重症监护病房病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的:了解本院2008-2009年重症监护病房(ICU)感染病原菌分布及对各类抗菌药物的耐药情况。方法:采用纸片扩散法(K-B)对医院ICU感染患者标本中分离的1 149株病原菌进行药敏试验。结果:1 149株临床分离菌株中,革兰阴性杆菌占72.24%,革兰阳性球菌占18.71%,真菌占9.06%。革兰阴性杆菌检出率前3位是鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌,分别占24.89%、20.36%和10.96%。革兰阳性球菌以金黄色葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌为主,分别占13.22%和3.05%;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs检出率分别为61.20%和57.14%;耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS)检出率为70.90%;未发现万古霉素耐药革兰阳性球菌。舒普深、亚胺培南对鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌及肠杆菌科细菌抗菌活性最强。结论:ICU患者感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,且耐药性较高,提示临床医生应提高标本送检率,控制抗菌药物滥用,降低细菌耐药性。     

我院ICU痰培养病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 调查2012年我院重症监护病房（ICU）患者痰培养病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床诊断及用药提供参考依据.方法 对2012年1-12月ICU患者痰标本检出病原菌及耐药性进行回顾性分析.结果 痰培养共分离出病原菌944株,其中革兰阴性杆菌665株占70.44％,革兰阳性球菌155株占16.42％,真菌124株占13.14％;检出病原菌前5位依次为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、白色假丝酵母菌,分别占15.36％、14.62％、10.59％、9.53％、8.90％;多数病原菌耐药性严重,其中鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美洛培南耐药率均＞ 60.00％,金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林的耐药率为34.00％,尚未发现耐力奈唑胺、万古霉素的葡萄球菌株.结论 ICU患者痰标本分离的病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,同时还有革兰阳性球菌、真菌,其相关耐药性严重,细菌耐药性监测对指导合理用药很有意义.     

重症监护病房感染病原菌及耐药性分析

目的了解重症监护病房(ICU)感染病原菌的分布特点及耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供科学依据。方法对2016年我院ICU感染性疾病患者中分离出的1 160株细菌的分布及其耐药性进行分析。结果 1 160株分离菌中,革兰阴性杆菌、革兰阳性球菌和真菌之比为59.48∶24.40∶14.40。在革兰阴性杆菌中分离出鲍曼不动杆菌225株,占32.61%;革兰阳性球菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌居多,共92株,占葡萄球菌的60.13%,其次为金黄色葡萄球菌61株,占39.87%;真菌167株,以白色假丝酵母菌为主,占50.30%。鲍曼不动杆菌对多种抗菌药物呈现泛耐药或全耐药现象;140株大肠埃希菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)细菌98株,占71.53%;126株肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLS细菌54株,占43.20%;凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的耐药率普遍较金黄色葡萄球菌更高;真菌的耐药率极低。结论应加强ICU病房细菌学及耐药性监测,加强抗菌药物应用的管理和督查,强化医务人员院内感染防控意识,以减少多重耐药菌的产生。     

重症监护病房细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解湘雅医院重症监护病房（ICU）临床分离病原菌的分布及其对抗菌药物的耐药性，为临床经验性使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法 对该院ICU 2003年1月～2005年12月分离病原菌的分布及耐药情况进行回顾性分析。结果 共分离出847株病原菌，其中革兰阴性杆菌573株（67．7％），以铜绿假单胞菌为主（16．5％）；革兰阳性球菌265株（占31．3％），以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）为主（13．6％）；其它棒状杆菌及真菌9株（1．1％）。呼吸道标本分离病原菌以非发酵菌为主，占43．1％；血液标本以微球菌为主，占41．7％；革兰阴性菌对美罗培南敏感性较高，耐药率为1．1％～12．5％。革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素高度敏感，耐药率为0％～2．7％。鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对6种常用抗菌药物的耐药率超过了50．0％；耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）分别高迭95．8％和82．6％。结论 该院ICU分离病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主，尤以铜绿假单胞菌常见。病原菌多重耐药十分严重。及时监测ICU病房细菌分布及耐药性对指导临床选用抗菌药物十分重要。     

ICU患者痰主要病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨重症监护病区(ICU)患者呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及耐药性,以指导临床合理应用抗菌药物。方法回顾性分析ICU病区2010年1月～2011年11月痰培养分离出的主要病原菌及耐药性情况。结果 987例痰标本共分离病原菌362株,阳性率36.7%。其中革兰阴性杆菌(G-)占73.21%,主要有铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌;革兰阳性球菌(G+)占19.34%,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌;真菌占7.45%。药敏结果表明,所有革兰阴性菌对抗菌药物的耐药率呈上升趋势。结论革兰阴性杆菌仍是ICU病区肺部感染的主要病原菌,其中鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌占据前2位,真菌感染占有一定比例,多重耐药现象较严重。因此加强耐药性监测、合理应用抗菌药物、预防交叉感染十分重要。     

医院感染病原菌监测及耐药性分析

目的分析医院2006年至2009年感染病原菌的分布及耐药性特点,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法细菌鉴定采用杭州天和微生物试剂有限公司HW-138细菌生化鉴定分析仪,药敏试验采用K-B纸片扩散法。结果共分离出病原菌1527株,其中革兰阴性杆菌792株,革兰阳性球菌475株,其余为其它菌株。革兰阴性杆菌以大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌为主,革兰阳性球菌以葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌为主。除嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌外,亚胺培南和美罗培南对革兰氏阴性菌具有很好的疗效;革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁均比较敏感。结论病原菌的多重耐药日趋严重,开展病原菌耐药性监测,对指导临床合理使用抗菌药物,降低医院感染暴发流行具有重要意义。     

重症监护治疗病房细菌感染分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解重症监护治疗病房（ICU）感染病原菌分布及耐药特点,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法 对同济医院ICU2004年1月～2005年12月送检标本所分离的细菌及耐药特征进行回顾性分析。结果 共分离病原菌473株,革兰阴性杆菌占71．9％,主要为铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌;革兰阳性球菌占28．1％,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）检出率分别为30．0％和46．0％。多数革兰阴性杆菌对多种抗菌药物耐药率超过40．0％;多数对亚胺培南及美洛培南保持较高的敏感率。甲氧西林耐药株分别占金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的76．5％和72．4％。革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁最敏感。结论 ICU病房呼吸道感染的发生率较高,且以条件致病菌为主。大部分病原菌呈现高耐药和多重耐药的特点。定期对ICU病房进行细菌流行病学调查和耐药分析极有必要。     

医院感染下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及耐药性。方法对某市医院感染监控网医院2003年和2004年下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药情况进行统计分析。结果在4302例下呼吸道感染患者中，分离出病原菌共906株，占21．06％，其中以革兰阴性杆菌为主，占70．41％，依次为铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌；革兰阳性球菌占15．81％，金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和肠球菌分列前3位；真菌以白色念珠菌为主。药敏结果提示亚胺培南对革兰阴性杆菌作用最强，革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素高度敏感。结论近年来，下呼吸道感染以铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希氏菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等革兰氏阴性杆菌为主，且出现多重耐药现象。所以，应根据药敏结果，规范抗生素的合理应用。此外，真菌感染日趋增加，亦应值得关注。     

重症监护病房下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨重症监护病房(ICU)患者下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药性,为临床防治提供科学依据。方法整理分析我院ICU2003年1月至2007年12月下呼吸道感染患者痰培养的1146株病原菌,采用CLSI推荐的K-B法进行药敏试验,并对其耐药性进行分析。结果分离出的1146株病原菌中,革兰阴性杆菌占64.1%,革兰阳性球菌占28.4%。前5位病原菌依次为金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌、肺炎克雷伯菌。铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率分别为37.8%、10.6%,肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的检出率分别是68.5%、83.7%,肠杆菌科菌对亚胺培南全部敏感。未检出耐万古霉素的革兰阳性球菌。结论ICU下呼吸道感染以革兰阴性杆菌为主,病原菌耐药性严重。临床治疗应根据药敏试验结果,合理应用抗生素。     

急诊重症监护病房567株病原菌的分布特点及耐药性分析

目的 研究急诊ICU患者常见感染部位及病原菌分布特点和耐药现状,为临床经验性治疗和控制医院感染提供依据.方法 收集我院2006-11-01-2008-05-31急诊ICU患者标本分离的病原菌,采用纸片扩散法(Kirby-Bauer)进行药敏试验,判断按照2005年版CLSI标准,并按 WHONET5.3软件进行统计分析.结果 病原菌总数为567株,革兰阴性杆菌466株,占82.19%,革兰阳性球菌59株,占10.41%,真菌42株,占7.40%.其中以痰标本中分离为主,占89.07% 主要病原菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌25.93%、鲍曼不动杆菌19.4%、肺炎克雷伯杆菌14.29%、大肠埃希菌10.93%、金黄色葡萄球菌4.23%、白色假丝酵母菌3.35%.铜绿假单胞菌对异帕米星、阿米卡星的耐药率较低,鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美洛培南较敏感,肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌、奇异变形杆菌对亚胺培南高度敏感,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)株检出率分别为55.56%、75.81%、50%.金黄色葡萄糖球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林株分别占91.67%和83.33%,未检出万古霉素耐药株.结论 下呼吸道是急诊ICU患者最常见的感染部位,病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,大部分细菌对常用抗菌药物表现为高度耐药和多重耐药.加强病原学和耐药性监测 ,对于指导临床合理应用抗菌药物和预防医院感染具有重要意义.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.