正常腕关节运动学的实验研究

目的:确定远近侧列主要腕骨在腕关节屈伸和桡、尺偏活动时的角度变化大小。方法:24侧新鲜青年男性上肢标本用于实验。将标本进行处理后,被动活动腕关节,使其作屈曲、背伸、桡偏和尺偏运动。12侧标本采用克氏针量角器直接测量,另12侧标本采用计算机立体视觉分析。结果:腕关节屈曲时,舟骨屈曲52.0°±11.0°,月骨屈曲34.5°±10.4°,三角骨屈曲41.8°±11.7°;腕关节背伸时,舟骨背伸43.4°±10.8°,月骨背伸27.0°±8.3°,三角骨背伸32.0°±6.7°;腕关节桡偏时,舟骨桡偏7.0°±5.2°,月骨桡偏7.1°±2.2°,三角骨桡偏16.1°±5.6°;腕关节尺偏时,舟骨尺偏20.4°±3.1°,月骨尺偏20.3°±2.5°,三角骨尺偏27.5°±6.0°。结论:腕关节屈伸运动时,近侧列腕骨的角度相差很大,其中舟骨屈伸角度最大,三角骨次之,月骨角度最小。远侧列腕骨的角度运动很相近,可以看作是一个运动单位,各腕骨屈伸运动时有轻度的旋转和尺桡偏运动。腕关节作桡尺偏运动时,舟骨和月骨运动相近,而三角骨的尺桡偏最大。在桡偏的同时,近侧列腕骨有轻度的背伸和旋转;在尺偏的同时,近侧列腕骨有轻度的屈曲旋转。     

腕骨运动学研究进展

腕关节损伤致残率较高,且有上升趋势。有时正常影像学表现,不能解释腕关节持续疼痛的原因;尽管磁共振可能发现腕关节韧带的损伤,但无法评价损伤的程度和剩余韧带的功能。腕骨运动学则可能解释这类难题[1]。了解正常腕骨运动学不仅对探讨     

腕关节关节囊内韧带的解剖观察及其创伤学意义

本文描绘了腕关节关节囊内韧带的解剖,其中首次描述了中腕关节的韧带连结,即大、小多角骨,头状骨至舟状骨的韧带和钩骨至三角骨的韧带.本文还论述了与这些韧带连结方式密切相关的腕骨生理运动特点及维持腕关节稳定性的因素.文章还讨论了与腕关节关节囊内韧带有关的腕部创伤学特点.     

颈椎在体运动学研究方法的进展

背景：颈椎在体运动学研究能够通过侵袭性或非侵袭性方法获取生理载荷下活体颈椎的活动特性,可为颈椎疾病的诊断和治疗提供指导和参考。 目的：对目前有关颈椎在体运动学的研究方法和各自特点进行归纳总结。 方法：应用计算机检索Pubmed数据库(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/)及万方数据库(http://www. wanfangdata.com.cn),英文检索词为“Spine,cervical,in vivo motion”,中文检索词为“脊柱,颈椎,测量,活动度”。检索文献总计238篇,最终选取30篇作为综述文献。 结果与结论：颈椎在体运动学研究可获取活体颈椎各个关节6个自由度(6DOF)的量化数据,对提高生理载荷下颈椎运动状况的认识水平,进一步了解颈椎退变的运动学特点,以及优化临床颈椎疾患的诊疗方案有重要作用,同时可为人工椎间关节及内固定器尤其是非融合内固定物的研制提供不可或缺的参考数据。其主要通过X射线、CT、MRI、超声、电磁等方法实现,但目前仍缺乏颈椎各节段在体运动范围公认的数值,颈椎在体运动学研究仍需不断深入。     

正常国人盂肱关节在不同手臂抬高平面的运动学研究

目的 探究正常国人盂肱关节在外展、肩胛平面外展和前屈时的相对位移,为盂肱关节不稳及肩峰下撞击等疾病的诊断、治疗和随访提供参考依据。方法 采用双平面系统结合模型-图像配准技术,测量13名健康志愿者在手臂外展、肩胛平面外展和前屈的整个过程中肱骨相对于肩胛骨的上下、前后的平移数据。结果 志愿者在手臂外展、肩胛平面外展和前屈时肱骨在前后方向上的总平移量分别为(4.0±1.3)、(4.1±1.5)、(4.8±1.9) mm,上下方向的总平移量分别为(3.0±1.0)、(3.1±1.1)、(3.3±1.5) mm。在整个运动过程中,不同手臂抬高角度的上下平移量具有显著性差异,但未发现其他显著性差异。结论 正常国人手臂抬高过程中,肱骨头平均位于肩胛盂的后上方,且前屈时的肱骨在上下、前后的运动范围均最大。在临床的诊断、治疗和随访过程中,患者行前屈位可能会获得更好的评估效果。     

应用动态双平面成像技术研究在体肘关节主动屈伸运动特征

目的 探讨健康肘关节屈伸运动时关节的相对位移和旋转角度变化,为肘关节不稳以及严重肘关节损伤的治疗提供参考。方法 选取10名健康并且无上肢外伤史的受试者。应用动态双平面X线透视成像系统,测量右侧肘关节从旋后最大伸直位至旋后最大屈曲位运动过程中,肱桡与肱尺关节6自由度运动学数据。使用相关性分析评价肘关节不同自由度运动的耦合度。结果 从最大伸直位到最大屈曲位,肱尺关节外翻角从15.2°±3.1°降低到5.3°±2.3°,肱桡关节外翻角从19.7°±4.2°减小到8.2°±2.4°, 肱尺与肱桡关节外翻角与屈曲角呈线性相关;肱尺关节内外旋角先内旋后外旋,呈二次非线性相关,在屈曲110°时达到最大内旋值（4.0°±4.9°）,后达到最大外旋值（5.1°±4.2°）;肱桡关节一直呈内旋增大变化,从内旋3.2°±16.0°增加到内旋27.2°±18.0°。结论 在正常肘关节屈伸过程中,肱尺关节存在外翻角线性减小、内外旋角先内旋后外旋的非线性变化,肱桡关节存在外翻角线性减小、内旋角线性增大的变化。在屈伸过程中,肘关节并非单纯铰链关节,并且肱尺、肱桡关节存在运动学差异。临床上治疗复杂肘关节损伤、肘关节不稳以及肘关节置换手术时,应考虑关节间不同运动特征,以提高术后临床效果。     

腕关节镜辅助套针法在新鲜手舟骨骨折治疗中的应用

目的 总结腕关节镜辅助下套针法在手舟骨新鲜骨折治疗中的临床应用效果及经验。方法 回顾性分析了2015年10月-2018年12月徐州仁慈医院手外科腕关节镜治疗的12例手舟骨新鲜骨折患者的临床资料,其中男7例、女5例,年龄20~52岁,受伤至手术时间为2 h~2周。患者均采用腕关节镜辅助下套针定位经皮空心加压螺钉固定。CT检查评估骨折愈合情况,末次随访时测定腕关节屈、伸、尺偏、桡偏角度及握力强度,根据改良Mayo腕关节评分评估腕关节功能。结果 本组12例患者手术均顺利完成。术中切口长度3.0~4.0 mm,术中出血5~10 mL,手术时间50~90 min。骨折复位良好,螺钉偏离手舟骨中轴线≤1 mm 2例,＜1~≤1.5 mm 6例,＜1.5~≤2.0 mm 4例,平均偏离手舟骨中轴线1.5 mm。术后12例患者均获有效随访6~15个月。骨折均愈合良好,未见内固定物松动。术后6~18周经CT检查证实骨折愈合,平均愈合时间12.1周。末次随访时,腕关节屈伸活动度为75°~135°,平均107.0°,为健侧的85%;腕尺桡偏为40°~80°,平均51.5°,为健侧的88%;握力均值为355.74 N,是健侧的86%。改良Mayo腕关节评分评定疗效,优9例、良3例。结论 腕关节镜辅助下套针法定位、透视下闭合复位经皮空心加压螺钉内固定治疗新鲜手舟骨骨折,操作简单,定位相对准确,可避免反复穿针,创伤小,有利于患者早期的康复锻炼。     

双X线透视成像系统进行颈椎在体运动研究方法学的探索

目的观察应用双X线透视成像系统在颈椎在体运动学研究中下颌骨对颈椎图像的干扰度,探索颈椎在体运动学最佳位置的透视方法,为颈椎在体运动学研究提供方法学的可行性论证。方法应用双X线透视成像系统分别在两个C型臂夹角呈正交(90°)位、60°位及45°位采集健康志愿者5名(男4名,女1名)颈椎双平面X线图像,包括中立位、前屈后伸位、左右旋转位、左右侧屈位,比较各个不同位置时下颌骨对颈椎椎体图像的遮挡;采用下颌角对颈椎的干扰程度来作为评价的标准,通过对各个不同位置时下颌骨对颈椎图像干扰程度的评分,筛选最佳角度的透视方法。在做颈椎左右旋转运动透视时,比较躯干固定-头颅旋转模式和头颅固定-躯干旋转模式下下颌骨对颈椎图像的干扰程度,分别采集两种模式下的透视图像。结果 90°、60°和45°位时中立位、前屈后伸位、左右侧屈位、左右旋位透视下颌骨对颈椎图像干扰度均存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。45°位在上述位置时干扰度最小。在相同角度60°位,躯干固定-头颅旋转组与头颅固定-躯干旋转组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论颈椎在体运动学研究中应用双X线透视成像系统在交角45°位时可以最大限度的减少下颌骨的阻挡,坐位同轴躯干旋转代替头颅旋转可以减少下颌骨的干扰度,基本满足双X线成像系统二维-三维图像的匹配条件。     

颈椎体内运动的生物力学研究

由于技术水平的限制,传统的体外生物力学研究方法无法完全模拟人体内真实环境。颈椎体内运动的生物力学研究利用先进的影像技术和检测方法,能够直接观测体内颈椎的运动状态,所获得的数据更接近真实情况,对临床具有重要的参考价值和指导意义。介绍颈椎体内运动的生物力学研究方法、发展过程及目前颈椎体内运动的研究现状,分析颈椎融合手术和颈椎间盘置换术后颈椎运动的改变以及手术对邻近节段的影响,并对今后的发展方向进行探讨。     

前交叉韧带重建术后关节粘连患者在体胫股关节运动学分析

目的 定量分析前交叉韧带重建(anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, ACLR)术后关节粘连患者在体胫股关节 6 自由度的运动学特征。 方法 纳入 15 例 ACLR 术后关节粘连患者和 15 例健康受试者,运用便携式膝关节三维运动分析系统采集受试者负重屈膝和非负重屈膝时胫股相对于股骨的运动轨迹,获取胫股关节 6 自由度的运动学数据。 结果 与健康人相比,负重屈膝 30°、45°、60°和 75°时,膝关节粘连患者患侧胫骨内旋角度明显减少(P<0. 001);负重屈膝 30° 和 45° 时,膝关节粘连患者患侧胫骨相对于股骨的外翻角度较健康人明显减小(P<0. 05)。 非负重屈膝 75°时,膝关节粘连患者患侧胫骨内移距离较健康人明显减少(P<0. 05)。 结论 关节粘连限制了胫骨相对于股骨的旋转和内外移,对于胫骨相对于股骨的前后移动影响不大。 因此,临床上应该利用各种治疗手段松解股骨内外侧沟的粘连和外侧副韧带挛缩,解决旋转和内外移动受限的问题,以最大程度恢复膝关节功能。     

A joint simulating machine for load-bearing joints

Total joint replacement by prosthesis in the hip is being increasingly practised (e.g. Charnley, Stanmore, McKee-Farrar, Ring), and to a lesser extent in the knee (Walldius, Shiers). The mechanical strength, friction and wear properties of the materials used in such prostheses are of the greatest importance. Standardised engineering test equipment such as pin-on-disc machines will give a certain amount of information, but they cannot simulate the widely fluctuating loads to which the joint is subjected in physiological conditions. Some joint simulating machines have been described (Duff-Barclay andSpillman, 1967), but there are in-adequacies in these machines such as an unsatisfactory sequence or lack of provision of any self centring device for a joint in motion. For these reasons an accurate joint simulating machine is necessary. Useful information could be gained from specimens of natural joints, for instance the magnitudes of cartilage deflection under load and the fluid pressures which are developed. Such a machine could also be used for the study of artificial lubricants in relation to their efficiency and mechanical degradation. The development of new types of prostheses would be furthered by accurate reproduction of loading and lubricating conditions.     

桡骨短缩对桡腕关节影响的生物力学研究

目的:研究桡骨远端骨折后桡骨短缩对桡腕关节的影响。方法:12只成人上肢标本于距关节面3 cm处截骨去除1 cm骨块,使骨块可向近端移动,制作桡骨远端骨折后桡骨短缩模型,利用压敏片测试桡腕关节面的应力分布和受力面积改变情况。结果:随着桡骨短缩的增加,舟骨的接触面积无显著变化(P>0.01),接触应力显著增大(P<0.01);月骨的接触面积轻度增加,接触应力显著增大(P<0.01),桡骨短缩≥4 mm时即有显著变化,桡骨短缩≥4-6 mm造成尺骨撞击三角骨。结论:桡骨远端骨折短缩4 mm以上时,接触应力有显著变化,影响腕关节功能。     

A kinematic study of lateral unicompartmental arthroplasty

When the Oxford unicompartmental meniscal bearing arthroplasty (UCA) is used in the lateral compartment 10% of the bearings dislocate. A fluoroscopic study was performed to investigate if abnormal mid-sagittal plane kinematics was related to bearing dislocation. Video fluoroscopy is an accepted means of determining in-vivo knee kinematics in the sagittal plane. Video fluoroscopy was obtained of 5 Oxford lateral UCAs 10 years post-operatively and of five normal knees. Patellar tendon angle (PTA), derived from dynamic fluoroscopic images, was used to describe the joint kinematics. This in-vivo experiment demonstrated that the PTA/knee relationship for the Oxford lateral UCA is similar to the normal knee. Both the normal knee (r(2)=0.99) and the Oxford lateral UCA (r(2)=0.98) demonstrated a linear relationship between flexion angle and PTA. No significant difference in PTA was found between the normal knee and the Oxford lateral UCA. This study demonstrated normal kinematics, as indicated by PTA, ten years after implantation of the Oxford lateral UCA. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that abnormal kinematics is not a significant factor relating to meniscal bearing dislocation in the lateral compartment.     

Control of the wrist joint in humans

As one considers changes in motor activity from lower mammals to higher primates, one of the major changes one observes lies in the cortical control of forelimb muscles. There has been a shift from disynaptic control of spinal motoneurons in, for example, the cat, to a greater and greater percentage of monosynaptic control of hand and forelimb motoneurons in the primate. In spite of the species and evolutionary changes in the synaptic connections of the corticospinal tract, it appears that the interneurons identified in the cat are retained in the monkey and human. These interneurons, under the influence of descending pathways, modulate the output of motoneuron pools. Perhaps the control of these interneurons has also changed towards finer control of movement, as has been suggested by recent studies in the monkey. Whether in cat or human, the recruitment pattern for motor units is the same; the change from disynaptic to monosynaptic connections has not changed the recruitment pattern of muscles. Differences in the recruitment patterns of muscles may lie in the finer control of inputs to motoneurons in the primate. This review seeks to integrate the current knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the motor control of the wrist joint and especially in the recruitment patterns of the muscles. These motor control mechanisms include the biomechanics of the wrist joint, recruitment patterns of wrist muscles, interneurons and spinal cord circuits in the cervical regions mediating the output of spinal motoneurons, and the supraspinal control of these muscles. Accepted: 30 May 2000     

Anatomical composition of the anterior shoulder joint capsule. A cadaver study on 12 glenohumeral joints

Twelve right cadaver shoulder joints were investigated after alcohol-formalin-glycerol fixation. The tendons of the "rotator cuff" were separated from the joint capsule. The capsulo-ligamentous structures: Lig. coracohumerale, Lig. coracoglenoidale and Ligg. glenohumeralia were dissected. In addition to the Ligg. glenohumerale superius, medium et inferius, an "unknown glenohumeral ligament" coursed in the midline of the superficial layer of the anterior shoulder joint capsule. It arose from the axillary part of the Lig. glenohumerale inferius and the insertion tendon of the Caput longum m. tricipitis brachii, coursed upwards laterally and fused with the Lig. glenohumerale medium. Between the Ligg. glenohumerale medium et inferius it was connected with the shoulder joint capsule by loose connective tissue. Craniolaterally it melted into the superior portion of the M. subscapularis and inserted together with its tendon to the Tuberculum minus of the Humerus. The ascending fibres of the "unknown glenohumeral ligament" and the oblique, descending fibres of the Ligg. glenohumeralia medium et inferius crossed twice and formed X-shape connections between the ligaments. In external rotation and abduction or anteversion the course of fibres of the "unknown glenohumeral ligament" was spiral. According to the shape and anatomical position of the "unknown glenohumeral ligament" we propose to name it "Lig. glenohumerale spirale".     

Characteristics of wrist joint receptors in the cat

Summary A branch of the dorsal interosseous nerve is described, which innervates the dorsal aspect of the wrist joint capsule of the cat. Recordings of the whole wrist joint nerve showed no tonic activity until the wrist was flexed to within 45 ° of full flexion (about one third of the normal range). There was no tonic activity at full extension or at intermediate positions. 110 single afferents from the wrist joint capsule were isolated from dorsal root filaments. Their responses to movement of the wrist and other mechanical stimuli were examined, and their conduction velocities measured. 31 were slowly adapting, 41 were phasic, 9 were Pacinian corpuscle-like, 7 were weakly activated, and 22 were not activated by the mechanical stimuli which were used. Slowly adapting receptors responded only when the joint was in a flexed position as would be expected from the whole nerve data. Conduction velocities for the 4 classes of responding mechanoreceptors were not significantly different, and fell in the group II range. Fibre diameter histograms of myelinated axons in the wrist joint nerve showed peaks in the group II and group III range. Intravenous injection of succinylcholine showed no increase in whole nerve activity attributable to muscle spindles, and had a negligible effect on identified receptors in the wrist joint capsule.