with tibialis anterior allografts and a minimum 1-year follow-up. The MR images of the contralateral uninjured knees were used as normal controls. Sagittal images of the mid-medial and mid-lateral sections of the tibiofemoral compartments were used to measure the translation of the femoral condyles relative to the tibia. The mean translations of the medial femoral condyles on the tibial plateaus during knee joint motion showed no significant differences among normal, single-bundle, and double-bundle ACL reconstructed knees (all p>0.05). The mean translations of the lateral femoral condyles showed a significant difference between normal and single-bundle reconstructed knees, or between single-bundle and double-bundle reconstructed knees (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between normal and double-bundle reconstructed knees (p=0.220). These findings suggest that double-bundle ACL reconstruction restores normal kinematic tibiofemoral motion better than single-bundle reconstruction.     

可吸收缝合线在移植韧带中降解性能的实验研究

目的 探讨可吸收缝合线在移植肌腱内的降解吸收机制及移植腱束之间的愈合情况。方法 15只成年新西兰大白兔,切取半腱肌,折叠成双股后,采用3个0快薇乔可吸收缝合线编织缝合,建立采用可吸收缝线编织缝合的前交叉韧带自体肌腱移植重建模型。术后观察实验动物一般情况,术后2、4、8周取材行大体及组织学观察。结果 术后动物肢体活动情况良好,大体观察实验动物前交叉韧带连续性完整,张力适中。组织学观察术后2周位于移植肌腱内部的缝合线无降解,少量炎性细胞浸润,而位于移植肌腱边缘的缝合线开始出现降解,移植腱束间通过纤维组织连接;术后4周移植肌腱内部缝合线部分降解,降解区未见新生组织长入;术后8周移植肌腱内部缝合线完全降解,形成一不规则无染色区。结论 可吸收缝合线在移植肌腱内部降解速度不变,但吸收周期明显延长。     

异体前十字韧带移植重建兔后十字韧带的生物力学研究

目的探讨以兔异体前十字韧带为移植物解剖重建后十字韧带的生物力学变化。方法在研究正常兔前、后十字韧带解剖学和生物力学特性的基础上,用异体前十字韧带移植物解剖重建后十字韧带。应用无菌取材、新鲜冰冻技术制备异体骨-前十字韧带-骨移植物,-80℃保存14d以上待用。24只成年新西兰大白兔,随机选取其一侧后腿作为实验组,重建后十字韧带,对侧为对照组。分别于术后6、12、26、52周取材,测定股骨-移植物-胫骨的几何学特点、断裂部位、结构力学特性和材料力学特性。结果移植物平均长度在52周时为对照组正常后十字韧带的101%(P=0.90),平均横截面积为142%;强度在术后52周时为对照组正常后十字韧带的83%,最大拉长量为72%,刚度为92%;最大应力在术后52周时为对照组正常后十字韧带的58%,最大应变为72%,弹性模量为65%。断裂部位均位于移植物体部。移植物的几何学特点、结构力学特性和材料力学特性均有逐渐接近对照组正常后十字韧带的趋势。结论相同材料力学特性的移植物重建后十字韧带后生物力学特性转归良好,移植物的相同材料力学特性是影响后十字韧带重建效果的重要因素。     

″Silent” transverse patellar fracture following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Patellar fracture is a rare but specific complication of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft. When this complication occurs, early internal fixation is recommended and need not compromise the outcome. We report 2 cases of displaced transverse patellar fracture occurring after reconstruction but which were not diagnosed and presented with late sequelae.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 9 (November-December), 2001: pp 997–999     

Simultaneous reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament by using allogeneic patellar tendon under arthroscopy

With fast development of arthroscopic surgery inChina, simple reconstruction of ACL (anteriorcrucial ligament) or PCL has been reported in number. However , the methods concerningsimultaneous reconstruction of ACL and PCL are rarelyreported. Simultaneous …     

Biomechanics of the anterior cruciate ligament:Physiology,rupture and reconstruction techniques

The influences and mechanisms of the physiology,rupture and reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)on kinematics and clinical outcomes have been investigated in many biomechanical and clinical studies over the last several decades.The knee is a complex joint with shifting contact points,pressures and axes that are affected when a ligament is injured.The ACL,as one of the intra-articular ligaments,has a strong influence on the resulting kinematics.Often,other meniscal or ligamentous injuries accompany ACL ruptures and further deteriorate the resulting kinematics and clinical outcomes.Knowing the surgical options,anatomic relations and current evidence to restore ACL function and considering the influence of concomitant injuries on resulting kinematics to restore full function can together help to achieve an optimal outcome.     

Imaging of the anterior cruciate ligament

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is an important structure in maintaining the normal biomechanics of the knee and is the most commonly injured knee ligament. However, the oblique course of the ACL within the intercondylar fossa limits the visualization and assessment of the pathology of the ligament. This pictorial essay provides a comprehensive and illustrative review of the anatomy and biomechanics as well as updated information on different modalities of radiological investigation of ACL, particularly magnetic resonance imaging.     

保留并牵张胫骨残端的前交叉韧带双束重建

目的探讨保留并牵张胫骨残端的前交叉韧带（ACL）双束重建方法的近期临床效果。方法对56例急性股骨附着端撕裂的ACL损伤患者,在外伤后6周之内进行保留残留纤维的ACL双束重建。双束重建方法为采用八股胭绳肌肌腱的反向构型的四隧道重建,术中残留纤维近端用PDS线穿缝,将缝线从深束股骨隧道拉出以维持张力。术后随访1年以上,按照IKDC和Lysholm膝关节评分标准评价疗效。结果所有患者均获得随访。最后随访时,55例患者（98．2％）Lachman试验阴性,1例患者Lachman试验I度阳性。KT－1000检查显示双侧膝关节前向松弛度差值平均为（－0．48mm±1．41mm）（术前8．09mm±1．86mm,t=36．09,P〈0．01）;其中29例（51．8％）〈0mm,即患侧关节稳定度高于健侧;26例（46．4％）为0～2mm;1例（1．8％）〉2mm。所有患者轴移实验检查均为阴性。活动度检查发现49例伸屈活动度均正常,1例有5°屈膝欠缺,1例患者有10°屈膝欠缺,4例有5°过伸欠缺。从膝关节稳定性方面分析,55例（98．2％）IKDC评级为正常,1例（1．8％）评级为接近正常。综合分析,51例（91．1％）IKDC评级正常,5例（8．9％）为接近正常。术后IKDC膝关节主观评分为（94．9±3．7）分,Lysholm评分为（93．71±3．3）分。受伤前Tegner评分平均为7．3,最后随访时为6．9。结论在亚急性期进行保留并牵张胫骨残端的ACL双束重建,能够建立具有高度稳定性的膝关节,使所有患者获得IKDC评级正常或者接近正常的结果。     

股四头肌肌力对前十字韧带重建术后髌股关节软骨损伤的影响

 目的 探讨股四头肌肌力对前十字韧带重建术后髌股关节软骨损伤的影响。方法 2009年12月至2013年8月前十字韧带断裂重建术后1年以上行内固定取出术的患者76例,男51例,女25例;前十字韧带重建术时患者年龄16~44岁,平均27.6岁。取内固定术前行双侧股四头肌、腘绳肌等速肌力测试,取内固定的同时行二次关节镜检查,观察髌骨和滑车软骨损伤情况,分析股四头肌、腘绳肌肌力与髌股关节软骨损伤分级的关系。结果 前十字韧带重建术至二次关节镜检查的时间为12~51个月,平均25.3个月。前十字韧带重建术后34例患者（45%）患侧与健侧股四头肌肌力比值≤80%,17例患者（22%）患侧与健侧腘绳肌肌力比值≤80%。将患者分为患侧与健侧股四头肌肌力比值＞80%组（42例）与肌力比值≤80%组（34例）。两组分别有9例（21%）和16例（47%）出现术后髌骨软骨损伤分级增加,髌骨软骨损伤加重发生率的差异有统计学意义;两组髌骨软骨损伤分级平均增加0.10和0.68级,差异有统计学意义。两组分别有11例（26%）和11例（32%）出现术后滑车软骨损伤分级增加,滑车软骨损伤加重发生率的差异无统计学意义;两组滑车软骨损伤分级平均增加0.55和0.71级,差异无统计学意义。结论 前十字韧带重建术后股四头肌肌力恢复到健侧的80%以上,可明显减少髌骨软骨损伤的发生和加重。     

自体中1／3髌韧带重建前十字韧带术后膝关节内并发症的探讨

目的探讨应用自体中1/3髌韧带移植重建前十字韧带术后膝关节内有关的并发症及其发病机制。方法1994年1月～1997年11月 ,对18例前十字韧带断裂的患者采用关节镜或小切口关节切开术 ,完成自体中1/3髌韧带移植重建前十字韧带。术后平均随访2年 ,对所有病例进行临床检查 ,确定膝关节疼痛部位 ,检查膝关节活动度及稳定性 ,并利用膝关节屈曲90°的侧位X线片测量髌韧带长度。结果随访18例患者 ,17例术后膝关节存在触发性或功能性疼痛 ,膝关节疼痛常位于髌股关节、髌骨下极、髌韧带供区及胫骨结节部位。8例患者术后患膝活动度有不同程度受限。6例患者髌韧带发生不同程度的短缩 ,平均短缩2.8mm。4例患者髌股关节间隙变窄。两种术式以上并发症的发生率及严重程度差异无显著性意义。结论应用自体中1/3髌韧带重建前十字韧带不仅应注意疼痛等并发症的发生 ,还应关注髌韧带供区及髌股关节并发症的发生 ,重视其发病的病理基础。髌韧带中1/3缺损可引起髌韧带短缩及髌股关节退变。     

不同后交叉韧带指数测量方法对前交叉韧带损伤的诊断价值

目的:比较6种不同测量方法下的后交叉韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)指数(Index),分析验证其在前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)损伤中的临床诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析2018年5月至2022年3月收治的225例患者的膝关节MRI资料,年龄18～60岁,中位数32岁。根据ACL是否损伤,分为ACL正常组和ACL损伤组。在114例ACL损伤和111例ACL完整受试者的膝关节MRI矢状位图像上,测量MRI矢状位PCL在股骨附着点和胫骨附着点之间的直线距离(A)和该直线到矢状位图像上PCL弧形标记点之间的最大垂直距离(B),计算PCL Index并评估其对ACL损伤的诊断价值。结果:ACL正常组和ACL损伤组PCL Index1、2、3、6比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组PCL Index4、5比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。ACL正常组的PCL Index2、6与患者年龄呈负相关性(相关系数=-0.213,-0.189;P<0.05),ACL损伤组的PCL Index5与...     

Arthroscopic placement of the interference screw for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

This article describes a simple technique to check arthroscopically the position of the interference screw in bone patellar tendon bone reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. With this simple and inexpensive method we can be sure that the bone plug in the tunnel has a rigid fixation and that the screw does not damage that graft.     

The impact of surgical timing on postoperative motion and stability following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

A prospective study was designed to determine the impact of surgical timing on postoperative motion and stability following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructive surgery. The study population was limited to acute ACL ruptures from downhill skiing undergoing arthroscopic ACL surgery without arthrotomy or surgical intervention for other ligamentous structures; 185 patients were entered into four separate groups based on the time interval from injury to surgery. Motion and stability were tested at multiple time points from the index surgery and adverse events were recorded. We found no statistical difference in restoration of extension or flexion in any group at any time point. KT-1000 data at 12 months showed a side-to-side difference of ≤3 mm in 94%, with 6% showing a side-to-side difference of>3 and ≤5 mm. We conclude that, in this population, by using modern arthroscopic surgical techniques and an aggressive postoperative physical therapy protocol, motion and stability can be restored in a high percentage of patients and that surgical success is independent of the timing of surgery.