Smoking and liver cancer in China: case-control comparison of 36,000 liver cancer deaths vs. 17,000 cirrhosis deaths

Liver cancer and liver cirrhosis are common causes of death in China, where chronic lifelong hepatitis B infection is a major cause of both diseases. To help determine whether smoking is a cofactor for the development of liver cancer, we ascertained retrospectively the smoking habits of 36,000 adults who had died from liver cancer (cases) and 17,000 who had died from cirrhosis (controls) in 24 Chinese cities and 74 rural counties. Calculations of the smoker vs. nonsmoker risk ratios (RR) for liver cancer mortality were standardised for age and locality. Among adult men (aged 35+) there was a 36% excess risk of death from liver cancer among smokers (smoker vs. nonsmoker standardised risk ratio [RR] =1.36, with 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29-1.43, 2p<0.00001; attributable fraction 18%). In the general male population this indicates absolute risks of death from liver cancer before age 70 of about 4% in smokers and 3% in nonsmokers (in the absence of other causes). Most liver cancer, however, occurs among the 10-12% of men with haematological evidence of chronic hepatitis B infection, so among them the corresponding risks would be about 33% in smokers and 25% in nonsmokers. The RR was approximately independent of age, was similar in urban and rural areas, was not significantly related to the age when smoking started but was significantly (p<0.001) greater for cigarette smokers than for smokers of other forms of tobacco. Among men who smoked only cigarettes, the RR was significantly (p<0.001 for trend) related to daily consumption, with a greater hazard among those who smoked 20/day (RR 1.50, 95% CI 1.39-1.62) than among those who smoked fewer (mean 10/day: RR=1.32, 95% CI 1.23-1.41). Smoking was also associated with a significant excess of liver cancer death in women (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.06-1.29, 2p=0.003; attributable fraction 3%), but fewer women (17%) than men (62%) were smokers, and their cigarette consumption per smoker was lower. Among women who smoked only cigarettes, there was a significantly greater hazard among those who smoked at least 20/day (mean 22/day: RR=1.45, 95% CI 1.18-1.79) than among those who smoked fewer (mean 8/day: RR=1.09, 95% CI 0.94-1.25). These associations indicate that tobacco is currently responsible for about 50,000 liver cancer deaths each year in China, chiefly among men with chronic HBV infection.     

Smoking and prostate cancer: Findings from an Australian case-control study

Background:To examine the risk of smoking onhistopathologically-confirmed moderate- and high-grade prostatecancer. Materials and methods:A population-based case-control studywas conducted in Melbourne, Sydney and Perth between 1994 and 1998 inmen aged below 70 years. Cases were recruited from cancer registries andcontrols were selected from electoral registers. 1498 cases and 1434controls were interviewed and a detailed smoking history obtained. Datawere analyzed by unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for age,study center, year of recruitment, family history and country ofbirth. Results:The odds ratios (OR) were 1.02 (0.85–1.22)for former smoking and 0.82 (0.65–1.05) for current smoking.The respective ORs were 0.95 (0.78–1.15) and 0.76(0.59–0.99) for moderate grade tumors, and 1.28 (0.96–1.70)and 1.00 (0.67–1.47) for high-grade tumors (P = 0.2for test that ORs of the two grades were identical). There was noevidence of a dose-response effect for duration of smoking, amountsmoked daily, pack-years of smoking and years since quitting and mostORs for these variables were close to unity. Conclusions:Smoking was not associated with the incidenceof prostate cancer. The widths and upper limits of the confidenceintervals for the effects of current and former smoking were consistentwith weak effects at most.     

Smoking and adult glioma: a population-based case-control study in China

Background

Smoking increases the risk of numerous cancers; however, an association of smoking with adult gliomas has not been found in a population.

Methods

This case-control study included 4556 glioma cases (ICD-9 code 191.0–191.9) aged ≥30 years and 9112 controls from a national survey of smoking and mortality in China in 1989–1991. Controls from 325 255 surviving spouses of all-cause deaths were randomly assigned to cases in each of 103 areas according to sex and age groups at a ratio of 2:1. Smoking information was ascertained retrospectively by interviewing surviving spouses.

Results

After adjustment for confounders, smoking increased the risk of glioma deaths by 11% (odds ratio [OR] = 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–1.21). Compared with non-smokers; the increased risk was 9% (OR = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.99–1.20) in men and 16% (OR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.00–1.36) in women. The risk increased with age and doses. For individuals aged ≥50 years, smoking was associated with higher risk of glioma death by 25% (OR = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.15–1.38); this increased risk for smokers who smoked ≥20 cigarettes daily for ≥30 years was 53% (OR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.34–1.74). There were similar findings in both men and women and with either pathology-based or non–pathology-based comparisons.

Conclusions

This study indicates that smoking is associated with glioma deaths in the Chinese population. Long-term heavy smoking could be a factor for risk stratification in individuals attending brain tumor clinics.     

Smoking and drinking cessation and risk of esophageal cancer (Spain)

Objectives:To explore the effectiveness of alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking cessation in reducing esophageal cancer risk, taking into account the key characteristics of each habit and the simultaneous exposure to both habits. Methods:Data from a series of five hospital-based case–control studies of incident squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus conducted by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, Lyon, France) in high-risk areas in South America were combined and analyzed by multivariate logistic regression procedures. A total of 2063 men (655 case patients and 1408 control subjects) were included in the pooled analysis. Results:For either habit, the risk of esophageal cancer decreased rapidly, strongly and significantly with longer periods of abstention. The risk reduction was statistically significant regardless of the intensity and duration of each habit and the type of tobacco or alcoholic drink consumed. For subjects exposed to both risk factors, the protective effect of quitting both habits appeared to be synergistic, reaching, after only five to nine years of simultaneous cessation of both exposures, a 70% risk reduction, a reduction that clearly overlapped with the risk intervals of both never-smokers and never-drinkers. The risk benefit of merely quitting alcohol drinking was delayed (>10 years of cessation) unless it was also accompanied by a few years of smoking cessation. Conclusions:Our findings solidly demonstrate for the first time the effectiveness of smoking and drinking cessation in reducing esophageal cancer risk. For the large proportion of subjects in the general population exposed to both risk factors, our results further emphasize the importance of smoking cessation to effectively reduce cancer risk.     

Cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer risk in Germany: a population-based case-control study

Studies have shown fairly consistent positive relationships between smoking and risk of colorectal adenomas, but have yielded inconsistent results for colorectal cancer. Issues relating to the duration, cumulative dose of smoking and the effect of smoking cessation on colorectal cancer risk still need clarification. In a population-based case-control study in Germany, we recruited 540 incident cases of colorectal cancer and 614 controls matched to cases by sex, 5-year age groups and county of residence from January 2003 to June 2004. Subjects were aged>or=30 years, and provided information on risk factors of colorectal cancer, including lifetime cigarette smoking habits, in personal interviews. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed using conditional logistic regression models, adjusting for potential confounders. Compared with nonsmokers, there was an increased risk for smoking for >or=30 years (OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 0.90-1.75) and a significant risk increase for >or=40 pack-years of smoking (OR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.13-3.28). Stratification by sex yielded higher risk estimates among females than that among males, with adjusted ORs of 3.5 (95% CI: 1.29-9.52) and 1.15 (0.69-1.91) for women and men, respectively, following >or=30 pack-years of smoking (pinteraction=0.18). Among smokers, risk reduction was observed after >or=20 years of quitting smoking and was significant for >or=40 years (OR: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.21-0.98), when compared to current smokers (p for linear trend=0.05). This study supports the hypothesis that smoking for a long duration at a high cumulative dose increases the risk for colorectal cancer, particularly among women, and suggests that there is risk reduction after longterm smoking cessation.     

Smoking, drinking and colorectal cancer in Hong Kong Chinese: a case-control study

Expert opinions differ on the causal role of cigarettes and alcohol in colorectal cancer. This study investigates such associations in Hong Kong Chinese. A hospital-based case-control study was conducted from April 1998 to March 2000. Newly diagnosed colorectal adenocarcinoma and sex- and age-matched inpatient controls without gastrointestinal and malignant conditions were included. Structured interviews were conducted using a validated questionnaire to study any association of smoking, drinking and the lifelong extent of such exposures with colorectal cancer risk. We successfully interviewed 822 cases and 926 controls. Current regular cigarette smokers had an increased rectal cancer risk (adjusted OR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.001-2.06). Increasing tertiles of smoking duration in ever smokers was also associated with increased rectal cancer risk (p trend = 0.038). An increased risk of colorectal cancer was found in current drinkers (adjusted OR = 1.42; 95% CI = 1.09-1.85) and in those who drank > or = 4 days (current and ex-drinkers) or > 4 units (ever and ex-drinkers) weekly. Moreover, colorectal cancer risk was found to decrease with increasing duration of drinking abstention (p trend = 0.006). This is the first report of a positive association between cigarette smoking and rectal cancer risk in a Chinese population. Current drinkers and those who drank regularly and heavily had increased colorectal cancer risk. Moreover, this study is the first to show that drinking cessation could be effective in reversing such increased risk in a duration-dependent manner. These new findings are important for cancer prevention and healthcare promotion.     

Smoking and breast cancer risk in Denmark

The effect of smoking on breast cancer risk was evaluated in a population-based case-control study, including 1,480 women diagnosed with breast cancer in Denmark between 1983–84. They were identified from the files of the nationwide clinical trial of the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group and the Danish Cancer Registry. The control group was an age-stratified sample of 1,332 women from the general population. Data on risk factors were collected by self-administered questionnaires. The risk of breast cancer among current smokers and ex-smokers was similar to that in non-smokers, both risk estimates being close to unity. No dose-response relation was observed for any measure of smoking (age at start, duration, number of cigarettes per day, or cigarette-years of exposure) in all subjects, and when pre- and post-menopausal women were examined separately. These findings suggest that smoking is not associated with the risk of breast cancer.This work was undertaken during tenures of fellowships awarded to Dr. M. Ewertz by the Danish Cancer Society and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The study was funded by the Danish Cancer Society, the Danish Medical Research Council, and Astrid Thaysens Legat.Dr Ewertz is with the Danish Cancer Registry, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Rosenvaengets Hovedvej 35, Box 839 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.     

Smoking and survival of colorectal cancer patients: Population‐based study from Germany

Current evidence on the association between smoking and colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis after diagnosis is heterogeneous and few have investigated dose‐response effects or outcomes other than overall survival. Therefore, the association of smoking status and intensity with several prognostic outcomes was evaluated in a large population‐based cohort of CRC patients; 3,130 patients with incident CRC, diagnosed between 2003 and 2010, were interviewed on sociodemographic factors, smoking behavior, medication and comorbidities. Tumor characteristics were collected from medical records. Vital status, recurrence and cause of death were documented for a median follow‐up time of 4.9 years. Using Cox proportional hazards regression, associations between smoking characteristics and overall, CRC‐specific, non‐CRC related, recurrence‐free and disease‐free survival were evaluated. Among stage I–III patients, being a smoker at diagnosis and smoking ≥15 cigarettes/day were associated with lower recurrence‐free (adjusted hazard ratios (aHR): 1.29; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93–1.79 and aHR: 1.31; 95%‐CI: 0.92–1.87) and disease‐free survival (aHR: 1.26; 95%‐CI: 0.95–1.67 and aHR: 1.29; 95%‐CI: 0.94–1.77). Smoking was associated with decreased survival in stage I–III smokers with pack years ≥20 (Overall survival: aHR: 1.40; 95%‐CI: 1.01–1.95), in colon cancer cases (Overall survival: aHR: 1.51; 95%‐CI: 1.05–2.17) and men (Recurrence‐free survival: aHR: 1.51; 95%‐CI: 1.09–2.10; disease‐free survival: aHR: 1.49; 95%‐CI: 1.12–1.97), whereas no associations were seen among women, stage IV or rectal cancer patients. The observed patterns support the existence of adverse effects of smoking on CRC prognosis among nonmetastatic CRC patients. The potential to enhance prognosis of CRC patients by promotion of smoking cessation, embedded in tertiary prevention programs warrants careful evaluation in future investigations.     

安溪县食管癌危险因素的病例对照研究

目的:探讨福建省安溪县食管癌发生的危险因素及食管癌家族史与环境因素的交互作用对食管癌发生的影响,以进一步揭示当地食管癌高发的可能原因。方法:采用1∶2配对研究方法,对185例食管癌患者及与之在年龄、性别和居住地相匹配的非癌人群采用统一的调查表进行问卷调查。运用条件logistic回归方法对可疑因素进行单因素、多因素和交互作用分析。结果:①食管癌的危险因素包括吸烟量(OR=2.681)、高盐饮食(OR=4.463)、食用红薯干(OR=4.891)、食管癌家族史(OR=4.675)、性格内向(OR=1.507);而使用冰箱(OR=0.136)、粮食储存于干燥处(OR=0.093)、三餐定时(OR=0.441)、食用新鲜蔬菜(OR=0.328)、谷类食物(OR=0.583)和葱蒜类食品(OR=0.397)是食管癌的保护因素。②食管癌家族史与高盐饮食(OR=5.760)、不吃葱蒜(OR=7.373)、饮烫茶(OR=8.396)之间存在协同作用。结论:安溪县食管癌高发的原因不仅与环境因素有关,而且与食管癌家族史有关,二者之间存在一定的交互作用。     

吸烟与原发性肝癌关系的巢式病例对照研究

目的 分析吸烟与上海市区中老年男性原发性肝癌的关系.方法 应用巢式病例对照研究方法,对一个18 244名男性队列随访11年,以队列中213例新发肝癌患者作为病例组,按照患者年龄、采样日期、同居住区等配对条件,从队列中随机抽取1094名健康人作为对照组.使用配对Logistic回归分析,调整可能的混杂因素,估计吸烟对肝癌发生的危险度和95%可信区间(CI).结果 调整肝炎、肝硬化、胆石症或其他胆囊病史及乙型肝炎病毒感染等可能的混杂因素后,男性吸烟者患肝痛的危险性是不吸烟者的1.91倍(95%CI为1.28～2.86),日随着每天吸烟量、吸烟年限和吸烟包年数的增加而增加.每天吸烟≥20支者、吸烟≥40年者和吸烟37包年者患肝癌的相对危险度分别为2.16(95%CI为1.37～3.40)、2.14(95%CI为1.18～3.87)和2.12(95%CI为1.21～3.74).吸烟开始年龄越小,危险性越大,吸烟开始年龄<20岁者患肝癌的危险性为2.57(95%CI为1.50～4.40).结论 吸烟是上海市区男性原发性肝癌的危险因素.     

Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for operable esophageal cancer: a pilot clinical study.

Thirty-eight patients with node positive squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus were entered into a pilot clinical study using postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatinum 100 mg/m2 and methotrexate 150 mg/m2 x 4 cycles) with an intent of improving cure rates and overall survival. Patient compliance was excellent and toxicity minimal. At 24 months of follow-up 22 patients (58%) were disease free, while 14 patients (37%) have relapsed and 2 were lost to follow-up. A highly significant correlation was noted between the number of nodes involved, the grade of the tumour, and the response to chemotherapy. Patients with poorly differentiated tumours and those with more than 4 nodes involved were more likely to develop recurrent disease (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.005). We conclude that postoperative chemotherapy following resection for carcinoma of the esophagus is well tolerated with minimal side effects. It may also have an impact on improving disease free and overall survival.     

Endocrine correlates of male breast cancer risk: a case-control study in Athens, Greece

We studied the relation of certain endocrine-related variables among 23 cases of male breast cancer and 76 apparently healthy male controls. There were significant inverse associations with smoking (P = 0.03), birth order (P = 0.02) and reported frequency of orgasms in later life (P = 0.0004). The study provides strong indirect evidence that endocrine factors are important in the aetiology of male breast cancer.     

Fruit and vegetable intake and esophageal cancer in a large prospective cohort study

Changing patterns of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) incidence worldwide suggest distinct etiologies. Although associations between fruit and vegetable intake and both ESCC and EAC have been found in multiple ecological and case-control studies, few prospective studies have investigated these associations. We prospectively examined these associations in 490,802 participants of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-AARP Diet and Health Study using Cox models adjusted for age, alcohol intake, body mass index, cigarette smoking, education, physical activity and total energy intake. We present hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals per serving per 1,000 calories. During 2,193,751 person years of follow-up, 103 participants were diagnosed with ESCC and 213 participants with EAC. We found a significant inverse association between total fruit and vegetable intake and ESCC risk (HR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.67-0.91), but not EAC risk (0.98, 0.90-1.08). In models mutually adjusted for fruit and vegetable intake, the protective association with ESCC was stronger for fruits (0.73, 0.57-0.93) than for vegetables (0.84, 0.66-1.07). When we examined botanical subgroups, we observed significant protective associations for ESCC and intake of Rosacea (apples, peaches, nectarines, plums, pears and strawberries) and Rutaceae (citrus fruits). A significant inverse association between EAC and Chenopodiaceae (spinach) intake was observed. Results from our study suggest that the relation of fruit and vegetable intake and esophageal cancer risk may vary by histologic type.     

Smoking and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: case-control study in Italy

Tobacco smoking is a well-documented risk factor for several cancers, but the role of cigarette smoking in the etiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is inadequately understood. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been associated with NHL, but the interaction between HCV and smoking habits has not yet been studied. Between 1999 and 2002, we conducted a case-control study on the association of HCV, smoking habits and NHL in 2 areas of northern and southern Italy. Cases were 225 consecutive patients (median age, 59 years) with a new diagnosis of NHL that were admitted to reference and general hospitals. Controls were 504 patients (median age, 63 years) admitted to the same hospitals as cases, for a wide spectrum of acute, nonneoplastic, nonimmune-, nor tobacco-related conditions. Current, heavy smokers (> or = 20 cigarettes/day) had an odds ratio (OR) of NHL of 2.10 (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.07-4.12) compared to never smokers. The association between smoking and NHL was consistent across strata of sex and age. Compared to never smokers, current smokers of > or = 20 cigarettes/day had ORs of 1.14 (95% CI: 0.37-3.56) for B-cell-low-grade, 2.10 (95% CI: 0.94-4.67) for B-cell-intermediate and high-grade, and 25.84 (95% CI: 1.95-342.17) for T-cell NHL. The effect of tobacco smoking and HCV were independent on the relative risk, leading a 4-fold elevated risk in current smokers HCV positive subjects. Tobacco smoking and hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been associated to non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), but the interaction between HCV and smoking habits has not yet been studied. Our study confirms that tobacco is related to NHL, and reports on the combined effect of tobacco smoking and HCV. Infection acted together according to a multiplicative model, leading to a 4-fold elevated risk in current smokers HCV positive subjects.     

中国居民吸烟与男性膀胱癌死亡率关系的研究

目的:分析吸烟与我国城市男性居民膀胱癌死亡率的关系。方法:选取1986-01-01-1988-12-31全国人口死因与吸烟情况的调查资料,根据各市膀胱癌患者死亡数量,选择例数较多的22个城市35～69岁男性患者死者的资料进行吸烟与膀胱癌死亡率关系的分析。结果:22个城市35～69岁男性在1986-1988年的膀胱癌死亡率为1.85～8.89/10万。20岁前开始吸烟、累计吸烟年限≥40年与35～69岁膀胱癌的死亡率呈正相关,r值分别为0.55和0.59,P值分别为0.008和0.004;60～69岁者生前吸烟与该年龄组的膀胱癌死亡率呈正相关,r=0.46,P=0.03。结论:中国城市男性开始吸烟的年龄、累计吸烟年限和生前吸烟是膀胱癌的重要危险因素。     

男性和女性乳腺癌对照研究

目的研究男性乳腺癌（MBC）的临床特点和可能影响预后的因素。方法回顾1996年1月至2008年1月住院治疗且经病理证实的17例MBC病例，并以同期102例女性乳腺癌患者作对照分析。结果MBC占同期住院治疗的乳腺癌的1．15％（17／1473）。男性组患者的就诊年龄较大、发现肿块至就诊时间较长，就诊时局部皮肤改变及腋窝淋巴结肿大的发生率高于女性组（均P〈0．05），校正了肿瘤分期及腋窝淋巴结状况因素，两组总体5年肿瘤相关生存率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论该组MBC患者与女性乳腺癌预后相近，性别不一定是影响MBC的预后因素。     

Smoking and risk of parotid gland tumors: a nationwide case-control study

BACKGROUND: Because existing data regarding the relation between smoking and salivary gland tumors are sparse, tobacco is currently not classified as a salivary gland carcinogen. The objective of the current study was to assess the association between smoking and benign and malignant parotid gland tumors (PGTs) in a nationwide study. METHODS: The sample included 459 patients with incident PGT, aged > or =18 years, who were diagnosed between 2001 and 2003 and a group of 1265 individually matched, population-based controls. Analyses of the risk of PGT associated with various smoking variables were performed by using conditional logistic regression. Data also were stratified by histologic type; statistical significance tests were 2-sided. RESULTS: Ever smoking cigarettes was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.66 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.31-2.11) for developing a PGT. The risk was strongest for early ages at smoking initiation, and trends of increasing risk were observed with increasing smoking intensity, pack-years, latent period, and smoking duration (P for trend <.001 for each). Analysis by histologic type indicated remarkably high risks for Warthin tumor (OR for ever cigarette smokers: 15.3; 95% CI, 6.1-38.5). For pleomorphic adenomas and malignant tumors, the risks associated with ever smoking were 1.01 (95% CI, 0.75-1.37) and 1.69 (95% CI, 0.81-3.51), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking plays an important role in the development of Warthin tumor. Although no association was observed for pleomorphic adenoma, the possible indication of increased risk of malignant tumors requires further investigation in larger studies.     

Analysis of Mortality of Stomach Cancer in China from 1990-1992

OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of stom‘ach cancer on the Chinese population by epidemiological analysis of its distributional mortality.METHODS Data from 1990-1992 on stomach cancer mortality collected by a sampling survey involved one tenth of the total Chinese population.RESULTS The crude mortality rate of stomach cancer in China was 25.2per 10^5 (32.8 per 10^5for males and 17.0 per 10^5 for females), which comprised23.2% of the total cancer deaths from 1990 to 1992, making stomach cancerthe leading cause of cancer death. The stomach cancer mortality rate ofmales was 1.9 times of that of females. The Chinese mortality rates ofstomach cancer adjusted by the world standard population were 40.8 per105 and 18.6 per 105 for males and females, which were 4.2-7.9 (for males)and 3.8-8.0 (for females) times of those in developed countries. Age-adjusted mortality rates of stomach cancer in China have distinctgeographical differences: form the lowest of 2.5 per 10^5 to the highest of153.0 per 10^5 in the 263 selected sites, and 15.3 per 10^5 in urban areas and24.4 per 10^5 in rural areas, a difference of 1.6 times.CONCW$10N The prevention and treatment of stomach cancer in L;n~na,especially in the countryside and the under-developed areas in thenorthwest, should be a long-term focus in preventing of cancers of thedigestive system. Urgent measures for prevention and early detection of stomach cancer should be taken.     

Smoking,alcohol and cancer mortality in Eastern European men: Findings from the PrivMort retrospective cohort study

Eastern European men have among the highest cancer mortality rates globally. Prevalence of smoking and alcohol intake in this region is also high. The aim of our study was to calculate population attributable risk fraction (PARF) of cancer deaths from smoking and alcohol in Russia, Belarus and Hungary, and to examine the contribution of these lifestyle factors to differences in male cancer mortality in the three countries. Data were collected as part of the PrivMort retrospective cohort study. Randomly selected participants living in mid‐size towns in Russia, Belarus and Hungary provided information on smoking habits, alcohol consumption, vital status and cause of death (if applicable) of male relatives (fathers, siblings and partners). PARF of cancer deaths (age 35–79) due to smoking, alcohol consumption and both combined was estimated between 2001 and 2013. Among 72,190 men, 4,702 died of cancer. Age standardized cancer mortality rates were similar to official data in all three countries. The estimated PARF (95% CI) associated with measures of smoking, alcohol consumption, both combined, and overall smoking or drinking were 25% (19–30), 2% (0–4), 29% (19–39), 43% (32–53) in Russia, 18% (8–28), 2% (?1 to 6), 28% (20–35), 38% (25–50) in Belarus and 17% (13–20), 1% (0–3), 25% (20–30), 35% (28–42) in Hungary, respectively. These results suggest that in Eastern Europe, at least one third of cancer deaths in males may have been attributable to smoking and/or alcohol consumption in recent years. Health policies targeting these lifestyle factors can have a major impact on population health.     

磁县1988-2011年食管癌死亡趋势分析

目的 磁县是世界上食管癌发病率最高的地区之一.分析北方食管癌高发区磁县1988-2011年食管癌死亡趋势,探讨趋势成因,为食管癌防治研究提供参考依据.方法 截取磁县肿瘤登记处1988-01-01-2011-12-31登记ICD编码为150或C15的死亡数据,计算食管癌死亡率、年龄标准化死亡率和死亡年龄结构,采用Joinpoint软件估计年度变化百分比(annual percent change,APC)、年龄别APC和贡献率.结果 1988-2011年食管癌死亡12 813人,男7 953人,女4 860人.男女合计平均年死亡率为112.92/10万,男性为153.86/10万,女性为79.37/10万.24年来食管癌总死亡世标率、男性死亡世标率和女性死亡世标率均呈下降趋势(P＜0.01),APC(95％CI)分别为-2.49％(-3.29％～-1.68％)、-2.18％(-3.08％～-1.27％)和-2.95％(-3.74％～-2.16％).死亡人数自40岁以后明显升高,40～74岁组死亡人数占总死亡人数的81.19％.各年龄组对食管癌死亡率下降贡献率显示,40岁以后人群贡献率明显升高,40～74岁组贡献率为97.13％.年龄别APC显示40岁组死亡率下降最快,APC为-10.60％(P＜0.05),后随年龄增长,下降速度变慢.结论 磁县24年来食管癌死亡率呈下降趋势,但仍远高于全国平均水平,防治形势依然严峻;40～74岁人群死亡率下降对整体死亡率下降贡献最大,加强对这一人群的早诊早治内镜筛查,特别是提高筛查依从性有助于磁县食管癌死亡率下降.