600例儿童Ⅰ类切口围手术期预防应用抗菌药物调查

摘 要 目的：了解住院患儿清洁手术抗菌药物的预防使用情况,为规范抗菌药物的使用提供依据。方法：采用系统随机抽样的方法随机抽取2017年1～6月出院的600例Ⅰ类切口手术患儿,回顾性统计分析患者一般情况、手术类型与抗菌药物预防使用信息,评价抗菌药物预防使用合理性。结果：600例患儿抗菌药物使用率为40.7% ,术后给药时间＞48 h占54.3%,预防用药时机不合理为9.1%,预防用药给药剂量不合理为28.1%,预防使用抗菌药物的手术主要是涉及重要脏器如脑、脊髓及心脏等手术,但也有部分其他清洁手术预防使用抗菌药物。结论：儿童Ⅰ类切口手术围手术期预防性使用抗菌药的用药指征、给药时机、持续用药时间等存在不合理现象,表现为无指征用药、预防用药使用率偏高、抗菌药物选择不合理、首次给药时机不合理、术后用药持续时间过长等,提示Ⅰ类切口手术围手术期预防性使用抗菌药物仍有待进一步规范。     

我院骨科患者围手术期预防性使用质子泵抑制药调查

摘 要 目的：对我院骨科围手术期患者预防性使用质子泵抑制药（PPIs）的用药情况进行调查,评价PPIs预防应激性溃疡的适宜性,为促进临床合理用药提供参考。 方法：通过医院信息系统随机抽取我院骨科2018年3月~2019年2月手术患者出院病例793份,统计患者基本信息、PPIs的使用情况、手术情况等,分析PPIs的用药合理性。 结果：793例患者的手术类型主要集中在骨折内固定术（248例,31.27%）、内固定取出术（167例,21.06%）、髓核摘除术和植骨融合内固定术（88例,11.1%）。793例使用PPIs患者中,522例患者不具备预防用药指征,706例品种和剂型选择不适宜,346例患者给药时机不合理,706例患者给药频次不合理,665例患者预防用药疗程过长。 结论：骨科患者围手术期使用PPIs预防应激性溃疡存在严重不合理现象,临床医师、监督管理部门和临床药师应高度重视,避免过度使用造成不必要的资源浪费。     

FOCUS-PDCA循环法干预对Ⅰ类切口预防使用抗菌药物影响的回顾性分析

摘 要 目的：以医院等级评审为契机,探讨某院Ⅰ类切口围手术期预防用药的管理方法,提高抗菌药物的应用合理性。方法：利用FOCUS PDCA循环法对Ⅰ类切口抗菌药物的预防使用进行干预,选取该院2015年1～12月全部Ⅰ类切口患者出院病例进行回顾性分析,根据干预进程分为4个阶段,对每一阶段的抗菌药物应用指标进行比较,评价围术期抗菌药物的合理使用改进效果。结果：与干预前比较,干预第三阶段的Ⅰ类切口预防用药比例从62.90%降至28.32%,术前给药时机合理率从50.1%升至71.0%,品种选择合理率由53.5%提高至79.5%,预防用药疗程合理率从26.8%上升至56.3%,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）,而干预前后手术部位感染率无明显差异（P>0.05）。多项指标的好转促进了该院等级评审相关条款评分结果的提升。结论：医院等级评审中利用FOCUS PDCA循环法规范Ⅰ类切口围术期抗菌药物预防使用效果显著。     

白内障手术患者围手术期抗菌药预防使用合理性评价

摘 要 目的:调查我院白内障手术患者围手术期抗菌药预防使用情况并进行干预,进行目标合理性评价与管理,为促进临床合理用药提供参考。方法：随机抽取我院2012年1～12月行白内障手术患者的200例病例为对照组,实施目标监测后,以2013年1～12月行白内障手术患者的200例为监测组,对两组患者的预防用抗菌药情况进行统计分析。结果：对照组的抗菌药品种选择合理率10.1%,给药时机合理率58.9%,预防用药时间合理率19.0%;监测组的抗菌药品种选择合理率100.0%,给药时机合理率 95.1%,预防用药时间合理率 88.7%,两组比较,监测组各项指标均明显优于对照组（P＜0.05或P<0.01）。监测组的平均住院天数（5.85±1.31）d,平均住院费用为（5 120±147）元,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,而对照组感染率2.5%,监测组感染率1.5%,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：实施目标监测后明显提高我院白内障患者围手术期预防用抗菌药的合理性,促进我院围手术期用抗菌药更加规范合理,同时降低医疗费用,减轻患者的经济负担。     

PDCA循环干预Ⅰ类切口手术围手术期预防使用抗菌药效果分析

摘 要 目的：评价PDCA循环干预某院Ⅰ类切口手术围手术期预防使用抗菌药的效果。方法: 采用回顾性分析方法,随机抽取某院PDCA循环干预前（2015年1~6月）、第一轮PDCA循环干预后（2016年1~6月）,第二轮PDCA循环干预后（2017年1~6月）各600例行Ⅰ类切口手术患者的出院病历,比较分析围手术期抗菌药的预防使用情况。结果: 第二轮PDCA循环干预后,该院Ⅰ类切口手术围手术期抗菌药预防使用率由80.1%降至24.5%（P＜0.05）,药物选择、用药时长、用药时机、用法用量的不合理率均较PDCA循环干预前明显下降（P＜0.05）,人均抗菌药费用、抗菌药占药品费用、抗菌药占住院费用比例明显下降(P＜0.05)。结论: PDCA循环干预能有效地促进Ⅰ类切口手术围手术期预防用抗菌药合理使用。     

临床药师持续干预泌尿外科清洁手术预防用抗菌药合理使用的效果评价

摘 要 目的： 调查某院临床药师实施持续干预前后泌尿外科清洁手术预防用抗菌药（简称“预防用药”）的应用情况,为临床合理预防用药提供参考。方法: 提取我院泌尿外科2010年7月~2014年6月所有行清洁手术患者,根据干预时间和干预措施分别纳入干预前组（n=141）、第1阶段干预组（n=139）、第2阶段干预组（n=162）和第3阶段干预组（n=137）,对各组患者的预防用药情况进行统计分析。结果:实施持续干预后,第1阶段干预组、第2阶段干预组和第3阶段干预组的预防用药率由干预前的100%降至34.5%,18.5%和14.6%,预防用药的选药合理率由干预前的36.9%升至58.3%,63.3%和85.0%,预防用药时间由干预前的（138.2±31.6）h缩短至（89.9±48.0）h,（72.8±32.5）h和（45.1±29.5）h,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）。感染发生率呈下降趋势,从干预前的2.8%分别降至2.1%,1.8%和1.4%。结论: 临床药师的持续干预措施得力,干预效果显著,明显促进了泌尿外科清洁手术围手术期预防用药合理性。     

慢性空洞型肺曲霉病围手术期抗真菌药物治疗病例分析

摘 要 目的：对真实的临床病例进行分析，探讨慢性空洞型肺曲霉病（CCPA）围手术期使用抗真菌药物的必要性，为临床治疗提供重要参考。方法：回顾性收集某三甲医院确诊为CCPA并在2011年5月1日～2018年6月30日接受手术患者的病历资料，其中8例围手术期使用抗真菌药物，定义为用药组（A组），26例未使用抗真菌药物，定义为未用药组（B组）。对两组患者术后的临床症状改善情况、血常规变化、并发症发病率、复发率和死亡率进行比较分析。 结果：两组患者术前基本情况差异无统计学意义（P >0.05），但B组患者肺功能好于A组（P<0.05）。术后咯血症状均较术前改善（A组：P<0.05，B组：P<0.01）；两组间临床症状改善情况及血常规变化比较无差异（P>0.05），两组最终结局（并发症发病率、复发率、死亡率）的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论：慢性空洞型肺曲霉病患者围手术期间使用抗真菌药物获益不明显。     

止血药在蛛网膜下腔出血患者中的应用调查和合理性评价

摘 要 目的：调查止血药预防蛛网膜下腔出血患者再出血的使用现状并展开合理性评价。方法: 抽取某院2016年1～12月蛛网膜下腔出血患者的病例,调查患者使用止血药的种类、用法用量、疗程、药品不良反应等情况,根据药品说明书或相关指南推荐评价、药物利用研究及药品不良反应监测综合方法,探讨止血药临床使用合理性与安全性。结果:91例患者中有81例(89.01%)使用止血药,涉及3个品种,联合用药比例达16.05%。依照药品说明书或相关指南推荐,用法用量符合说明书的有70例(86.42%),给药途径合理率为100%,溶媒选用正确的有80例(98.77%),疗程≤72h的有72例(88.89%)。酚磺乙胺注射液和氨甲苯酸注射液的药物利用指数＞1,提示用药剂量不合理。81例使用止血药的患者未出现不良反应。结论:止血药在蛛网膜下腔出血患者中应用较为普遍,且仍存在部分不合理现象,应注意止血药的的用法用量和使用疗程等。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术围术期继续口服阿司匹林对患者胆囊功能及血栓栓塞风险的影响

摘 要 目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者围术期继续使用阿司匹林对患者胆囊功能及血栓栓塞风险的影响。方法: 100例长期服用阿司匹林的择期腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者随机分为两组。观察组患者继续口服肠溶阿司匹林片,对照组患者于术前7 d停用阿司匹林,术后继续使用。比较两组患者围手术期血栓栓塞发生情况,胆囊功能、凝血功能变化,及术中、术后有关指标的差异。结果:术前1 d,观察组的胆囊体积减小,胆囊收缩率及排空指数均高于术前7 d时（P＜0.05）,且上述指标均显著优于对照组（P＜0.05）。两组治疗后各项凝血功无明显改变（P＞0.05）;两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、术后住院时间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。观察组患者围手术期血栓栓塞总发生率为2.0%,显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论:腹腔镜下胆囊切除手术,围手术期不停用阿司匹林使用,有利于胆囊体积缩小,促进胆囊排空,降低围手术期血栓栓塞风险,合理使用抗凝药对患者术后凝血功能无明显影响。     

某院持续干预围术期预防用抗菌药合理应用的效果评价

摘 要 目的:调查某院实施持续干预前后清洁手术和介入术预防用抗菌药（简称“预防用药”）的应用情况,为临床合理预防用药提供参考。方法: 随机抽取2011年1季度～2012年3季度行甲状腺手术、腹股沟疝修补术、乳腺手术、骨折内固定装置取出术、冠状动脉造影术患者,根据干预时间和干预措施分别纳入干预前组（n=208）、第1阶段干预组（n=176）、第2阶段干预组（n=449）和第3阶段干预组（n=341）,对各组患者的预防用药情况进行统计分析。结果:实施持续干预后,第1阶段干预组、第2阶段干预组和第3阶段干预组的预防用药率由干预前的100%降至49.4%,16.2%和9.1%,预防用药的选药合理率由干预前的46.2%升至62.1%,72.6%和96.8%,预防用药时间由干预前的（5.7±2.5）d缩短至（2.5±1.8）d,（2.0±1.4）d和（1.8±1.0）d,差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.01）。感染发生率从干预前的2.4%分别降至1.7%,1.3%和0.9%。结论:该院持续干预措施得力,干预效果显著,明显促进了围术期预防用药合理性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.