Oral Medication for Post-Caesarean Analgesia

Summary: A regimen of morphine, paracetamol and aspirin administered orally was evaluated in 20 patients following Caesarean section; 18 of 20 reported no or mild impairment in their ability to care for their babies. There was a high level of satisfaction with 18 of 20 being very satisfied with their postoperative analgesia. There was a low incidence of side-effects with this regimen. It was acceptable to both patients and staff.     

Comparison of Efficacy of Bupivacaine with Dexmedetomidine Versus Bupivacaine Alone for Transversus Abdominis Plane Block for Post-operative Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Elective Caesarean Section

Background

Increasing rate of Caesarean sections and inadequate pain relief following Caesarean section is seen in almost all parts of the world. Transversus abdominis plane block is gaining popularity as a part of multimodal analgesia for post-operative pain relief following abdominal surgeries.

Aim

To compare bupivacaine and bupivacaine with dexmedetomidine in transversus abdominis plane block for pain relief after Caesarean section.

Method

American Society of Anaesthesiologists I and II parturients with no comorbidities admitted for elective Caesarean section were included in the study. Thirty-five patients were in each study (with dex) and control (without dex) groups. At the end of Caesarean section done under spinal anaesthesia, transversus abdominis plane block was done bilaterally under ultrasound guidance using in-plane technique of needle insertion. 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine with 0.5 mcg/kg of dexmedetomidine in the study group and 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine in the control group were injected in the neurovascular plane.

Results

Eight patients from the study group and 15 from the control group were given opioids as rescue analgesia. The average time at which rescue analgesia was first sought was 14.25 and 7.73 h in the study and control groups, respectively. The P value of this difference was 0.0136 and was found to be statistically significant.

Conclusion

The addition of dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine in TAP block prolonged the duration of time at which first dose of rescue analgesia was sought and also reduced the total dose of opioid requirement in the first 24-h post-Caesarean section.

     

剖宫产宫壁瘢痕缺损相关因素分析

目的:探讨剖宫产宫壁瘢痕缺损的相关因素.方法:2008年1月至2009年4月在中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院产科行剖宫产并完成电话随访,且于2011年7～10月期间返院行阴道B超检查的经产妇共101例.比较宫壁瘢痕缺损组及完整组临床资料和危险因素分析.结果:剖宫产宫壁瘢痕缺损的检出率为63.4％.与剖宫产宫壁瘢痕完整组相比,宫壁瘢痕缺损组瘢痕位置更接近宫颈内口(5.49±1.82 mm,6.52±2.19 mm;P＜0.05),宫壁瘢痕缺损组后位子宫较完整组更多(P＜0.05),两组年龄、剖宫产次数、阴道试产、子宫缝合层数、手术时间、24小时失血总量、术者年资、产后母乳喂养时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).子宫后位是剖宫产宫壁缺损的危险因素(OR =3.977,95％CI 1.683 ～9.400,P＜0.01).结论:剖宫产宫壁瘢痕缺损检出率高,瘢痕缺损更接近宫颈内口,子宫后位是其危险因素.     

Post-Caesarean Wound Infection: A Review of the Risk Factors.

In a prospective study of 1,546 patients delivered by Caesarean section a wound infection developed in 146 (9.4%); the rate was significantly higher in clinic patients (15.8%) compared with private patients (6.0%). Elective operations resulted in a lower incidence of wound infection (7.9%) than emergency operations (12.3%). Other factors significantly associated with postoperative wound infection were: the number of vaginal examinations before surgery (p less than 0.05), duration of operation (p less than 0.005), vertical skin incision (p less than 0.05) and category of surgeon (p less than 0.001). In 56 patients for whom a past history was available, there was a record of a wound infection in 31 (55%). Clinic patients were over-represented in all situations predisposing to wound infection.     

罗比卡因和布比卡因用于自控硬膜外分娩镇痛的临床效果对比研究

目的 :比较罗比卡因和布比卡因联合芬太尼用于自控硬膜外分娩镇痛 (PCEA)的效果及运动神经阻滞情况。方法 :将 6 0例健康、单胎、足月的初产妇随机分为两组 ,接受 0 .1%罗比卡因加 1μg/ml芬太尼 (RF组 )或 0 .0 75 %布比卡因加 1μg/ml芬太尼 (BF组 )自控硬膜外分娩镇痛。两组进行视觉模拟镇痛评分 (VAS)和下肢运动神经阻滞评分(MBS)。记录两组产程时间、分娩方式、阴道流血量及新生儿Apgar评分。结果 :两组产妇均有较可靠的镇痛效果 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;RF组可下床活动者为 96 .6 7% ,而BF组为 33.33% ,两组差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;两组产程时间和分娩方式差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;两组新生儿Apgar评分差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :低浓度罗比卡因或布比卡因联合小剂量芬太尼用于PCEA均可产生可靠的镇痛效果。产程中罗比卡因极少引起运动阻滞 ,产妇有下床活动能力 ,其效果优于布比卡因     

倍他米松对双胎择期剖宫产新生儿结局作用探讨

目的:探讨倍他米松对双胎妊娠择期剖宫产新生儿结局的影响.方法:对2011年1月至2012年2月在四川省妇幼保健院临产前行择期剖宫产的72例双胎妊娠(研究组)临床资料进行回顾性分析,选择同期156例单胎妊娠作为对照组,两组患者剖宫产前均常规预防性使用倍他米松,比较两组新生儿结局.结果:两组在分娩孕周分布、平均孕周比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);但研究组新生儿体重低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).研究组与对照组新生儿Apgar评分、新生儿死亡、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(2.78％、2.56％)、持续性肺动脉高压(0.69％、1.28％)、脑室内出血(2.78％、3.21％)、坏死性小肠结肠炎(2.08％、1.28％)等相比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);但研究组与对照组新生儿住院率分别为36.11％和24.36％;住院时间分别为8.6±5.2天和7.2±4.8天,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:使用单胎妊娠相同剂量的倍他米松,能有效预防双胎妊娠择期剖宫产新生儿疾病,降低新生儿死亡率.     

剖宫产术后镇痛对泌乳素的影响

目的 :观察剖宫产术后产妇静脉自控镇痛 (PCIA)和硬膜外自控镇痛 (PCEA)对血浆泌乳素 (PRL)浓度的影响。方法 :选择足月妊娠拟行剖宫产孕妇 6 0 0例 ,随机分为PCIA组、PCEA组和对照组 ,各 2 0 0例。采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)和Ramsay评分法测评产妇镇痛、镇静程度 ,用放射免疫分析法测定术前、术后 2 4小时及 48小时血浆PRL浓度。结果 :两镇痛组术后 2 4小时、48小时血浆PRL水平显著较对照组高。结论 :术后静脉和硬膜外镇痛能促进泌乳素的分泌。     

Outcome of Singleton Infants Delivered Vaginally or by Caesarean Section at 23 to 28 Weeks'' Gestation

The survival and impairment rates of 276 inborn singleton infants of 23-28 weeks' gestation were reported according to route of delivery and mode of presentation. The Caesarean section rate was 29% overall, ranging from 13% at 25 weeks to 46% at 28 weeks. In the vertex group, no significant difference in survival or impairment rate was found between Caesarean and vaginal births. In the non-vertex group, Caesarean births had a similar survival rate but a significantly lower impairment rate compared to vaginal births. For Caesarean births, no significant difference in survival or impairment rate was found between vertex and non-vertex groups. In contrast, for vaginal births, the mode of presentation was important: the non-vertex group had a significantly lower survival rate and higher impairment rate compared to the vertex group. We found no evidence to support the use of Caesarean section in extremely preterm infants with vertex presentation, except for recognized maternal or fetal indications. The findings in the non-vertex group indicated that there is a definite need for a randomized clinical trial to investigate the possible benefits of Caesarean section in extremely preterm infants with non-vertex presentation.     

Must Macrosomic Fetuses be Delivered by a Caesarean Section? A Review of Outcome for 786 Babies ≥ 4,500 g

Because difficult vaginal delivery is more frequent with macrosomic fetuses, some writers recommend routine Caesarean section for the delivery of fetuses greater than or equal to 4,500 g. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the appropriateness of this recommendation. A retrospective review was undertaken to determine how many fetuses born in our hospital weighing greater than or equal to 4,500 g died or were permanently damaged as a consequence of mechanical difficulties at delivery. During a 10-year period, 590 (75%) of 786 cephalic babies weighing greater than or equal to 4,500 g and alive at the start of labour were born vaginally. No baby died or was permanently damaged as a consequence of mechanical difficulties at delivery. Routine Caesarean section for macrosomic fetuses to prevent death or damage from difficult delivery is not warranted by our results.     

剖宫产后节育方法的效果研究

本研究对１９８９年４月到１９９０年３月间在国际和平妇幼保健院及纺织局第二医院内剖宫产及自然分娩产妇各１０００例进行了为期两年的回顾性调查。调查内容包括产后避孕方法采用时间、各类避孕方法的效果及产后人流等情况。结果显示：两组产后两年内年人均人流人次类似，差别无显著性；产后落实避孕措施越早，产后人流的可能性越小。两组人流原因中均以无措施导致为主。各类避孕方法中以宫内节育器效果为最佳，宫内节育器中以活性非圆形ＩＵＤ为最好。因此，在剖宫产后及时落实高效安全的避孕方法，特别是使用活性非圆形宫内节育器，在妇女中大力普及各种避孕知识的同时，加强计划生育技术指导，对降低剖宫产后的人流可能性具有重要的作用。     

盐酸羟考酮复合右美托咪定在子痫前期患者剖宫产术后镇痛、镇静中的临床观察

目的:探讨不同剂量的盐酸羟考酮和右美托咪定复合用于子痫前期患者剖宫产术后镇痛、镇静的有效性和安全性。方法:120例子痫前期患者随机分为A、B、C 3组,各组40例。术后入重症监护病房(ICU)时连接盐酸羟考酮注射液和右美托咪定持续泵注镇痛、镇静治疗。A组采用低剂量盐酸羟考酮每小时0.5 mg+右美托咪定每小时0.3μg/kg持续泵注;B组采用中剂量盐酸羟考酮每小时0.75 mg+右美托咪定每小时0.3μg/kg持续泵注;C组采用高剂量盐酸羟考酮每小时1 mg+右美托咪定每小时0.3μg/kg持续泵注。记录3组患者术毕入ICU时(T₀)、入ICU后2小时(T₁)、4小时(T₂)、6小时(T₃)、8小时(T₄)、12小时(T₅)、24小时(T₆)、48小时(T₇)静息及按压宫底时的数字疼痛评分法(NRS)评分、按压宫底前后平均血压(MAP)、心率(HR),各时点静息时镇静满意者比例及恶心、呕吐、瘙痒、呼吸抑制、头晕痛...     

Pudendal Block: An Assessment of Efficacy and of the Area of Analgesia

Summary: It is still widely taught that adequate local analgesia to the vulval area is only achieved by a combination of pudendal nerve block and local infiltration of the vulva.
Pudendal block performed on a series of patients demonstrates the fallacy of this teaching. The frequent involvement of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve during pudendal block explains the more extensive area of analgesia obtained than would be expected by blocking the pudendal nerve alone.     

Delivered by direct intrauterine transfer of gametes]

A nurse, 27, primary sterility for 5 years with normal pelvic findings. Hysterosalpingogram showed right tube not visualized, and impatent, left tube with slight enlargement at ampulla. Her last menstrual period was September 5, 1991. Ovaries hyperstimulated by clomiphene, HMG and hCG, and 8 ova taken through vaginal aspiration under B scanning on September 19, 1991. Ova and washed sperms were directly introduced into uterine cavity simultaneously. It turned out to be a successful clinical pregnancy, carried on smoothly up to 36(+1) weeks. She spontaneously delivered a healthy male infant weight 2250 grams on May 15, 1992.     

Transductional Efficacy and Safety of an Intraperitoneally Delivered Adenovirus Encoding an Anti-erbB-2 Intracellular Single-Chain Antibody for Ovarian Cancer Gene Therapy

We have previously shown that adenoviral-mediated delivery of an anti-erbB-2 intracellular single-chain antibody (sFv) causes specific cytotoxicy in erbB-2-overexpressing ovarian carcinoma cells. Furthermore, intraperitoneal delivery of the anti-erbB-2 sFv enhances survival and reduces tumor burden in a xenograft model of human ovarian carcinoma in SCID mice. These findings have led to an RAC-approved Phase I clinical trial for patients with ovarian cancer. In this report, we show that expression of the anti-erbB-2 sFv could be readily detected in target tumor cells byin situhybridization methodology. PCR analysis of DNA extracted from various murine tissues demonstrated that the anti-erbB-2 sFv remained localized to the peritoneum. Delivery of the sFv to the non-erbB-2-overexpressing REN mesothelial and Hep G2 hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines was not deleterious to either one, affirming the tumor specificity of this gene therapy strategy. In addition, histopathological analysis of various tissues showed that adenoviral-mediated delivery of the anti-erbB-2 sFv to immunocompetent mice with either primary exposure or previous vector challenge at different doses produced no abnormal changes when compared to untreated animals. These findings suggest that adenoviral-mediated delivery of the anti-erbB-2 sFv in a human context can be effectively assayed, is potentially free of vector-associated toxicity, and retains biologic utility based on tumor specificity.     

剖宫产术后切口感染的术前相关因素探讨

目的:探讨剖宫产切口感染的术前高危因素,为切口感染寻找最佳预防措施和方法。方法:采用回顾性调查方法,调查可能与切口感染相关的术前高危因素,包括年龄、阴道检查次数、术前血红蛋白等16项指标,并根据随机原则,取同一医院未感染的产妇为对照组。结果:在术前可能相关因素中,肥胖、产妇伴有基础性疾病或感染、胎膜早破等11项在感染组和对照组中差异有显著性,P<0.01。ASA评分、年龄等5项经统计学分析,感染组和对照组中差异无显著性,P>0.05。结论:针对影响剖宫产切口感染的高危因素如肥胖、胎膜早破、过多的阴道检查、肛查等,应制定有效的预防措施,以减少术后感染的发生。