GSTM1基因多态性与肺癌易感性的病例对照研究

[目的]探讨谷胱甘肽硫转移酶μ基因(GSTM1)缺失和吸烟、饮酒与肺癌易感性的关系。[方法]采用病例对照研究方法,调查42例病例和103例对照的吸烟、饮酒习惯,应用PCR技术检测GSTM1的基因型。采用lo-gistic回归分析GSTM1基因型与肺癌的关系及其与吸烟量、饮酒的交互作用。[结果]病例组GSTM1缺失率57.1%,对照组55.3%,两组差异无统计学意义,经调整混杂因素后,GSTM1缺失联合重度吸烟(累计吸烟量≥30包×年)的OR值12.841(2.322～71.008),交互作用系数为2.796。GSTM1联合饮酒的OR值10.728(1.270～90.656),交互作用系数为1.651。[结论]GSTM1基因缺失与重度吸烟(累计吸烟量≥30包×年),GSTM1基因缺失与饮酒均对肺癌的发生具有交互作用。     

EC-SOD和GSTM1基因多态性及吸烟与口腔癌风险关系研究

目的探讨细胞外超氧化物歧化酶(EC-SOD)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶M1(GSTM1)基因多态性及吸烟与口腔癌风险之间的关系。方法利用病例-对照分子流行病学研究方法和聚合酶链反应技术对600例口腔癌患者和600健康正常对照者DNA进行EC-SOD和GSTM1基因分型,logistic回归方法估计基因、基因与吸烟的交互作用对口腔癌发病的危险度。结果 EC-SOD各基因型口腔癌病例组与对照组间的频率分别为在C/C型61.17%、78.50%,C/G型38.33%、21.50%,分布差异有显著性(P<0.01),EC-SOD(C/G)基因型使口腔癌的发生的危险性增加(OR=2.27,95%CI 1.73-4.02)。口腔癌组GSTM1(-)基因型频率(69.17%)显著高于对照组(44.17%)(P<0.01),GSTM1(-)基因型增加了口腔癌发生的危险性(OR=2.84,95%CI 1.95-4.47).基因突变的协同分析发现EC-SOD(C/G)/GSTM1(-)在口腔癌组和对照组中的分布频率分别为30.50%和6.67%,分布有显著性差异(P<0.01)。EC-SOD(C/G)/GSTM1(-)患口腔癌的风险性明显高于EC-SOD(C/C)/GSTM1(+)基因型者(OR=8.16,95%CI 3.73-12.91)。病例组的吸烟率显著高于对照组的吸烟率(P<0.01),吸烟显著提高口腔癌发生的危险性(OR=2.66,95%CI 1.45-4.36)。EC-SOD(C/G)及GSTM1(-)与吸烟有协同作用(OR=25.11,95%CI 12.37-36.62)。结论 EC-SOD(C/G)和GSTM1(-)是口腔癌的易患因素,二者对口腔癌的发生有协同作用,吸烟与口腔癌的易感性也有关,EC-SOD(C/G)和GSTM1(-)与吸烟在口腔癌的发生上具有相互促进作用。     

谷胱甘肽硫转移酶Mul—1（GSTM1）基因多态性与肺癌易感性关系的研究

目的　探讨中国汉族广东人群中谷胱甘肽硫转移酶 Mul- 1(GSTM1)基因缺失及吸烟与肺癌易感性的关系。　方法　采用病例 -对照研究方法 ,应用 PCR技术检测 91例肺癌患者、138例对照的 GSTM1基因多态性。　结果　GSTM1基因缺失在肺癌组和对照组中的频率分别为 6 1.5 %和 5 2 .9% ,OR=1.38(0 .80～ 2 .38)差异无统计学意义 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,与吸烟联合分析时发现 GSTM1基因缺失的 OR值为 3.0 7,比单纯吸烟对肺癌的 OR值 (1.87)大 (P<0 .0 1)。　结论　 GSTM1基因缺失与吸烟可能协同增加患肺癌的危险性     

GSTM1、GSTT1基因缺失与肺癌遗传易感性关系的研究

目的　探讨GSTM1、GSTT1基因缺失与肺癌发病之间的关系。方法　采用PCR技术检测 77例肺癌患者和 10 7例健康对照人群中GSTM1、GSTT1基因缺失的频率。结果　病例组GSTM1基因缺失的频率为5 8 4 % ,显著高于对照组的缺失频率 4 2 1% (χ2 =4 811,P =0 0 2 8) ,危险度分析得出OR =1 938,95 %CI为1 0 70～ 3 5 0 9;病例组GSTT1基因缺失的频率为 5 7 1% ,接近对照组 5 0 5 %的水平 (χ2 =0 80 2 ,P =0 371)。联合分析表明两基因在肺癌发生中具有协同作用。结论　GSTM1基因缺失或GSTM1、GSTT1基因联合缺失可能与肺癌的发生有关     

CYP1A1和GSTM3基因多态性与肺癌易感性关系

目的 研究CYP1 A1 Exon7和GSTM3基因多态性与内蒙古地区汉族肺癌易感性的关系.方法 采用等位基因特异性扩增法(ASA)和限制性片断长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术对324例汉族非肺部疾病患者和174例汉族肺癌患者进行CYP1A1 Exon7及GSTM3基因多态性分析;同时研究其与吸烟及肺癌之间的相互关系.结果 肺癌组与对照组的CYP1 A1 Exon7、GSTM3基因多态性差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);吸烟人群患肺癌的危险性是不吸烟人群的2.107倍(OR=2.107,95％ CI=1.44～3.080);携带CYP1A1 Exon7基因突变纯合型(Val/Val)的个体患肺癌风险增高(OR=1.576);携带CYP1 A1 Exon7基因突变杂合型和突变纯合型(Ile/Val+ Val/Val)并且吸烟的个体患肺癌的风险增高(OR=2.503).结论 吸烟为肺癌的易感因素,CYP1A1 Exon7基因突变杂合型和突变纯合型是肺癌的可疑易感因素,和吸烟在肺癌易感性方面具有协同作用;GSTM3基因多态性与肺癌易感性无关.     

谷胱苷肽硫转移酶与肺癌类型的关系病例对照研究

目的　研究肿瘤易感性标记物 GSTM1 与肺癌类型的关系。方法　收集原发性肺癌 91例和 138例对照 ,所有研究对象均采血进行 DNA提取 ,用 PCR技术检测他们的 GSTM1 基因多态性。结果　 GSTM1与两种类型的肺癌 (鳞癌、腺癌 )均无显著的相关性。吸烟与 GSTM1 基因缺失型联合作用与肺癌有关 (OR=3.0 7,P<0 .0 1) ,但吸烟与 GSTM的联合作用未发现与各种类型的肺癌有关。饮酒与 GSTM1 基因缺失型联合作用明显与肺癌有关 (OR=3.0 7,P<0 .0 1) ,饮酒与 GSTM1 的联合作用未发现与各种类型的肺癌有关。结论　吸烟与 GSTM1 基因缺失型及饮酒与 GSTM1 基因缺失型均有协同作用 ,能增加发生肺癌的危险性 ,但对不同类型的肺癌无明显相关     

血清硒与GSTM1基因多态性在肺癌发生中的交互作用

目的:探讨血清硒水平与GSTM1基因多态性在肺癌发生中的交互作用。方法:采用成组病例-对照研究方法,选择广州地区原发性肺癌患者58例,对照62例,用PCR检测GSTM1基因多态性,用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法(GHAFS)测定血清硒。结果:病例组血清硒水平显著低于对照组(P=0.001),OR为4.44(95%CI1.64～12.01);GSTM1基因多态性与肺癌危险性关系无统计学意义(OR1.73,95%CI0.84～3.58);血清硒水平低与GSTM1缺失在肺癌发生中有正交互作用。归因交互效应为3.40,归因交互效应百分比为60.18%。结论:血清硒水平与肺癌发生负相关;GSTM1基因单独作用时与肺癌关系不明显,但血清硒水平低与GSTM1缺失之间存在协同作用,使肺癌发生的危险性显著增加。     

蒙古族人群肺癌易感性与GSTM1基因多态性

目的 研究内蒙古地区蒙、汉族人群谷胱甘肽硫转移酶M1基因(GSTM1)多态性,探讨蒙古族人群肺癌易感性与GSTM1基因多态性关系.方法 采用多重PCR等方法对325名健康汉族人、310名健康蒙古族人及304例蒙古族肺癌患者进行GSTM1基因多态性检测,分析GSTM1基因型的分布频率,并探讨GSTM1基因多态性与蒙古族人群肺癌易感性的关系.结果 健康蒙、汉族人群GSTM1基因型分布频率分别为:GSTM1功能型(+)61.61%,GSTM1缺陷型(-)38.39%和GSTM1(+)57.23%,GSTM1(-)42.77%;蒙古族肺癌组与对照组GSTM1(+)和GSTM1(-)的分布频率分别为52.96%,47.04%和61.61%.38.39%;携带GSTM1(-)的个体患肺癌的风险增高,OR值为1.43(95%以CI=1.03～1.96,P＜0.05).结论 GSTM1基因型分布频率在内蒙古地区蒙、汉族人群间比较无明显差别;GSTM1(-)是蒙古族人群肺癌的易感因素.     

CYP1A1 Ile462Val多态与小细胞肺癌遗传易感性相关

目的探讨细胞色素P450 1A1(CYP1A1)基因Ile462Val单核苷酸多态与小细胞肺癌遗传易感性的相关关系。方法收集275例小细胞肺癌患者和406例正常对照者的外周静脉血标本,采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片断长度多态性分析(PCRRFLP)技术检测CYP1A1基因Ile462Val多态的基因型。采用多变量Logistic回归方法分析不同基因型与小细胞肺癌发病风险的相关关系。结果与CYP1A1 462 Ile/Ile基因型携带者相比,462 Ile/Val和462 Val/Val基因型携带者小细胞肺癌发病风险显著降低,其OR值分别为0.65(95%CI 0.48~0.91)和0.60(95%CI 0.32~0.97)。吸烟分层分析显示,在不吸烟人群中,462 Ile/Val或462 Val/Val基因型携带者小细胞肺癌发病风险的OR值为0.99(95%CI 0.62~1.51)。在吸烟人群中,462Ile/Val或462 Val/Val基因型携带者小细胞肺癌发病风险的OR值为0.42(95%CI0.26~0.65)。此外,在轻度吸烟者和重度吸烟者中462 Ile/Val或462 Val/Val基因型携带者小细胞肺癌发病风险的OR值分别为0.42(95%CI 0.21~0.85)和0.44(95%CI 0.24~0.82)。结论 CYP1A1基因Ile462Val多态与小细胞肺癌遗传易感性相关。     

GSTM1基因多态性和环境因素的交互作用与食管癌关系的研究

[目的]探讨GSTM1基因多态位点和环境因素的交互作用与新疆地区汉族食管癌之间的关系。[方法]采用病例对照的研究方法,应用聚合酶链式反应——连接酶检测反应(PCR-LDR)技术,分别对GSTM1基因缺失型和rs2071487两个多态位点进行检测。[结果]GSTM1基因缺失/非缺失基因型在病例组和对照组之间的分布差异有统计学意义(χ2=14.67,P=0.000),即携带缺失型基因型者发生食管癌的风险增加(OR=3.01,95%CI:1.71～5.30));GSTM1缺失基因型分别与常吃熏肉、常吃酸菜之间存在正向交互作用(γ﹥1),即常吃熏肉且GSTM1缺失基因型者发生食管癌的危险性是不吃或偶尔吃熏肉的非缺失基因型者的32.51倍(OR95%CI:13.06～80.95);常吃酸菜且GSTM1缺失基因型者发生食管癌的危险性是不吃或偶尔吃酸菜的非缺失基因型者的18.37倍(OR95%CI:7.76～43.48)。[结论GSTM1缺失基因型和环境危险因素之间在食管癌的发生中存在交互效应,基因对环境危害效应具有放大作用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.