急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入术后无复流的研究进展

约1/3的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者接受直接经皮冠状动脉介入术后出现无复流。无复流的常用诊断方法是冠状动脉造影,治疗和预防策略主要包括降低血栓负荷、改善微循环功能、减轻缺血再灌注损伤及诱导受损心肌再生。该文介绍急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入术后无复流的治疗进展。     

赵国定益气化痰通络法治疗冠状动脉介入术后心肌微循环障碍经验

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗已成为冠心病常见且有效的治疗方法,但部分病人冠状动脉介入术后心肌血流灌注不足,此与冠状动脉微循环功能障碍相关。赵国定教授以益气化痰通络为法则,对治疗冠状动脉介入术后心肌微循环障碍有独特见解。     

经皮冠状动脉介入术相关的心肌损伤及其研究进展

经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)是治疗冠心病的重要方法之一。近年来大量研究证实,在PCI围手术期,内皮功能障碍、慢复流或无复流、痉挛等原因均会导致心肌损伤,从而影响患者的预后。为了改善PCI疗效,尽早对PCI相关心肌损伤明确诊断,并采取合理的治疗策略是十分关键的。现就临床研究报道对PCI相关的心肌损伤及其研究进展做一综述。     

自噬在心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用及中医药干预研究概况

<正>随着科技的发展和医疗水平的不断提高,对于急性心肌梗死(AMI)采用溶栓治疗、经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)或冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)均能够开通梗死相关血管,恢复缺血心肌的血液灌注,抢救濒临死亡的心肌组织,缩小AMI梗死范围。但是,再灌注治疗在恢复冠脉血流的同时也可加重组织损伤,出现心功能不全、心律失常、心肌梗死面积扩大等严重现象。有研究提示,心肌缺血再灌注损伤(MIRI)最多可占心肌梗     

心绞痛患者心肌组织微循环灌注与冠状动脉内皮损伤的相关性及临床意义

目的探讨冠状动脉内皮损伤与心肌组织微循环灌注状况的相关性及其临床意义。方法 30例心绞痛患者均经冠状动脉造影证实有明显冠状动脉狭窄,18例对照组患者经临床检查和选择性冠状动脉造影排除冠心病。在介入手术中采集冠状窦血液标本,测定一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素(ET)含量和循环内皮细胞(CEC)数量,以此反映冠状动脉内皮损伤情况。冠状动脉造影后超声声学造影剂由冠状动脉直接注入,完成超声心肌声学造影。采用视觉评分法对心肌灌注进行定性分析,并由心肌灌注时间-强度曲线得到以下参数进行定量分析:造影剂峰值密度、达峰时间及曲线下面积,分别反映心肌血容量、灌注速度及心肌血流量。结果心绞痛患者尤其是不稳定型心绞痛患者冠状窦血中NO浓度明显降低,ET浓度和CEC数量均明显增高(P0.01,或P0.05),NO浓度与心肌组织微循环灌注水平呈显著正相关,ET浓度和CEC数量与之呈显著负相关。结论冠状动脉内皮损伤与心肌组织微循环灌注水平密切相关,心肌组织微循环灌注水平的高低结合实验室检查冠状动脉内皮损伤程度,有助于更确切地评估冠脉病变的程度和判断冠心病患者的预后。     

急性心肌梗死的治疗进展--从再通到再灌注

对于急性心肌梗死患者冠状动脉的再灌注治疗已得到广泛开展。然而,由于微循环无复流现象的存在,使得梗死相关血管的再通并不完全意味着心肌水平再灌注的实现。几项研究发现,超过 25%的急性心肌梗死患者经成功的溶栓或经皮冠脉介入术后都存在无复流现象,即未达到充分的心肌再灌注。所以,我们应把更多的注意力和研究重点转移到对心肌微循环再灌注的实现,而非冠状动脉的再通。     

急性心肌梗死经皮冠状动脉介入术中血栓病变的处理策略

冠状动脉内血栓形成是急性心肌梗死的主要发病机制,高负荷血栓病变增加经皮冠状动脉介入术后慢复流或无复流的发生。如何处理血栓病变,有效改善心肌灌注是直接经皮冠状动脉介入术需要解决的问题,现对包括药物、器械在内的处理策略进行综述。     

速效救心丸干预对稳定型心绞痛介入治疗患者围术期心肌保护作用的研究

目的探讨速效救心丸对稳定型心绞痛患者（SA）经皮冠状动脉介入术（PCI）效果的影响,观察其围术期的心肌保护作用。方法60例行冠状动脉造影检查并行PCI术的气滞血瘀型稳定型心绞痛患者,随机分为速效救心丸治疗组30例（治疗组）和单用西药对照组30例（对照组）,观察速效救心丸干预对稳定型心绞痛患者支架植入术前后血液心肌酶、冠脉血流以及围术期心肌梗死发生率的影响。结果PCI术前心肌梗死溶栓（TIMI）血流分级达到3级者,治疗组26例,对照组20例,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;术后TIMI血流3级者,治疗组30例,对照组26例,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,治疗组PCI术后冠脉血流改善有优于对照组的趋势。两组均可以降低稳定型心绞痛患者择期PCI术围术期心肌酶水平,两组术后24h血肌钙蛋白（TnI）浓度差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;治疗组围术期心肌损伤与心肌梗死的发生率明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论与单纯西药治疗相比,速效救心丸治疗有改善稳定型心绞痛患者支架植入后的冠脉血流灌注的趋势,且可降低稳定型心绞痛患者PCI围术期血心肌酶水平,减少围术期心肌梗死的发生率。     

冠状动脉介入术无复流现象的药物治疗进展

经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)是开通梗死相关动脉(IRA)的首选治疗方案。然而,成功地开通心外膜冠状动脉并不意味着心肌组织得到有效的血流灌注,即冠状动脉无复流现象。PCI术无复流现象的患者临床预后差、病死率高,故有效地改善梗死区域的心肌组织灌注,有利于提高无复流患者的生存率及生活质量。目前已证实,冠脉内应用腺苷、硝普钠、替罗非班、尼克地尔、维拉帕米及口服他汀类药物可以有效地改善无复流现象的组织灌注。     

一氧化氮抗心肌缺血再灌注损伤研究进展

心肌缺血再灌注损伤(MIRI)是指缺血期处于可逆损伤的心肌细胞恢复血液供应后产生更为严重的损伤,主要包括心肌梗死面积扩大、再灌注心律失常、心肌顿抑、冠状微循环障碍等。随着冠状动脉搭桥术、经皮冠状动脉内成形术等血管再通术的迅速开展,冠心病再灌注治疗出现了一个飞跃。但MIRI也成为阻碍缺血心肌从再灌注疗法获得最佳疗效的主要难题,如何减轻MIRI成为医学界新的挑战。自20世纪80年代首次发现一氧化氮(NO)能够产生较强的心肌保护作用以来,NO在缺血再灌注损伤中的作用一直备受关注,本文就NO的代谢及抗心肌缺血再灌注损伤的机制…     

Pharmacological Prevention of Peri-, and Post-Procedural Myocardial Injury in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

In recent years, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has become a well-established technique for the treatment of coronary artery disease. PCI improves symptoms in patients with coronary artery disease and it has been increasing safety of procedures. However, peri- and post-procedural myocardial injury, including angiographical slow coronary flow, microvascular embolization, and elevated levels of cardiac enzyme, such as creatine kinase and troponin-T and -I, has also been reported even in elective cases. Furthermore, myocardial reperfusion injury at the beginning of myocardial reperfusion, which causes tissue damage and cardiac dysfunction, may occur in cases of acute coronary syndrome. Because patients with myocardial injury is related to larger myocardial infarction and have a worse long-term prognosis than those without myocardial injury, it is important to prevent myocardial injury during and/or after PCI in patients with coronary artery disease. To date, many studies have demonstrated that adjunctive pharmacological treatment suppresses myocardial injury and increases coronary blood flow during PCI procedures. In this review, we highlight the usefulness of pharmacological treatment in combination with PCI in attenuating myocardial injury in patients with coronary artery disease.Key Words: Coronary artery disease, percutaneous coronary intervention, myocardial injury, pharmacology.     

Completeness of Revascularization as a Determinant of Outcome: A Contemporary Review and Clinical Perspectives

It has been debated whether patients with multivessel coronary artery disease should undergo complete revascularization (CR). The benefit of CR is biologically plausible, and numerous studies and large meta-analyses suggested that CR achievement was associated with a substantial reduction of mortality and future coronary events. In patients with multivessel coronary artery disease, the aim of myocardial revascularization is to minimize residual ischemia. Therefore, CR of all significant coronary lesions has been proposed as the first priority in decision-making for myocardial revascularization between coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Reflecting the contemporary practice of ischemia-based revascularization, a physiological/functional approach, such as measurement of fractional flow reserve or instantaneous wave-free ratio, is considered more reasonable and should be encouraged for appropriate CR. In patients who present with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction, current evidence suggests that an immediate or staged CR strategy might be equivalent or superior to culprit-only revascularization. There is still uncertainty on when and how to perform CR in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients; comprehensive studies dedicated to this issue are required. Hybrid coronary revascularization includes the advantages of minimally invasive bypass grafting for the left anterior descending artery and PCI for non-left anterior descending arteries and has been proposed as a viable alternative for coronary artery bypass grafting or PCI only for achieving CR. In clinical practice, the extent of revascularization and strategy for CR should be individualized, taking account of different aspects of the patients, lesions, and treating physicians. Collaboration of coronary heart teams would confer balanced decision-making and advanced therapeutic capabilities.     

No-reflow phenomenon occurring during elective angioplasty performed due to in-stent restenosis -- a case report

The no-reflow phenomenon is an impairment of microcirculation after successful percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). The no-reflow phenomenon is usually observed during acute myocardial infarction. This case-report describes no-reflow phenomenon in a patient undergoing elective PCI in the right coronary artery, occluded due to restenosis in implanted stent. After deflation of balloon during angioplasty in restenosed stent, no-reflow phenomenon occurred, followed by asystolia. The patient was successfully resuscitated. During resuscitation procedures, abciximab was administered what improved myocardial perfusion. This case demonstrates that no-reflow phenomenon can be a serious problem during elective PCI, leading even to a cardiac arrest. It shows also the necessity for administration of drugs improving tissue perfusion when no-reflow phenomenon occurs.     

心脏磁共振对冠脉微循环功能障碍的临床评估

心肌梗死严重威胁人民生命健康,经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）治疗是当前重建冠脉血管,恢复心肌再灌注的重要手段之一,但在临床上有部分患者会出现微血管功能障碍或阻塞,导致冠脉血供异常而出现再灌注后冠脉无复流或慢血流现象。近年来心血管磁共振对冠脉微血管病变的准确评估及防治对改善临床预后的独特优势得到显现和重视,其评估心脏结构和功能的安全性、灵活性和准确性得到临床肯定。本文阐述心脏磁共振（CMR）在PCI术后微血管病变的临床评估和应用价值,以期探讨冠脉微循环障碍的精准化治疗前景。     

Percutaneous coronary intervention in myocardial infarction. Current concepts

Percutaneous mechanical reperfusion during acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation has proved to be the most effective way of quickly restoring adequate flow in the affected coronary artery. Randomized clinical trials have shown that percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is superior to thrombolysis. Initial fears about the use of stents in primary angioplasty vanished when clinical studies demonstrated that they gave better results than those obtained under optimal conditions with balloon angioplasty. The need to transfer patients to a cardiac catheterization laboratory for primary PCI does not decrease the efficacy of this form of treatment, which remains superior to immediate thrombolysis at the admitting hospital. Distal embolization can alter the situation by preventing myocardial reperfusion. Although there are many therapeutic strategies for managing thrombotic lesions, only early administration of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, direct stenting, and use of an X-Sizer device followed by stent implantation have been shown in randomized studies to lead to significant improvements in clinical or angiographic parameters. No technique has been shown to prevent damage due to myocardial reperfusion. However, it would be difficult to improve upon the good results achieved with PCI in the majority of patients. Rescue PCI is indicated when thrombolysis appears to have failed, especially when a catheterization laboratory is close by or when patients can be transferred early to a center with angioplasty facilities. For most cases of cardiogenic shock, PCI is the only therapeutic modality currently recommended.     

Long-term prognostic significance of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein before and after coronary angioplasty in patients with stable angina pectoris

We examined whether an increase in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) predicts long-term prognosis in patients with stable angina pectoris. hs-CRP is an inflammatory marker that predicts future cardiovascular events in healthy subjects and patients with unstable and stable coronary syndromes. Long-term evaluation of pre- and postprocedural inflammatory markers has not been widely reported. In particular, the effect of the magnitude of increase in hs-CRP after PCI in stable patients is unknown. We prospectively analyzed 89 stable patients treated by PCI for stable angina pectoris. Patients were recruited between August 1998 and May 1999, and the population was followed until August 2005 (mean follow-up 79.5 +/- 10.3 months). A major adverse cardiac event (MACE) was defined as the occurrence of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, or recurrent angina requiring repeat PCI or coronary artery bypass grafting. During the follow-up period, 36 patients presented with > or =1 MACE. In multivariate analysis, independent predictors of the occurrence of MACEs were previous myocardial infarction and a significant increase in hs-CRP after PCI (p = 0.004 and 0.003, respectively). A significant increase in hs-CRP after PCI was found to be more predictive of MACEs than hs-CRP before and after PCI. In conclusion, in stable coronary artery disease, inflammation is associated with long-term adverse events, but the magnitude of the inflammatory reaction after PCI appears more predictive than the baseline value.     

Ad-hoc percutaneous coronary intervention and transcatheter aortic valve implantation as a combined transfemoral procedure

Coronary artery disease has been reported in more than 50% of patients with severe aortic stenosis above the age of 70 years. Combined surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is associated with a higher operative risk. Concomitant coronary artery disease also increases the procedural risk of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), and hence, a combined strategy for treating both entities needs to be carefully considered. Data regarding TAVI and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) as a combined percutaneous procedure are scarce. We report the case of an 84-year-old woman who presented with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction and impending pulmonary edema who was diagnosed with severe aortic stenosis and two-vessel coronary artery disease. Because of an elevated logistic Euroscore of 25% and her unstable presentation, percutaneous coronary revascularization and TAVI were successfully performed in a combined percutaneous transfemoral procedure. She had a smooth recovery and rehabilitation period with significant improvement in her symptoms and functional capacity. Thirty-day follow-up, including transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, showed a well-functioning prosthetic valve and no signs of residual myocardial ischemia. We therefore conclude that combined PCI and TAVI is feasible and can be associated with good clinical outcomes in selected cases. Further data and experience are needed to evaluate this strategy.     

IIb/IIIa受体抑制剂治疗急性冠脉综合征的最新研究进展

急性冠脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)是严重威胁人类健康的一类急性心血管事件,包括不稳定型心绞痛、非S-T段抬高性心肌梗死(non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,NSTEMI)和S-T段抬高性心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI),以及以上各病症导致的猝死。直接经皮冠状动脉介入术（PCI）已显示是一种治疗ACS的有效方法。接受PCI治疗期间,使用糖蛋白IIb/IIIa受体抑制剂可以减少ACS患者血栓并发症的发生。     

无ST段抬高的心肌梗死的介入治疗

目的探讨无ST段抬高急性心肌梗死(NSTEMI)介入治疗效果.方法对27例血清肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)升高或血清心肌肌钙蛋白(Tn-T)阳性而心电图NSTEMI患者在常规给予抗心肌缺血、抗血小板、抗凝血酶治疗基础上,早期行冠状动脉造影和介入治疗.结果22例行经皮穿刺腔内冠状动脉成形术(PTCA) 支架术,共植入支架23个,均获成功.1例送外科行搭桥手术.术后平均随访5.3个月,2例再次接受靶血管重建,无非致命性再次心肌梗死和心脏性死亡发生.结论对于NSTEMI患者应尽早行冠状动脉造影检查以指导治疗.     

The impact of admission C-reactive protein levels on the development of no-reflow phenomenon after primary PCI in patients with acute myocardial infarction: the role of inflammation

The role of admission CRP levels on the prediction of poor myocardial perfusion grades after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has not been clearly elucidated. Dynamic nature of acute coronary syndromes is usually associated with spontaneous ischemia-reperfusion injury in infarct related artery. So we considered that poor myocardial perfusion after primary PCI is not only related to procedural factors and clinical characteristics of the patients but may also be related to microvascular damage starting before coronary intervention. We suggested that CRP mediated complement activation and neutrophil plugging may be the factors contributing to the development of microvascular damage in patients with AMI.