西地那非治疗勃起功能障碍的现状

简要介绍了西地那非的药理作用机制 ,着重阐述了该药对勃起功能障碍 (ED)的治疗效果及安全性 ,特别对高血压及服用抗高血压药物病人、心脏病病人、糖尿病病人、脊髓损伤病人、前列腺根治性手术后病人、长期透析病人等特殊人群的应用情况进行总结。西地那非对ED的治疗总体上有效、安全。     

西地那非对器质性勃起功能障碍的夜间勃起作用

目的 探讨西地那非对器质性ED夜间勃起的作用。方法 对28例器质性ED患者予以万艾可100mg睡前口服，用NEVA监测夜间勃起情况。结果 器质性ED患者的勃起参数有明显改善（P〈0．05）。结论无性刺激条件下万艾可增强器质性ED患者夜间勃起。     

西地那非对骨盆骨折尿道断裂患者勃起功能障碍的治疗作用

勃起功能障碍(ED)是骨盆骨折尿道断裂(PFUD)的常见后果。修复尿道损伤后，ED可能对患者起最大的长期破坏性影响。一些患者可能恢复正常的勃起功能。作者对PFUD造成的ED患者进行了西地那非疗效和勃起功能的前瞻性研究。对因PFuD需进行尿道成形手术的患者在术前前瞻性地评价勃起功能，进行夜间阴茎胀大试验，如结果异常，则进行海绵体内注射药物的阴茎双相超声和动脉造影以诊断ED的病因。手术后每3个月随访患者勃起功能情况，     

西地那非治疗透析患者勃起功能障碍的初步观察

勃起功能障碍(ED)在透析患者中很常见。Rosas等人报道了使用枸缘酸西地那非治疗透析患者ED的经验。他们对宾夕法尼亚大学门诊男性透析患者进行研究。这些患者通过他们的主治医师或者肾病专科医师接受西地那非治疗,治疗前及治疗至少4周后按照国际勃起功能障碍评分标准进行评分。     

西地那非治疗勃起功能障碍的临床疗效

目的 :观察西地那非对不同年龄和病因勃起功能障碍 (ED)病人的疗效。　方法 :88例ED病人口服不同剂量的西地那非 4～ 2 2周 ,以国际勃起功能指数 5 (IIEF 5 )评分为评估标准判断疗效 ,设对照组作比较。　结果 :西地那非治疗ED病人的总疗效率为 80 .7% ,IIEF 5值上升幅度与西地那非疗效呈正相关。不同年龄ED病人的疗效无明显差异。神经性ED病人的显效率和IIEF 5值与心因性病人差异显著。　结论 :西地那非治疗ED是安全有效的 ,IIEF 5可作为评判ED疗效的可靠指标。     

勃起功能障碍的药物治疗

近年来,特别是5型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂———西地那非上市以来,众多学者对勃起功能的生物化学和生理学进行了深入研究,在勃起功能障碍(ED)药物治疗的基础和临床方面取得了许多新的进展。本文综述了多种作用于中枢和外周ED治疗药物的分子及细胞作用机制,为最近ED药物研究和进展中最具争议的领域提供一些详细资料。     

勃起功能障碍患者不能坚持服用万艾可的原因探讨

万艾可（枸橼酸西地那非）自从2000年7月在中国上市以来，为国内成千上万的勃起功能障碍（ED）患者带来了福音，其肯定的疗效得到了广大医学专家和患者的广泛认同，但临床工作中也有相当一部分患者在服用有效后不再坚持服用，我们对2002年9月～2004年9月部分病例作以总结，并分析原因如下。     

口服西地那非能安全、有效地治疗血液透析患者ED

为评估在慢性肾功能衰竭行血液透析（HD）的患者中口服西地那非治疗勃起功能障碍（ED）的有效性和安全性，Seibel 等人设计了一项双盲、随机、安慰剂对照试验[J Am Soc Nephrol，2002，13（11）：2770-2775]。     

透析治疗对慢性肾脏疾病患者勃起功能的影响

目的评价慢性肾脏疾病患者经透析治疗（血液透析和腹膜透析）后的勃起功能。方法对121名慢性肾脏疾病行透析治疗的患者和48名慢性肾脏疾病但肾功能正常的患者（对照组）用IIEF评价其勃起功能。结果血液透析组（HD）、腹膜透析组（PD）、慢性肾病肾功能正常组（对照组）ED发生率分别为80．3％、78．7％和46．2％。HD患者中有20％〈50岁和60％≥50岁患有重度ED，只有〈50岁患者的重度ED与对照组同一年龄段相比有统计学差异。〈50岁组中，中至重度患者的ED发生率明显高于对照组（P〈0．001）。PD患者的情况与HD患者的情况类似。结论男性透析患者的ED发生率较高，ED程度较重，今后的临床工作中要更多注意透析患者的整体健康评价。     

全面康复:勃起功能障碍治疗的新目标

5型磷酸二酯酶(PDE5)抑制剂有效改善勃起功能障碍(ED)患者的勃起功能。枸橼酸西地那非的应用范围不断扩展,肺动脉高压已成为新的适应证。临床研究发现,西地那非能改善多种血管性疾病患者的内皮功能。在ED领域的研究进展包括:动物实验发现,西地那非可以改善海绵体内皮功能,增强磷酸化内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)蛋白表达,逆转缺血或缺氧导致的海绵体内压(ICP)降低。临床研究证实,西地那非可以使50%以上ED患者阴茎勃起恢复到最充分的硬度(4级勃起);使50%以上保留神经的根治性前列腺切除术后患者勃起功能康复,自发产生足以性交的勃起;使ED患者的自尊心、自信心和性关系满意度等社会心理功能恢复正常。从勃起功能到社会心理功能的全面恢复可能成为今后ED治疗的新目标。     

The efficacy of sildenafil in different etiologies of erectile dysfunction

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of sildenafil and success of treatment in particular etiological causes in erectile dysfunction lasting more than 3 months. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 141 patients between 27 and 78 years old without any cardiac compromise, despite controversial, which precludes sildenafil (Viagra) treatment, were included in this study. All patients had only International Index of Erectile Capacity Form (IIEF) for pre-treatment evaluation and 50 mg sildenafil was started. Patients were assessed monthly for 6 months thereafter. Erectile capacity changes were questioned by IIEF on each follow-up and 100 mg sildenafil was given in patients without a response and monthly follow-up was scheduled. All patients had SMA-12, hormonal analyses and penile colour Doppler ultrasonography during the treatment course. The difference between IIEF score of each patient was displayed by Paired-t test and p-values less than 0.05 was applied as significant. RESULTS: The average beginning IIEF score of 141 patients was 11.80 +/- 0.47 [6-22], and increased to 20.70 +/- 0.62 [6-30] after a month of 50 mg sildenafil treatment. The mean increase was 75.4% and found to be significant (p = 0.000, p < 0.05). The average IIEF scores were recorded as 22.57 +/- 0.69 after 3, and 22.12 +/- 0.24 after 6 months. There was no difference between these values and 2nd month controls (P3 month = 0.5675, P6 month = 0.6138, p > 0.05). A positive response was recorded in 102 patients (72.3%) and 39 (27.7%) patients were unresponsive. Doubled doses of sildenafil (100 mg) was effective in additional 17 patients. After overall treatment, 119 (84.4%) patients had benefit from sildenafil. Penile Doppler ultrasonography displayed arterial insufficiency in 79 (56.03%), veno-occlusive dysfunction in 14 (9.93%), mixt vascular pathology in 14 (9.93%) patients. Normal ultrasonographic findings in 32 patients (22.7%) were classified as psychogenic dysfunction. Among the organic causes, sildenafil was found to be most effective in arterial insufficiency group. CONCLUSION: Sildenafil is a successful management modality in erectile dysfunction with minimal pre-treatment evaluation. As far as etiological causes concerned, sildenafil was found to be most effective in arterial insufficiency group and psychogenic group. The efficacy of sildenafil treatment has not been changed with the treatment time, since IIEF scores were stable during follow-up controls.     

Sildenafil test: Changes in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of erectile dysfunction

Objective: To assess the efficacy of sildenafil as a first-step diagnostic and therapeutic tool for erectile dysfunction (ED) and to evaluate the consequent changes in the management of male sexual insufficiency.Materials and methods: Sildenafil in titrating doses up to 100 mg was prescribed to 50 men presenting to a sexual dysfunction clinic with medically documented ED. They had not undergone any specific diagnostic test before starting sildenafil.Results: Of the 50 men, 24 (48%) responded to sildenafil. Of these, 8 (33.3%) responded to 50 mg and 16 (66.7%) to 100 mg of sildenafil. Of the responders, 9 representing 18% of all studied men were discharged achieving spontaneous erections in a mean follow-up of 5.3 months. Men with no medical history, men with hypertension and men with mild coronary artery disease responded better.Conclusions: The sildenafil test revealed that 48% of men responded to this therapy with no requirement for more invasive tests and that 18% of men required no further treatment at all. In addition this test reduced the overall cost of the diagnostic investigation. It is proposed that the sildenafil test should be used in cases with no significant medical history or in men with hypertension or mild coronary artery disease although almost all men with ED could be categorized as sildenafil-responders or sildenafil-resistant. It is also suggested that the sildenafil test would result in the ability for more men with ED to be managed exclusively in the primary care sector.     

Clinical update on phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects the sexual lives of millions of men. The first-line oral pharmacotherapy for most ED patients is phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, of which three are available. Sildenafil is the most widely prescribed oral agent for ED and has a very satisfactory efficacy–safety profile in all patient categories. Tadalafil and vardenafil were introduced in the European Union and in the United States in 2003 and 2004, respectively. The three PDE-5 inhibitors share many pharmacological and clinical characteristics, and each has unique features. This review, which is based on the contemporary literature on PDE-5 inhibitors, describes the chemical, pharmacological, and clinical features of sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil. The first section reviews the pathophysiology of penile erection and PDE-5 inhibitor pharmacology. The second section summarizes data regarding efficacy and safety of the three drugs in treating ED in the general population as well as in selected patient categories.     

Renal transplantation does not improve erectile function in hemodialysed patients

Background

Effects of renal transplantation (RT) on erectile dysfunction (ED) is a controversial issue.

Objective

To verify the efficacy of RT in restoring erectile function (EF) in hemodialysed patients.

Design, setting, and participants

We conducted a prospective, interventional, nonrandomised study from September 2001 to September 2005 on 78 hemodialysed male patients undergoing RT. EF was evaluated during the baseline visit and 1 yr after RT, using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire. A subanalysis was performed by splitting the total cohort into two age groups: <45 yr and ≥45 yr.

Intervention

RT was performed.

Measurements

EF was evaluated using the IIEF scoring system.

Results and limitations

Before RT, 68 patients with a mean total IIEF score of 42.46 complained about ED. One year after RT, 71 patients reported ED, and the mean total IIEF score had decreased to 39.97. The mean pre-RT IIEF EF domain score was 18.48, and it decreased to 17.55 after RT. Patients aged ≥45 yr reported no significant variations in any IIEF domain, while patients aged <45 yr reported a significant decrease in mean total IIEF score due to variations in domain scores for erectile function, sexual desire, and overall satisfaction. In the younger age group, we found significant differences between baseline and post-RT IIEF scores in dyslipidaemic patients and in those patients using immunosuppressive (methylprednisolone and cyclosporin) or antihypertensive (ACE-inhibitors, β-blockers, and Ca-antagonists) drugs. The main limitations were the absence of any aetiological characterisation of ED and the small number of patients.

Conclusions

After RT, EF worsens in patients <45 yr but is not modified in patients ≥45 yr.     

Currenttreatm entfor erectile dysfunction and the future

国家级医学继续教育项目——生殖医学实用新技术培训班（卫继９９－０４－１３－００１）特邀国际阳痿研究学会主席，美国男性学杂志主编，国际阳痿研究杂志主编，美国乔治亚医学院泌尿外科主任Ｒｏｎａｌｄ Ｗ．Ｌｅｗ ｉｓ，ＭＤ讲授男性性功能障碍的现代治疗及未来展望，全文刊登于本刊，以餮读者。     

Evaluating preference trials of oral phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction

More treatment options are available now for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) than ever. Treatments include oral phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, intracavernosal injections, vacuum constriction devices, and penile implants. Clinicians, researchers, and patients are interested in making direct comparisons between the response of newer treatments and that of established and more developed therapies. Of the currently available treatment options for ED, the most commonly prescribed therapies are oral PDE5 inhibitors, which include sildenafil citrate (Viagra, Pfizer Inc), tadalafil (Cialis, Lilly ICOS), and vardenafil (Levitra, Bayer). However, most patient preference studies of these drugs conducted to date have serious design flaws that hinder interpretation of the data, and thus limit the utility of the results. To make an informed decision on the most appropriate treatment option available, physicians and their patients require a thorough understanding of the methodology of these studies. Clinical comparison or preference trials must establish internal and external validity if the data are to be used in a generalized patient population. We review preference studies that compared sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil, and highlight study designs that can introduce bias. We propose that, like safety and efficacy trials, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) should be the gold standard for evaluating patient preference treatments for ED. We do not wish to discourage individual investigators from performing preference studies, but rather to highlight the features of current preference trials to help patients and clinicians alike become aware of potential biases from independent or industry-sponsored patient preference trials so that they can interpret the results accordingly. Key components of patient preference RCTs are reviewed: period and carryover effects, preference assessments, eligibility criteria, and data analysis. We discuss why these components of patient-preference RCTs are important for evaluating the validity and relevance of patient preference studies. The preference studies discussed in this brief review are summarized in , and the methodological problems with each study are indicated. We provide a recommendation for the design of such trials that can minimize bias and provide better data for physicians and their patients.     

Pathogenetic aspects of erectile dysfunction in patients with the metabolic syndrome

BackgroundAlthough it is well known that the metabolic syndrome is a common cause of erectile dysfunction (ED) the pathogenesis of the latter in this group of patients is poorly understood. The present study aimed to improve our knowledge in this area.MethodsThe study included 385 men with ED (control group) who underwent a full evaluation, including laboratory and ultrasound assessment of endothelial function.ResultsThe full complex evaluation showed that arteriogenic impairment in the cavernosal circulation was the primary pathogenic factor for ED in patients with the metabolic syndrome. The ultrasound-assisted measurement of postocclusive changes in the diameter of the cavernosal arteries, which reflects the local endothelial function, was the most valuable method in the diagnosis of this form of ED. In addition, a considerable number of patients with the metabolic syndrome demonstrated both hormonal and neurological disorders which also contribute to the pathogenesis of ED in this cohort of men.ConclusionThe pathogenesis of ED in patients with the metabolic syndrome is multifactorial in nature: ED is primarily caused by arteriogenic disorders which are combined with neuropathic disorders in almost every second patient and with hormonal factors in every third one. In addition, psychomotor status has an impact on the development of ED in patients with metabolic syndrome.     

The effect of sildenafil citrate and pentoxifylline combined treatment in the management of erectile dysfunction

Introduction In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of sildenafil and pentoxifylline combined therapy in the treatment of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction. Methods Sixty-eight patients with various degrees and types of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction were included in the study. The patients were recommended to take oral sildenafil (minimum two 50-mg tablets/week) 1 h prior to sexual intercourse for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks of washout period, patients were recommended to take combined therapy (minimum two 50-mg tablets/week sildenafil 1 h prior to sexual intercourse and 1.2 g of pentoxifylline/day divided into three doses) for an additional 4-week period. Both treatment regimes were evaluated with the international index of erectile function (IIEF). Results Mean IIEF score was higher after sildenafil treatment when compared to pre-treatment score (14.2 ± 4.3 and 8.6 ± 4.2, respectively, P < 0.05). Likewise after the combination treatment, mean IIEF score was higher when compared to pre-treatment score (18.1 ± 5.2 and 8.6 ± 3.8, respectively, P < 0.05). The increase in the IIEF score was 5.62 ± 2.08 in the sildenafil only group whereas increase in the IIEF score was 9.51 ± 3.77 in the combination therapy group. There was a statistically significant increase in the combination group when compared to the sildenafil only group (P < 0.001). Conclusion Our study suggests that use of sildenafil citrate and pentoxifylline combined therapy could be effective in the management of patients with vasculogenic erectile dysfunction.     

Sildenafil combined with continuous positive airway pressure for treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with obstructive sleep apnea

Objectives To assess efficacy and safety of the combination of sildenafil and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and satisfaction with treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED) in men with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Patients and methods Forty men suffering from OSA and concurrent ED were treated with CPAP after a thorough investigation. After a 4-week run-in period, the patients were randomly allocated to treatment for 6 weeks; 20 men to the combination group, receiving additionally 100 mg sildenafil on demand for intercourse, and 20 men to CPAP alone. After a 1-week washout phase, the two groups switched to the other treatment arm for an additional 6 weeks period. End points for efficacy evaluation were the percentage of successful attempts for intercourse based on an event log and the overall satisfaction with sildenafil in the treatment of ED. Results The patients recorded a total of 149 attempts for intercourse during the run-in phase with a success rate of 19.5%. During the 12 weeks of treatment, the success rate of intercourse attempts was 24.8% when only on CPAP and 61.1% when in combination with sildenafil (P < 0.001). Of the studied men, 70% were satisfied with the use of sildenafil while 30% remained unhappy with this additional treatment. Conclusions Sildenafil in combination with CPAP appears clearly superior to CPAP alone. The efficacy of this combination is superior to that of sildenafil alone, as reported in previous studies. Both treatment modalities are safe and well tolerated. However, approximately one-third of the patients remain unsatisfied even from the␣combination treatment. Further treatment options are needed.     

阴茎勃起功能障碍患者血液流变学分析

目的 探讨阴茎勃起功能障碍（ED）患者血液流变学参数的临床意义。方法 对43例ED患者和20例阴茎勃起正常对照者血液流变学参数进行对照分析。结果 ED组全血低切粘度（η10）、血浆粘度（ηp）、红细胞聚集指数（CE）、全血还原粘度（ηw）、血沉方程K值（K）明显高于对照组（P＜0．05）,内分泌性ED组红细胞刚性指数（IP）明显高 于心理性、动脉性、静脉性ED组（P＜0．05）,心理性EC组红细胞压积（HCT）明显高于内分泌性、静脉性、动脉性组（P＜0．05） ,差别均有显著性意义。结论 ED患者血液呈高粘滞性,降低血液粘稠度可能有助于患者勃起功能的改善。