大鼠肠缺血-再灌注后营养对肠黏膜屏障功能的影响

目的:研究不同营养物质及营养支持途径对大鼠肠道缺血-再灌注时肠黏膜屏障功能的影响. 方法:将大鼠随机分为缺血-再灌注组、对照组及缺血-再灌注后各营养支持组.实验结束行肠黏膜屏障功能指标的检测. 结果:缺血-再灌注后肠黏膜发生明显损伤,普通肠外营养(PN)组D-乳酸、血浆内毒素水平、细菌移位率均显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);普通肠内营养(EN)组血浆内毒素水平明显低于谷氨酰胺肠外营养(G-PN)组(P<0.05),EN和免疫肠内营养(IEN)组细菌移位率无显著差异(P>0.05). 结论:①肠内营养在维护肠黏膜屏障功能方面优于肠外营养.②谷氨酰胺对改善肠黏膜屏障功能有显著作用,但无法取代肠内营养的作用.③免疫增强型营养与普通肠内营养相比,对细菌移位的防治效果并不大.     

肠内营养在维护门静脉高压症术后患者肠道黏膜屏障功能中的作用

目的了解肠内营养在维护门静脉高压症术后患者肠道黏膜屏障功能中的作用和地位。方法40例门静脉高压症手术患者随机进入肠内(EN)或肠外营养(PN)组,术后分别接受肠内外营养,观察两种营养方式对患者内脏蛋白合成能力、肝功能及其储备、胃肠功能、内毒素水平、肠道细菌移位和乳果糖/甘露醇比值等方面的影响。结果两种营养方式均能改善患者的营养状况。EN术后并发症少,在刺激肠道蠕动,减轻内毒素水平,防止肠道菌群移位,维护肠黏膜屏障方面优于PN,且差异显著(P<0.05)。结论EN是维护此部分患者肠道黏膜免疫屏障功能稳定的有效方式。     

肠内营养对术后病人营养支持疗效的前瞻、随机、对照临床研究

目的 :观察肠内营养 (EN)、肠外营养 (PN)支持对维持或改善手术创伤后病人营养状态及肠粘膜屏障功能的影响。　方法 :选择腹部手术后需行营养支持的 6 0例成年病人随机进入EN组及PN组。两组营养支持均等热量、等氮量。分别于营养支持前、中、后检测营养状态指标及肠道粘膜通透性。营养支持期间每天测定氮平衡 ,并计算累计氮平衡。　结果 :①EN组体重、白蛋白、转铁蛋白高于PN组 ,但无显著差异。EN组前白蛋白、纤维连接蛋白在术后第 7、12天显著高于PN组 ;②EN组累计氮平衡为正氮平衡 ,而PN组为负氮平衡 ,二者之间差异非常显著 ;③研究期间EN组肠道通透性显著低于PN组。　结论 :与PN支持相比 ,EN可有效地改善术后病人的营养状态 ,促进肠粘膜屏障功能的恢复。     

不同方式营养支持对重症急性胰腺炎患者血浆内毒素水平的影响

[目的]探讨不同方式营养支持对重症急性胰腺炎患者血浆内毒素水平的影响。[方法]采用单纯随机抽样方法将符合入选标准的47例重症急性胰腺炎患者随机分为肠内营养联合肠外营养组(PN+EN组,n=24)和完全肠外营养(TPN组,n=23)。两组病人接受同样的基础治疗,所有病人均于营养支持前及营养支持后d3、d7、d10检测血浆内毒素(LPS)浓度,并观察并发症发生情况。结果EN+PN组治疗后血浆内毒素水平较治疗前逐渐降低,而TPN组较治疗前逐渐增高。治疗d7和d10EN+PN组显著低于TPN组,且差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。PN+EN组的并发症发生率低于TPN组,且腹胀和腹泻发生率显著降低(P﹤0.05)。[结论]早期肠内营养可维持肠道黏膜屏障功能,显著降低SAP患者血浆LPS浓度,减少并发症发生。     

不同营养干预对肠道缺血再灌注大鼠肠屏障和系统炎症影响

目的探讨不同营养干预对大鼠肠道缺血再灌注损伤时肠道通透性、细菌内毒素移位和系统炎症反应的影响。方法40只SD大鼠胃造瘘后随机分为普通饮食组（OF）、普通肠内营养组（EN）、谷氨酰胺肠内营养组（Gin）、免疫增强型肠内营养组（IEEN）和假手术组（Sham）。7天营养干预后用动脉夹夹闭肠系膜上动脉60分钟，继续原营养3天后分别测定肠道通透性、肠黏膜形态、细菌培养和循环细胞因子。结果OF组、EN组和Sham组肠道缺血再灌注可引起体重下降和肠道通透性增加（P〈0．05），Gln组的内毒素水平明显低于OF组（P〈0．05），IEEN组的肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF—α）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）和白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）水平显著低于EN组（P〈0．05），Gin组和IEEN组的肠黏膜厚度和绒毛高度明显高于OF组和EN组（P〈0．05）。结论大鼠肠道缺血再灌注损伤时可引起肠道通透性增加、细菌内毒素移位和系统炎症反应。谷氨酰胺和免疫增强型肠内营养可明显弱化肠道损伤，减少细菌内毒素移位，减轻系统炎症反应。     

不同途径补充谷氨酰胺对大鼠肠粘膜和通透性的影响

目的比较大鼠手术化疗时,普通肠外、肠内营养与补充谷氨酰胺的肠外、肠内营养对肠道功能的影响.方法雄性Wistar大鼠60只,随机分为6组(n=10)Chow 1组,普通饲料加中心静脉插管;PN组,普通肠外营养;PN+G组,肠外营养加谷氨酰胺;Chow 2组,普通饲料加胃造瘘;EN组,普通肠内营养;EN+G组,肠内营养加谷氨酰胺.Chow组给普通饲料,肠外和肠内营养组所给营养液均为等氮2.5 g N@kg-1@d-1、等热卡1 046 kJ@kg-1@d-1(250 kcal@kg-1@d-1),氮热卡比值1100.4组营养支持大鼠在术后第4天,按75 mg@kg-1体重腹腔注射5-Fu.结果(1)体重术后第8天时,以PN组下降最显著(-14.8±7.6)g(P＜0.05);EN组其次(-6.6±2.2)g(P＜0.05);PN+G组略有下降(-1.1±0.2)g,但无统计学差异;EN+G组体重则有所增加(2.7±4.2)g.(2)谷氨酰胺浓度与Chow组比较,PN组和EN组血浆和肌肉的谷氨酰胺浓度显著下降,而PN+G组和EN+G组谷氨酰胺浓度增高.(3)细菌移位PN组和EN组细菌移位阳性率分别为80%和70%(P＜0.05);PN+G组、EN+G组和Chow组分别为30%、30%和20%,3组间比较无显著差异.(4)肠道粘膜通透性与手术后化疗前比较,PN组和EN组的通透性增加(P＜0.05),而PN+G组和EN+G组的通透性变化不大,与Chow组比较无显著性差异.(5)肠粘膜形态术后第8天时,PN组和EN组空肠和结肠粘膜厚度和绒毛高度显著低于Chow组(P＜0.01),PN+G组和EN+G组与Chow组相似,EN+G组的绒毛高度和粘膜厚度优于PN+G组.结论补充谷氨酰胺的肠外、肠内营养与普通肠外、肠内营养比较,可减少肠道通透性增高和细菌移位、减少肠粘膜损伤,并能增加血浆、肌肉和小肠谷氨酰胺水平,肠内营养补充谷氨酰胺对肠道功能的影响优于肠外营养补充谷氨酰胺.     

肠内营养对胃癌患者术后肠黏膜屏障功能的影响

目的 探讨胃癌患者术后早期施行肠内营养(EN)支持对胃肠道黏膜屏障功能的影响.方法 58例患者被随机分为EN组和肠外营养(PN)组,两组营养支持均等热量、等氮量,EN组于术后第1天开始由鼻肠管内输注营养液,PN组经静脉输注营养液,于术前1 d及术后第7天测定两组患者尿乳果糖与甘露醇的比值(L/M)、血浆内毒素、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)及IgA.结果 术后第7天,EN组L/M、血浆内毒素、TNF、IgA分别为0.08±0.03、(0.49±0.12)EU/ml、(39.40±4.62)μg/ml、(2.65±0.07)g/L,PN组分别为0.24±0.05、(0.55±0.12)EU/ml、(43.01±8.12)μg/ml、(2.17±0.10)g/L,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).结论 胃癌患者术后早期EN对肠黏膜屏障功能具有一定的保护作用.     

肠内营养对食管癌术后应激反应和肠道屏障功能的影响

目的:探讨EN对食管癌病人术后应激反应和肠道屏障功能的影响. 方法:将54例食管癌切除术病人随机分成PN组(n=28例)和EN组(n=26例).分别检测手术前后不同时段的血清细胞因子、T细胞亚群、NK细胞活性、蛋白质和内毒素水平等. 结果:血清ALB、PA和FT等营养指标术后均显著降低,但两组间差异无显著性意义.术后第1和第3天,两组病人血清IL-6水平较术前均显著升高(P<0.01),EN组显著低于PN组.血清IL-10与IL-6变化相似.术后两组CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+均显著降低(P<0.01),术后第10天EN组显著高于PN组(P<0.05).术后第10天EN组NK细胞活性明显超过PN组.EN组血清内毒素水平术后显著低于PN组(P<0.05). 结论:EN支持对食管癌术后病人能减少血清内毒素、抑制过度炎症反应和维持机体免疫功能.     

免疫肠内营养对重症急性胰腺炎病人肠黏膜屏障和细胞因子的影响

目的:探讨免疫肠内营养(IEN)治疗对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)病人肠黏膜屏障和细胞因子的影响.方法:将46例病人随机分为IEN组和对照组,每组23例.对照组病人采用传统保守治疗,IEN组在保守治疗基础上给予IEN治疗.观察两组病人住院期间血、尿淀粉酶恢复时间,腹痛缓解时间和两组间的并发症、治愈等情况以及细胞因子和肠黏膜屏障功能的变化. 结果:两组病人腹痛缓解时间、血和尿淀粉酶变化、并发症的发生率和治愈率等比较均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).治疗前、治疗后第7和第14天分别检测T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+和CD4+/CD8+)、炎性细胞因子(TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8)、血D-乳酸和内毒素水平变化均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).绪论:IEN可改善SAP病人的肠黏膜屏障功能和细胞因子功能.     

老年胃癌全切术后肠内营养与肠外营养的对比研究

目的 比较老年胃癌全胃切除术后早期肠内营养(EN)和肠外营养(PN)支持的效果.方法 51例老年胃癌全胃切除手术患者术后随机分为PN组(n=25)和EN组(n=26).在营养支持前后检测氮平衡和营养指标,并观察两组患者住院时间和费用、肠道功能指标以及并发症发生情况.结果 两组患者营养支持后,血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白以及氮平衡4项指标升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组患者术后肛门排气时间、第一次排便时间、住院天数和日平均费用差异均有统计学意义,EN组显著低于PN组.两组患者术后无死亡或吻合口瘘等严重并发症.结论EN能更好的改善患者术后营养状况和肠道功能,并且花费较低,优于PN.     

营养环境与人群营养素摄入水平的相关性

完善了营养环境的概念及指标，提出可以用线性规划建立的数学模型计算营养环境的指标，即由该模型得出的营养素的理论达标率和营养素的边际成本。用天津１９８９年的营养素的理论达标率和１９８８年天津人群的营养素实际达标率进行线性回归分析，得出回归方程：实际达标率（％）Ｙ＝１５．１５（％）＋０．７８８Ｘ（Ｘ为理论达标率，％），其相关性显著（Ｒ＝０．９８６，Ｐ＜０．００１）；还发现天津营养环境中脂肪、动物性蛋白质的边际成本大于零。讨论了上述方程的意义，营养环境与营养干预的关系。认为，改善食物的营养素含量、降低价格、增加营养素含量丰富的食物品种的营养干预措施，效果较好。     

The enteral vs parenteral nutrition debate revisited

Many trials and several meta-analyses have been devoted to comparing enteral with parenteral nutrition support. In this review, these studies are subjected to critical analysis with particular emphasis on their methodology and clinical relevance. Evidence is produced to suggest that the heterogeneous patient populations of the studies and the rigid approach taken to comparing different nutrition therapies inter alia render their conclusions highly questionable and of very doubtful clinical significance. An alternative approach to nutrition research is suggested in which strategies of nutrition support rather than fixed menus are compared. It is suggested that objective measures of intestinal function be evaluated more fully in patients requiring nonvolitional nutrition support, and these are briefly reviewed. In addition, a more scientific approach to evaluating the physiological effects of nutrition support, including chemical tagging and evaluation of muscle function, is recommended.     

Ceramide in Lipid Emulsions Used in Parenteral Nutrition

Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease is a prevalent and severe complication of long term parenteral nutrition. We present here for the first time data on the presence of ceramide, a bioactive compound involved in a variety of metabolic processes, in different lipid emulsions used in parenteral nutrition. Further research is needed to determine whether this potential harmful bioactive compound is involved in parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease.     

Nutrition knowledge and attitudes of New Zealand registered midwives

Aim: The importance of nutrition for a healthy pregnancy is well established. In New Zealand, the majority of women choose midwives as their maternity provider. Therefore, it is important that midwives have an understanding of nutrition issues related to pregnancy. The purpose of the present study was to determine the nutrition knowledge of New Zealand midwives, and to assess the importance they place on nutrition during pregnancy. Methods: An 18‐question postal survey was sent to all members of the New Zealand College of Midwives (n = 1340). Results: A total of 370 questionnaires were returned (response rate of 27.6%). Less than 40% of midwives reported that they had formal nutrition education; however, nearly 75% of respondents indicated that they had received nutrition information through their midwifery education. Most midwives indicated that nutrition was important or very important during pregnancy (98.4%), and that they had a significant or very significant role in educating pregnant women (94.9%) about nutrition. Midwives generally reported a high level of confidence in dealing with nutrition‐related issues. Midwives answered most of the nutrition knowledge questions correctly. However, 64.6% of midwives (n = 369) incorrectly identified spirulina as a good source of iron for vegetarians, 28.1% (n = 104) incorrectly answered that maternal intake of cabbage and beans are often responsible for colic in breastfed infants, and 40.0% (n = 128) incorrectly answered that to reduce food allergies all lactating women should avoid peanuts and shellfish. Conclusion: Overall, midwives were knowledgeable on nutrition issues related to pregnancy and reported a high level of confidence on educating women about nutrition.     

Practice Analysis of Nutrition Support Professionals

Background: The National Board of Nutrition Support Certification (NBNSC) is an independent credentialing board responsible for administering the multidisciplinary certification examination in nutrition support. For an exam to be legally and practically defensible, it must represent practice. Validation is by practice audit, the highest level of supporting evidence. Objectives: To define the role of the nutrition support professional (NSP) and the current elements (knowledge and functions) required for competent NSP practice. Methods: A survey instrument was constructed using a content validation strategy to establish the link between job tasks and the content of the examination. Internet‐based surveys were made available to 5100 NSPs. NSP duties performed and knowledge required for patient safety and welfare were analyzed for the group as a whole and for each profession separately. Results: A total of 765 surveys were completed (return rate of 15%). The results of the practice audit demonstrate a common core of practice across the nutrition support disciplines as well as a universal core of elements believed to be important for competent nutrition support practice. Conclusion: The results of this survey continue to support a common core of practice across nutrition support disciplines as well as a common core of elements believed to be important for competent nutrition support practice. Accordingly, the NBNSC will continue to offer one examination to all disciplines both nationally and internationally and confer the Certified Nutrition Support Clinician (CNSC) credential to all individuals who successfully pass this validated examination.     

Future Doctors' Perceptions about Incorporating Nutrition into Standard Care Practice

Objective: The increasing prevalence of chronic disease has been largely attributed to long-term poor nutrition and lifestyle choices. This study investigates the attitudes of our future physicians toward nutrition and the likelihood of incorporating nutrition principles into current treatment protocols.Methods: Setting: The setting of this study was an Australian university medical school. Subjects: Subjects including year 1–4 students (n = 928) in a 4-year medical bachelor, bachelor of surgery (MBBS) degree program. Students were invited to participate in a questionnaire based on an existing instrument, the Nutrition in Patient Care Attitude (NIPC) Questionnaire, to investigate their attitudes toward nutrition in health care practices.Results: Respondents indicated that “high risk patients should be routinely counseled on nutrition” (87%), “nutrition counseling should be routine practice” (70%), and “routine nutritional assessment and counseling should occur in general practice” (57%). However, despite overall student support of nutritional counseling (70%) and assessment (86%), students were reluctant to perform actual dietary assessments, with only 38% indicating that asking for a food diary or other measure of dietary intake was important.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that future physicians are aware of the importance of considering nutrition counseling and assessment. However, students are unlikely to adequately integrate relevant nutritional information into their treatment protocols, evidenced by their limited use of a basic nutritional assessment. This is potentially the result of a lack of formal nutrition education within their basic training.     

Transition Phase Nutrition Recommendations: A Missing Link in the Nutrition Management of Preterm Infants

Background: Despite the availability of international nutrition recommendations, preterm infants remain vulnerable to suboptimal nutrition. The standard approach of assessing nutrient intakes chronologically may make it difficult to identify the origin of nutrient deficits and/or excesses. Objective: To develop a “nutrition phase” approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabling analysis of nutrient intakes during the period of weaning from parenteral nutrition (PN) to enteral nutrition (EN), called the transition (TN) phase, and compare the data with those analyzed using the standard “chronological age” approach to assess whether the identification of nutrient deficits and/or excesses can be improved. Methods: Analysis of a comprehensive nutrition database developed using actual nutrient intake data collected on an hourly basis in 59 preterm infants (birth weight ≤1500 g, gestation <34 weeks) over the period of PN delivery (range, 2–21 days). Results: The nutrition phase analysis approach revealed substantial macronutrient and energy deficits during the TN phase. In particular, deficits were identified as maximal during the EN‐dominant TN phase (enteral feeds ≥80 mL/kg/d) of the infant’s nutrition course. In contrast, the chronological age analysis approach did not reveal a corresponding pattern of deficit occurrence but rather intakes that approximated or exceeded recommendations. Conclusion: Actual intakes of nutrients, analyzed using a nutrition phase approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabled a more infant‐driven rather than age‐driven application of nutrition recommendations. This approach unmasked nutrient deficits occurring during the transition phase. Overcoming nutrient deficits in this nutrition phase should be prioritized to improve the nutrition management of preterm infants.